Essays: Scientific, Political, & Speculative; Vol. 2 of 3 / Library Edition (1891), Containing Seven Essays not before Republished, and Various other Additions.

by Herbert Spencer

THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY.

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

• PART I.—THE DATA OF BIOLOGY.
  • 1. Organic Matter.
  • 2. The Actions of Forces on Organic Matter.
  • 3. The Re-actions of Organic Matter on Forces.
  • 4. Proximate Definition of Life.
  • 5. The Correspondence between Life and its Circumstances.
  • 6. The Degree of Life varies as the Degree of Correspondence.
  • 7. The Scope of Biology.
• PART II.—THE INDUCTIONS OF BIOLOGY.
  • 1. Growth.
  • 2. Development.
  • 3. Function.
  • 4. Waste and Repair.
  • 5. Adaptation.
  • 6. Individuality.
  • 7. Genesis.
  • 8. Heredity.
  • 9. Variation.
  • 10. Genesis, Heredity, and Variation.
  • 11. Classification.
  • 12. Distribution.
• PART III.—THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE.
  • 1. Preliminary.
  • 2. General Aspects of the Special-Creation-Hypothesis.
  • 3. General Aspects of the Evolution-Hypothesis.
  • 4. The Arguments from Classification.
  • 5. The Arguments from Embryology.
  • 6. The Arguments from Morphology.
  • 7. The Arguments from Distribution.
  • 8. How is Organic Evolution caused?
  • 9. External Factors.
  • 10. Internal Factors.
  • 11. Direct Equilibration.
  • 12. Indirect Equilibration.
  • 13. The Co-operation of the Factors.
  • 14. The Convergence of the Evidences.
• APPENDIX.
  • The Spontaneous-Generation Question.

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

• PART IV.—MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT.
  • 1. The Problems of Morphology.
  • 2. The Morphological Composition of Plants.
  • 3. The Morphological Composition of Plants, continued.
  • 4. The Morphological Composition of Animals.
  • 5. The Morphological Composition of Animals, continued.
  • 6. Morphological Dif­fer­en­ti­a­tion in Plants.
  • 7. The General Shapes of Plants.
  • 8. The Shapes of Branches.
  • 9. The Shapes of Leaves.
  • 10. The Shapes of Flowers.
  • 11. The Shapes of Vegetal Cells.
  • 12. Changes of Shape otherwise caused.
  • 13. Morphological Dif­fer­en­ti­a­tion in Animals.
  • 14. The General Shapes of Animals.
  • 15. The Shapes of Vertebrate Skeletons.
  • 16. The Shapes of Animal Cells.
  • 17. Summary of Morphological Development.
• PART V.—PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT.
  • 1. The Problems of Physiology.
  • 2. Dif­fer­en­ti­a­tions between the Outer and Inner Tissues of Plants.
  • 3. Dif­fer­en­ti­a­tions among the Outer Tissues of Plants.
  • 4. Dif­fer­en­ti­a­tions among the Inner Tissues of Plants.
  • 5. Physiological Integration in Plants.
  • 6. Dif­fer­en­ti­a­tions between the Outer and Inner Tissues of Animals.
  • 7. Dif­fer­en­ti­a­tions among the Outer Tissues of Animals.
  • 8. Dif­fer­en­ti­a­tions among the Inner Tissues of Animals.
  • 9. Physiological Integration in Animals.
  • 10. Summary of Physiological Development.
• PART VI.—LAWS OF MULTIPLICATION.
  • 1. The Factors.
  • 2. À Priori Principle.
  • 3. Obverse à priori Principle.
  • 4. Difficulties of Inductive Verification.
  • 5. Antagonism between Growth and Asexual Genesis.
  • 6. Antagonism between Growth and Sexual Genesis.
  • 7. Antagonism between Development and Genesis, Asexual and Sexual.
  • 8. Antagonism between Expenditure and Genesis.
  • 9. Coincidence between high Nutrition and Genesis.
  • 10. Specialities of these Relations.
  • 11. Interpretation and Qualification.
  • 12. Multiplication of the Human Race.
  • 13. Human Evolution in the Future.
• APPENDIX.
  • A Criticism on Professor Owen’s Theory of the Vertebrate Skeleton.
  • On Circulation and the Formation of Wood in Plants.

5th Thousand.

(WITH AN ADDITIONAL PART.)

In two vols. 8vo, cloth, price 36s.,

THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY.

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.