Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America / Third and Revised Edition

by Herbert Joseph Spinden

H Haab, defined, [139]. Hablatun, defined, [120]. Hair form, Indians of Mexico and Central America, [44]; Lacandone, [42]. Headdresses, archaic figurines, [55], [57]; Zapotecan funerary urns, [159]-160; Zapotecan, [42]. Head form, Indians of Mexico and Central America, [44]. Hieroglyphs, Aztecan, of precious stones, [224]; containing phonetic element kin, [127]; decorative use on pottery, Mayan, [87]-88; of the Four Directions, [126], [127]; Mayan, [73], [97], [125]-128; Mayan, Venus and the Moon, [137]; Nahuan, [224]; on stelæ at Monte Alban, [159]; on the Stone of Tizoc, [221]; at Xochicalco, [179]; Zapotecan, [160]-161. History, Aztecan, [204]-209; Chichimecan, [203]-204; cross-section of New World, [249]-253; of European contact, Mexico and Central America, [22]-32; Mayan, [136]; Mayan, recovery of, [103]-106; Mayan, summary of, [145]-151; summary in relation to archaeological evidences, on the archaic horizon, [68], [71]; Toltecan, [171]-175; traditional, southern Mexico, [245]-246. Hochob, [80], [148]. Hokan linguistic stock, distribution of, [36]. Horse, introduction of, [67]-68. Hotun periods, [124]. Houses, adobe, Mexican, [15], [39]; archaic period, [63]; Mayan, [79]. Huastecas, [35], [165]. Huichol, [33], [37]. Huipili, decorated, [40], [41]. Huitzilihuitl, [207], [210]. Huitzilopochtli, [215], [221], [231], [237]. Human, form, carved in stone, archaic period, [61], [63]; form, in Mayan art, [89], [93]-94, [106]-108. Hunac Ceel, identification of, [150]. Hunting implements, Lacandone, [41].

I Ilhuicatl, inferior heavens, [233]. Imix, day sign, Mayan, [87]; first day of formal permutation, [114]. Incense burners, Lacandone, [41]. Incised designs on pottery, [88]. Influence, Aztecan, in Central America, [248]-249; Mayas, on other civilizations, [170]; Mexican, in northern Yucatan, [150]. Initial Series dates, [123], [124], [135], [141], [149]. Inscriptions, hieroglyphic, [103]; hieroglyphic, on Mayan monuments, [123]-125; Mayan, face numerals on, [121]; Mayan, Great Period, [141]-148; Mayan, typical, [122]. Invention of agriculture, in the New World, [45], [51]-53, [67], [251]. Irrigation, in the New World, [17], [52]-53, [63]. Itzamna, [99], [103], [116]. Ixchel, Goddess of the Rainbow, [103]. Ixtapalapan, [26]. Ixtubtun, Mayan goddess, [103].

J Jade, carving of, Mayan, [89]; Zapotecan, [160]; work in, Aztec, [243]. Jaguar design, Chorotegan art, [191], [193].

K Kan, day sign, Mayan, [88]; maize sign, [135]. Katun, defined, [110], [120]. Kukulcan, [150].

L Lacandone Indians, [35], [41], [151]. Lakes, Mexico and Central America, [17], [18]-19. Land laws, Aztecan, [211]. Language, Toltecan, [170]; Totonacan, [165]. Languages, Central America, [239]; Mexico and Central America, [32]-36. La Quemada, [182], [183]. League, Aztecan, [209]; of Mayapan, [145], [149]. Leyden Plate, [146]. Lienzo of Amoltepec, [246]. Linguistic stocks, Mexico and Central America, [32]-36. Lintels, Mayan sculptured, [83], [97]; Zapotecan, with hieroglyphs, [159]. Long count, Mayan, [123], [141]. Long-nosed God, Mayan, [98], [100], [101], [160], [232]. Lunar, calendar, Mayan, [112], [140]-142. Lunar-solar calendar, Mayan, [112].

M Macuilxochitl, God Five Flower, [248]. Maize God, Mayan, [99], [100], [103]. Maize, distribution of use, [52]; most important food of the New World, [52]; staple, in Mayan region, [75]. Manikin Scepter, [93], [99], [100]. Manioc, cultivation of, [52]; use and preparation by Carib, [43]. Marimba, origin of, [242]. Mask panels, on Mayan structures, [84], [159]. Matlatzincas, [245]. Mayan civilization, [73]-151; linguistic stock, distribution of, [35]-36. Mayas, and Aztecs, compared to Greeks and Romans, [201]-203. Mazatecas, [189]. Medicines, [253]. Metal, ornaments made of, Mayan, [89]; working, technology of, [251]-252; Zapotecan, [145]. Metates, elaborately sculptured, [193]. Metonic cycle, Greeks, [140]. Mexican, Hall, American Museum, [5]-6; influence, period of, in Mayan history, [149]-150. Mexitin, [34]. Mictlan, [163], [233], [234]. Mictlanteuctli, Lord of Death, [233]-234. Middle Period, in Mayan history, [147]. Migrations, Aztecan, [205]-207; indicated by distribution of linguistic stocks, [35]-36. Mitla, [19], [156]-157, [163]-165, [246]. Mixtecan stock, [35]. Mixtecas, [156], [246]. Moctezuma, [25], [26], [27], [215], [245]. Modeling, archaic figurines, [53], [55]-57; archaic sculptures, [63]; clay, San Juan Teotihuacan, [178]. Modern Period, Mayan history, [150]. Mogotes, Zapotecan burial mounds, [160]. Monkey, in Chorotegan art, [190]-191. Monte Alban, [152], [155], [156], [246]. Month, Mayan, twenty day signs of, [113]; signs, of Mayan year, [115]; signs, Zapotecan, [159]. Months, Aztecan, [227]; Mayan, length of, [115]; Mayan, names of, [115]. Monuments, Mayan, dated, [123]-125; sequence of Mayan determined by style of sculpture, [106]-109. Moon, representations of the, [142]. Mosaic, feather, Aztecan, [242]; feather, Tarascan, [244]; masks and ceremonial objects, [89]. Mosquito Indians, [43]. Mound, artificial, at Copan, [77], [147]; at Cholula, [80]; at Cuicuilco, [49], [51]. Mounds, at Atzcapotzalco, [47]; foundation for temples, [77]; Mayan, [146]; at Monte Alban, [152], [157]; Tarascan, [244]; Zapotecan, [160]. Mountains, Mexico and Central America, [14]-16. Music, Aztecan, [240]-242. Musical instruments, Aztecan, [240]-241. Mythology, Aztecan, [204], [217], [229], [232]-233; Mayan and Aztecan, [229]. Myths, cosmogonic, [232]-233.

