The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2) - Herbert Spencer

Bacteria: fission, I, [270];
non-nucleated, II, [20];
rate of increase, II, [443].
Baer, K. E. von: embryological formula, I, [171], [172], [451], [453], [461], [466];
zoological classification, I, [383];
on animal transitions, I, [480].
Balanophoræ, inner tissue, II, [274].
Bark: varied development, II, [247–9];
physiological differentiation, II, [249–50], [258], [386].
Basidiomycetes, reproduction, II, [450].
Bat, infertility of, II, [473].
Bates, H. W., protective mimicry of butterflies, I, [398].
Batrachia (see [Amphibia]).
Bean, vascular system, II, [573], [591].
Beaver, tail and co-adapted structures, I, [616].
Bees (see [Insects]).
Begoniaceæ: multiplication I, [224], [317], [442];
individuality, I, [251];
development from scales, I, [282];
symmetry, II, [159], [166];
development, II, [271].
Berkeley, M. J., indefiniteness of mosses and ferns, II, [296].
Bile, arrest of excretion, I, [209].
Bilirubin and biliverdine, function of, II, [330], [333].
Biology: definition and divisions, I, [124–5];
organic structural phenomena, I, [125–7];
also functional, I, [127–9];
actions and reactions of function and structure, I, [129–30];
genesis, I, [130–1];
limited knowledge of, I, [131];
evolution, I, [432], [434];
sociological analogies (see [Sociology]).
Biophors, Weismann’s germ-plasm units (see [Weismann]).
Birds: flesh-eating and grain-eating contrasted, I, [68];
growth and expenditure of force, I, [142];
size of egg and adult, I, [144];
limitations on flight, I, [155];
self-mobility, I, [175];
temperature, I, [176];
functional and structural differentiation, I, [201];
food of starving pigeon, I, [215];
viviparousness, I, [271];
heredity and pigeon breeding, I, [305];
atavism in pigeon, I, [314];
osseous variation in pigeon, I, [321];
classification, I, [392];
migrations and change of habits, I, [399], [402], [500];
distribution in time, I, [410];
Darwin on petrels, I, [455];
rudimentary teeth, I, [457];
vertebræ, I, [471]; II, [564];
feather development, I, [473];
habits of water ouzel, I, [485];
egg shells and direct equilibration, I, [526];
bones of waders and direct equilibration, I, [527];
fertility and nervous development, I, [598];
cellular continuity, I, [629];
adaptation of structure to environment, II, [12];
sexual selection, II, [269];
wing spurs, II, [313];
outer tissue differentiation, II, [314–5], [387];
alimentary canal development, II, [325], [327];
muscular colour and activity, II, [365–9];
nutrition, II, [433];
cost of genesis, II, [436];
growth and genesis, II, [454], [458];
heat expenditure and genesis, II, [468–9], [474];
activity and genesis, II, [470–2], [474];
contrasted mammalian fertility, II, [470];
eggs of wild and tame, II, [478];
fertility of blackbird and linnet compared, II, [503];
Owen on skeleton of, II, [559], [560], [561].
Bischoff, embryogeny of human arm, I, [169].
Bison, modifications entailed by increased weight of head, I, [512].
Blackbird, contrasted with linnet in development, II, [503].
Blainville, de, definition of life, I, [79], [93].
Blastosphere, independence of cells in Echinoderm larvæ, I, [185].
Blastula, definition of life and formation of, I, [112].
Blood: similarity of iron peroxide, I, [17];
metabolic processes, I, [69];
segregation of abnormal constituents, I, [180];
protozoon life of corpuscles, I, [186–7];
morbid changes, I, [221], [701];
assimilative power and organic repair, I, [221–2];
respiratory tissue differentiation, II, [310–1];
pressure in mammals, II, [340].
(See also [Vascular System].)
Blow-fly, Weismann on nutrition and genesis in, I, [678–9].
Boers, Cape, habits and fertility, II, [508].
Boismont, A. B. de, on human fertility, II, [511].
Bone: growth and function, I, [151];
adaptability, I, [230]; II, [217–8];
function and weight, I, [308], [693];
mammalian cervical vertebræ, I, [394];
evolution and vertebral column, I, [470–1];
partial development, I, [473];
size of head as influencing, I, [512], [536–9];
direct equilibration and strength, I, [527];
natural selection and co-adaptations, I, [614–21], [674], [677];
rudimentary limbs of whale, I, [668], [685], [692];
inheritance of acquired modifications in Punjabis, I, [689];
skull development, II, [222];
theory of supernumerary, II, [223];
Cope on origin of vertebrate osseous system, II, [225–7];
differentiation, II, [344–56];
false joints, II, [370–2];
Owen’s theory of vertebrate skeleton, II, [548–66].
