Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America / Third and Revised Edition

by Herbert Joseph Spinden

[1]The word cycle is applied in this book to re-entering series, or wheels, of days. These all contain the tzolkin or tonalamatl without a remainder. The word period is applied to fixed numbers that do not contain the tonalamatl.

INDEX

[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]

A Acropolis, artificial, [72], [74], [77]. Adobe, [63]; houses, Mexican, [15]. Agriculture, connection with archaic art, [249]; distribution of, [68], [70], [71]; distribution in the New World, [67], [68], [70]; influence on Mayan culture, [73]; invention of, [45], [51]-53, [67], [251]; spread and development of, [63], [70], [250]. Ah Puch, Lord of Death, [101]. Alphabet, of Landa, [125]. Altars, Mayan, [84]; Quirigua, [108]. Amulets, archaic figurines as, [61]; gold, [198]. Animals, domestication of, [20], [59], [253]. Annals of Quauhtitlan, [171], [172]. Arch, in Mayan architecture, [79]. Archaic, art, [45]-46, [53]-57, [58], [75], [244]; art, on borders of Mayan area, [75]; art, local developments of, [63]-68; culture, [187], [249]; culture, distribution of, [63]-66, [69]; culture, figures, [60], [61], [62]; figurines, [53]-57; horizon, [45]-71; horizon, extensions of, [63]-68; pottery, [46], [59]-61; sites, [50]; stone sculptures, [61]-63. Architecture, early period of the Mayas, [146]; great period of the Mayas, [147]; historical sequence determined by, [108]-109; Mayan, [77]-83; Mitla, [157], [163]-164; Monte Alban, [159]; period of the League of Mayapan, [149]; transition period, Mayan, [148]; types of, La Quemada, [182]-183; Zapotecan, [159]. Art, archaic, [45]-46, [53]-57, [75], [244]; archaic, characterization of, [53]; archaic, Colombia, and Venezuela, [66]-67; archaic, local developments of, [63]-68; bat, represented in, [20]; Chorotegan, [190]-195; decorative, Isthmian region, [64], [66]; high development of Mayan, [73]; massive sculptural, [83]-84; Mayan, [89], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150]; Mayan, human figure in, [93]-94; Mayan, sequences in, [106]-109; Mayan, serpent in, [89]-93; motives, Huichol, [37]-38; Santa Lucia Cozumalhualpa, [188]; Tarascan, [244]-245; Toltecan, influenced by Mayan, [169], [170]; Totonacan, close correspondence to Mayan, [165], [166], [167]; Zapotecan, influenced by Mayan, [159]. Arts, minor, Aztecan, [242]-244; Mayan, [87]-89. Astronomical, base line, Copan, [138]; checks, on correlation with Christian chronology, [136]-137; observatories, Mayan, [137]-139. Astronomy, Mayan knowledge of, [73], [111], [133]. Atlatl, [58], [244]. Atzcapotzalco, [203], [204], [209]; stratification at, [47]-48, [169]. Aztecan history, [204]-209. Aztecs, [34], [201]-249; and Mayas, compared to Greeks and Romans, [201]-203.

B Baktun, defined, [120]. Bar and dot numerals, [119], [120], [128], [154], [157], [159]. Basketry, Mayan, [88]. Bats, represented in ancient art, [20]. Bells, Aztecan, [241]-242; copper, [187]; copper and gold, [198]. Ben, Mayan day sign, [87]. Birds, Mexico and Central America, [20]-21. Blankets, Mexican, [39], [243]. Brilliant period, Mayan civilizations, [75], [77], [147]-148. Buildings, Mayan, [78]; Mitla, [164].