N Nahuan linguistic stock, distribution of, [33], [203]. Naranjo, [75], [108], [147]. Nasca, [252]. National Stone, Aztecan, [218], [220]. Negative painting, [46], [66], [184]-185, [187], [252]. New Fire Ceremony, Aztecan, [218]; Toltecan, [173]. Nezahualcoyotl, [204], [239]. Niquiras, [34]. Nose form, Indians of Mexico and Central America, [44]. Noserings, on archaic figurines, [57]. Notation system, Mayan, [111], [118]-121. Numbers, Aztecan, [227], [234]; Mayan, [118]-121; Mexican system of, [227]-229; Zapotecan system of, [157].

O Observatories, astronomical, Mayan, [137]-139. Obsidian, Aztecan ornaments of, [243]. Ochpaniztli, eleventh feast of the year, [236]. Olin, Aztecan day sign, [214], [217], [218]. Olmeca, [154]-156, [187]. Ometeuctli, Lord of Duality, [231], [233]. Organization, political, Mayan, [201]; social Aztecan, [209]-213. Ornaments, precious and semi-precious stones, Aztecan, [243]; shown on archaic figurines, [57]. Otomi, [36], [189], [203], [245].

P Pachtli, twelfth month, Aztecan, [237]-238. Paddle-shaped stones, Totonacan, [167]. Painting, archaic figurines, [57], [64]; archaic pottery, [61]; body, shown on archaic figurines, [58]; on Mayan pottery, [87]; negative, on pottery, [46], [66], [184]-185, [187], [252]; Zapotecan pottery, [160]. Palaces, structure of Mayan, [78]-79. Palenque, [75], [76], [83], [146], [156]. Palmate stone, [168]. Pantheon, Mayan, [98]-103. Papantla, pyramid at, [167], [169]. Peregrinations, Aztecan, [205]-207. Peresianus Codex, [128]. Period, defined, in Mayan time count, [113]; glyphs, Mayan, [121], [126]. Permutation system, Aztecan, [238]; Mayan, [111], [113]-114. Perspective, in Mayan design, [94], [97]. Peyote worship, Huichol and Tarahumare, [38]. Phonetic use of signs, Mayan hieroglyphs, [125], [127]. Physical types, [42], [44]. Pictographic hieroglyphs, Mayan, [125]. Piedras Negras, [75], [96], [105], [108], [147]. Pima, [36]. Pipiles, [34], [157], [188]. Place names, Aztecan, [225]. Plants, food, cultivation of, in the New World, [51], [249]-250. Poetry, Aztecan, [239]-240. Polychrome pottery, Cholula, [180], [182]; Mayan, [87]. Portraiture, in archaic art, [54], [58]; in Mayan art, [94], [124]; Totonacan art, [166]. Post-Archaic Horizon, [68]-71. Potato, cultivated in Peru, [52]. Pottery, archaic, [46], [59], [61], [165]; Atzcapotzalco, [47]; Aztecan, [215], [242]; from Cholula, [180], [182], [246]; Chorotegan, [191]-193; cloisonné, San Juan Teotihuacan, [178]; at Cuicuilco, [51]; distribution of, [63]-64, [69], [70]; Lacandone, [41]; Mayan, [85], [86], [87]-88; Mitla, [164]-165; modern Mexican, [39]; northwestern region of Mexico, [183]-184; polychrome, Cholula, [180], [182]; polychrome, Mayan, [87]-88; San Juan Teotihuacan, [178]; with semi-glaze, [188]-189; Zapotecan, [160]. Pouches, Valiente Indians, [40]. Pre-Archaic Horizon, [68]. Priests, in Mayan art, [93]; Zapotecan, [161]. Protohistoric Period, Mayan history, [145]-146. Pueblo Viejo, [23]. Pulque, [38], [170]. Pyramid, Cholula, [180]-181; Mayan, [78]-79; Monte Alban, [157]; San Juan Teotihuacan, [175]-176; Toltecan, [169], [170].

Q Quetzalcoatl, [25], [149], [171], [205], [232]; and the Toltec era, [171]-175. Quichés, [151]. Quinatzin, map, [203]. Quirigua, [15], [75], [108], [141].