Fig. 4.—Biplane in flight.
The fuselage differs greatly in cross-section shape and in roominess according to the type of engine. In the majority of English and American planes, with their vertical cylinder or V type engines, the fuselage is narrow and rectangular in cross-section. In many French planes, radial or rotary engines are used and the fuselage is correspondingly almost circular, and so is much more spacious than the English and American planes of similar power. The shape and size of the plane body has an important bearing on the question of camera installation.
Fig. 5.—A single-seater.
Types of Planes.—The most common type of plane is the biplane (Fig. [4]), with its two planes, connected by struts and wires, set not directly over each other, but staggered, usually with the upper plane leading. Monoplanes were in favor in the early days of aviation, and triplanes have been used to some extent. According to the position of the propeller planes are classified as tractors or pushers, tractors being at present the more common form. Planes are further classified as single-seaters (Fig. [5]), two-seaters, and three-seaters. These motor and passenger methods of classification are now proving inadequate with the rapid development of planes carrying two, three, and even more motors, divided between pusher and tractor operation, and carrying increasingly large numbers of passengers. Aside from structure, planes may be further classified according to their uses, as scout, combat, reconnaissance, bombing, etc. Planes equipped with floats or pontoons for alighting on the water are called seaplanes (Fig. [182]), and those in which the fuselage is boat-shaped, to permit of floating directly on the water, are flying boats (Fig. [183]).
The Plane in the Air.—The first flight of the photographic observer or of the instrument expert who is to work upon airplane instruments is very profitably made as a “joy ride,” to familiarize him with conditions in the air. His experience will be somewhat as follows:
The plane is brought out of the hangar, carefully gone over by the mechanics, and the engine “warmed up.” The pilot minutely inspects all parts of the “ship,” then climbs up into the front cockpit. He wears helmet and goggles, and if the weather is cold or if he expects to fly high, a heavy wool-lined coat or suit, with thick gloves and moccasins, or an electrically heated suit. The passenger, likewise attired, climbs into the rear cockpit and straps himself into the seat. He finds himself sitting rather low down, with the sides of the cockpit nearly on a level with his eyes. To either side of his knees and feet are taut wires leading from the controls to the elevator, stabilizer, tail skid and rudder. If the machine is dual control, the stick is between his knees, the rudder bar before his feet. None of these must he let his body touch, so in the ordinary two-seater his quarters are badly cramped.
At the word “contact” the mechanics swing the propeller, and, sometimes only after several trials, the motor starts, with a roar and a rush of wind in the passenger's face. After a moment's slow running it is speeded up, the intermittent roar becomes a continuous note, the plane shakes and strains, while the mechanics hold down the tail to prevent a premature take-off. When the engine is properly warmed up it is throttled to a low speed, the chocks under the wheels are removed, the mechanics hold one end of the lower wing so that the plane swings around toward the field. It then “taxis” out to a favorable position facing into the wind with a clear stretch of field before it. After a careful look around to see that no other planes are landing, taking off, or in the air near by, the pilot opens out the engine, the roar increases its pitch, the plane moves slowly along the ground, gathers speed and rises smoothly into the air. Near the ground the air is apt to be “bumpy,” the plane may drop or rise abruptly, or tilt to either side. The pilot instantly corrects these deviations, and the plane continues to climb until steadier air is reached.
At first the passenger's chief impressions are apt to be the deafening noise of the motor, the heavy vibration, the terrific wind in his face. If he raises his hand above the edge of the cockpit he realizes the magnitude of wind resistance at the speed of the plane, and hence the importance of the stream-line section of all struts and projecting parts.