C Caban, Mayan day sign, [88]. Cakchiquels, [151], [211]. Calendar, annual, Mayan, [110], [111]; Central American, [163]; ceremonial, Aztecan, [229]; lunar, Mayan, [140]-142; lunar-solar, Mayan, [112]; Mayan, scheme as presented in Codex Tro-Cortesianus, [116]; religious, Aztecan, [235]-236; system, Zapotecan, [156]; Venus, Mayan, [143]-145. Calendar round, Mayan, [117]-118. Calendar Stone, [214], [215]-219, [233]. Calpolli, Aztecan, [211], [213]. Cannibalism, [43]. Captives, as represented in Mayan art, [93]. Caribs, characterization of culture, [43]. Caricature, in archaic figurines, [54], [58]. Carving, development in style at Copan, [107]; on Mayan monuments, [108]; stone, at Xochicalco, [179]. Celts, copper, Tarascan, [244]; stone, [63]. Cemetery, at Copilco, [49]-51. Cempoalan, [25], [169], [195]. Cenote, [18]; sacred, at Chichen Itza, [28], [154]. Cephalic index, Mexico and Central America, [44]. Ceremonial, bar, Mayan, [93], [98], [99], [108]; regalia, depicted in Mayan art, [94]. Ceremonies, Aztecan, [234]-239; Mexican, [41]. Chacmool, [170], [194]-195, [244]. Chalchuihtlicue, Aztecan Goddess of Water, [232]. Chapultepec, [207]. Chiapanecan languages, [35]-36. Chichen Itza, [28], [110], [139], [149], [150], [170], [173], [179], [188], [244]. Chichimecas, [203]-204. Chicomoztoc, [182], [204]. Chiefs, Aztecan, [210], [213]; Texcoco, [204]; Toltecan, [171]; war, Aztecan, [208]-209; Zapotecan, [161]. Chilam, Balam, Books of, [109]-111, [234]. Chimayo blankets, [39]. Cholula, [25], [180]-182, [203]. Chorotegan culture, [157], [189]-195. Chronology, archaic horizon, [45]-46; Aztecan, [205]; bases of Mayan, [103]-106; diagram of New World, opposite 253; Mayan, [250]; Mayan, correlation with Christian, [75], [110]-111, [135]-136; Mayan, established by dated monuments and style of sculpture, [104], [106], [107]; Peruvian, [252]; Southwestern, [251]; Toltecan, [173]. Cities, Mayan, [75]. Civilization, Mayan, [73]-151, [250]. Civilizations, middle, in Mexico and Central America, [153]-198. Clans, kinship, [210]-211. Climate, Mexico and Central America, [13]-14. Cloisonné pottery, [178], [183]-184; San Juan Teotihuacan, [178]. Coatlicue, [215], [221]-223. Codex, Aubin, [205], [206], [208]; Borbonicus, [228]; Magliabecchiano, [230], [236]; Nuttall, [246], [247]; Telleriano-Remensis, [202]; Tro-Cortesianus, [116]; Xolotl, [204]. Codices, Mayan, [128]-135, [248]; Mayan gods in, [99], [100], [103]; Mexican, [223]; southern Mexico, [163], [246]-247. Colhuacan, [203], [207]; stratification at, [48]-49. Collectors, specimens in Mexican Hall, [6]. Colonization, Central America, by Spaniards, [22]; Mexico, [29]. Columns, sculptured, at Tula, [179]. Comalcalco, [153]. Commerce, Aztecan objects of, [227]. Composition in design, Mayan, [94]-97. Conquest, history of Spanish, [22]-32; of Mexico, [22]-31; symbol for, [247], [248]. Construction of walls, La Quemada, [182]-183; Mayan, [78], [79], [81], [83]; Mitla, [157]-158, [164]. Copan, [19], [72], [74], [77], [83], [85], [138], [139], [141], [146], [147], [188]. Copilco 49, [50]. Cora, [33], [37]. Coronado, [30]. Correlations, dates with style of carving in Mayan monuments, [104], [106], [107], [110], [111], [124]-125; Mayan and Christian chronology, [135], [136]-137. Cortez, Hernando, [24], [26], [27], [29], [30], [209], [217], [249]. Crocodile motive, in Chorotegan art, [191], [193]; Isthmian region, [194], [197]. Crops, indigenous and introduced, Mexico and Central America, [21]; principal, Mayan region, [73], [75]. Cross-section, typical, Mayan temple, [76], [78]. Cuauhtemoc, [29]. Cuicuilco, [49], [50], [51]. Cuitlahuac, [27]. Cult, of the quarters, Aztecan, [234]; of Xipe, [189]. Culture, Carib, [43]; Chorotegan, [189]-195; horizons, stratification of, [45]-46; Huichol, [38]; Lacandone Indians, [41]; Mayan, [73]-151; Mosquito Indians, [43]; peoples speaking Uto-Aztecan languages, [34]-35; sequences of, [250]-252; southern Mexico, [245]-248; strata, Atzcapotzalco, [48]; Sumo Indians, [43]; Tarascans, [244]-245; Toltecs, [169]-171, [203]; Totonacan, [165]-169; Zapotecan, [156]-163. Cycle, defined, [113].

D Dances, hunting, Huichol, [38]; Mosquito Indians, [43]. Dates, of dedication, Mayan, [123]-125; early Mayan, [146], [153]; Mayan, [96], [107], [117]-118, [122], 123; on National Stone, [218]; Olmeca, [154], [156]; Toltecan, [172]-173. Day, count, Mayan, elements of the, [112]-114; signs, Aztecan, [218], [225]-226; signs, hieroglyphs used on Mayan pottery, [87]-88; signs, Mayan, [112], [125]; signs, Zapotecan, [159]. Death God, Mayan, [101], [116]. Decoration, Mayan buildings, [83]; Mayan pottery, [85], [87]-88; pottery, archaic period, [59], [61]. Decorative motives, Chorotegan art, [190]-193; distribution of, [252]. Dedication, dates of, Mayan, [123]-125. Design, composition and perspective, Mayan, [94]-98; on Leyden plate, [146]; on Mexican blanket, [243]; motives, archaic pottery, [46], [61]; motives, Costa Rica, [191], [192], [193], [194], [196], [197]. Designs, archaic horizon, [64]; on blankets, [39]; developed in negative painting, [184]-185; geometric, at Mitla, [164], [246]; Mayan pottery, [85]-88; polychrome pottery, [87]; realistic, Mayan pottery, [85], [87]; textile, archaic, [58]; textile, Aztecan, [243]; textile, Mayan, [88]; Totonacan sacrificial yokes and paddle stones, [167]; woven, Huichol, [37], [38]. Dogs, domestication of, [58]-59. Donors, collections in Mexican Hall, [6]. Dresden Codex, [101], [128], [130], [134], [141], [142], [143], [145]. Dress, shown in archaic figurines, [57]; Mexico and Central America, [39]-41; modern Mexican, [39]. Drums, Aztecan, [240]-241. Dyes, [253].

E Early Period, in Mayan history, [146]-147. Earrings, archaic figurines, [57]. Economic contributions, of American Indians, [253]. Ehecatl, God of Winds, [58], [226], [230]. Ek Ahau, war god, Mayan, [103]. Elevations, Mayan buildings, [81]-83. Environment, Mayan, [153]; Mexico and Central America, [13]-21. Ethnology, [36]-44, [57]-59. European contact, history of, [22]-32. Exploration, of Central America, by Spaniards, [22]; Mexico, [22], [29]. Eyes, archaic sculptures, [63]; color and Mongoloid tilt, [44]; Totonacan figurines, [165]; types of, on archaic figurines, [56]-57, [64].

F Façade decoration, Mayan, [83]-84. Face numerals, Mayan inscriptions, [121], [126]. Fauna, Mexico and Central America, [20]-21. Feast, in connection with planet Venus, [239]; of the twelfth month, [237]-238. Feasts, Aztecan, [235]-239; Sumo, [43]. Feather mosaics, Aztecan, [243]-244; Tarascan, [244]. Fertility, female figurines associated with, [46], [59], [63]. Fetishes, female, Southwestern Pueblo, [251]. Figurines, archaic, [46], [53]-57; archaic, at Atzcapotzalco, [47]; archaic, Colombia and Venezuela, [66]-67; archaic, Isthmian region, [64], [65]; archaic, Nicaragua, [64]; archaic, Salvador, [56], [64]; clay, transition period, [75]; female, Basket-Maker III, [63]-64; female, distribution of, [59], [63]-64; female, Island of Marajo, [67]; pottery, Aztecan, [242]; pottery, San Juan Teotihuacan, [177]-178. Filigree, modern Mexican work, [243]. First Empire, Mayan, [111], [123], [142], [148], [195], [251]. Flageolets, Aztecan, [241]. Flora, Mexico and Central America, [21]. Flores, [28]. Flying façade, Mayan buildings, [83]. Food plants, cultivated by American Indians, [253]; most widely distributed in the New World, [52]. Frescoes, Mitla, [163]-164. Frontier cities, of the northwest, [183]-187. Fruits, native, [21]. Funerary urns, Zapotecan, [159], [160]; also frontispiece.

G Games, ceremonial Toltecan, [170]; sacred, Olmeca, [154]. Genealogical table, Mexican, [230]. Genealogies, Aztecan, [210]. Geography, Mexico and Central America, [13]-21. Geology, Mexico and Central America, [19]-20. Gladiator stones, [219]. Glaze, on modern Mexican pottery, [39]. Glyphs, introducing, [122], [123]; period, Mayan, [121], [123], [126]; supplementary series, [123], [141], [142]. God houses, Huichol, [38]. God of War, Mayan, [103]. God’s eyes, Huichol, [38]. Gods, Aztecan, [225], [229], [231]; beast, Mayan representation of, [99]; in Dresden Codex, [101]; Mayan, [89], [98]-103, [135]; Mexican, [58], [229], [230]-232; represented in pottery from San Juan Teotihuacan, [178]. Gold work, ancient, Isthmian region, [66]; Aztecan, [242]-243; in cruciform tombs, [164]; Isthmian, [195]-198; Mayan, [89]; Zapotecan, [160]. Gourd vessels, Tarascan, [245]. Government, Aztecan, [209], [213]; theocratic of the Mayas, [93]. Graves, Isthmian, gold objects found in, [198]. Great Mound, Copan, [147]. Great Period, Mayan history, [147]-148. Great Pyramid, Mexico City, [206], [208]. Grooving, archaic figurines, [56]. Groundplans, Toltecan buildings, [170]; Yaxchilan temples, [77]. Guatuso, [44]. Gums, [253].