Book-worm, food of, I, [77].
Born, G., experiments on frog larvæ, I, [365].
Botany, biological classification, I, [124], [125].
(See [Plants].)
Bothriocephalus, development, II, [490].
Botryllidæ: development, I, [166];
independence of components, I, [247];
agamogenesis, I, [641].
Bower, Prof., on alternation of generations, II, [84].
Brachiopoda, rude vascular system, II, [340].
Bradbury, J. B., on vaso-dilators, I, [55].
Brain: natural selection and mental evolution, I, [553];
analysis of substance, I, [596];
weight in higher animals, I, [598–9];
size in civilized and uncivilized, II, [530].
Branches (see [Morphology]).
Branchiæ (see [Respiratory System]).
Brass, effect of antimony on, I, [121].
Bread, diamagnetism, I, [370].
Breeding: heredity, I, [304–5];
in-and-in, I, [344–7], [353]; II, [615];
pure and mixed, I, [354], [625].
Bricks, changed equilibrium shown by, I, [38], [42].
Brodie, T. G., cell chemistry, I, [260].
Brownell, Miss J. L., on birth-rate in United States, II, [520].
Brown-Séquard, on inherited epilepsy, I, [312], [624].
Bryophyllum, peculiar proliferation, II, [295].
Bryophyta, large size attained by some, I, [138].
Bryozoa, gemmation, I, [588].
Budding (see [Gemmation]).
Buds: development, I, [167–8];
theories of heredity and cauline, I, [358–9], [360];
axillary, II, [65–9];
effects of nutrition, II, [73–4].
Butterfly: protective mimicry, I, [398];
instance of tame, I, [684].

Cabbage, varieties of, I, [302].
Cactaceæ: foliar and axial development, II, [47–9];
differentiation in, II, [258], [276], [282];
vascular system, II, [282];
dye permeability and circulation, II, [571], [572];
wood formation, II, [575], [577], [578], [580].
“Callus,” budding from, I, [358], [359].
Camel, natural selection and hump of, I, [534].
Canadians, French, fertility of, II, [509].
Cancer, the definition of life, I, [111];
œsophageal, II, [324];
and vascular system, II, [343].
Caoutchouc, leaf-structure, II, [589].
Capillaries (see [Vascular System]).
Capillarity, and vegetal vascular system, II, [279–80], [286], [568], [570], [585], [587], [592–6].
Carbohydrates: instability, I, [10];
the term “hydro-carbon,” ib.;
molecular changes in, I, [42–3];
organic transformation, I, [43], [48];
metabolic processes, I, [63–77], [262–3]; II, [362].
Carbon: properties, I, [3–5], [20];
compounds, I, [6], [7], [9], [10–12], [13], [24–5].
Carbonic acid (carbon dioxide): properties, I, [6], [7], [9];
in animal and plant functions, I, [62], [214]; II, [398];
diffusibility, II, [331].
Carbonic oxide, properties, I, [6].
Carnivores: nitrogenous food, I, [47], [68];
katabolic process, I, [71];
restricted environment, I, [396];
their beneficial effects on animal life, II, [405–6].
Carpenter, W. B.: on functional specialization, I, [208];
reproduction of seaweed, I, [582];
vegetal cell multiplication, I, [585];
structure and multiplication of compound organisms, I, [586–9];
on fundamental traits of sex, I, [595];
nutritive system of invertebrates, I, [595];
Macrocystis, II, [450];
nutrition and reproductive function, II, [460].
Cartilage (see [Bone]).
Castration, effect of, on growth, II, [459].
“Castration parasitaire,” Julin on, II, [493–6].
Catalysis, and vital metamorphosis, I, [39], [43].
Cattell, McKeen, on tactual perceptiveness, I, [666].
Caulerpa, simulation of higher plant-forms, II, [22].
Cave-animals, degeneration of eyes, I, [309], [612–3], [614], [647–9], [693].
Cell, the: incomprehensibility of forces at work in, I, [118];
protoplasts and their traits, I, [181];
the cell-theory, I, [184], [252]; II, [17–21], [85];
differentiation, I, [188–9], [194];
the continuity of protoplasm, I, [190–2], [194], [628–30]; II, [21];
its structure, I, [253–5];
function of centrosome, I, [254–5], [257];
structure and function of nucleus, I, [255–6], [258–9];
karyokinesis, I, [257–8];
function of chromatin, I, [259–65];
fertilization and function of polar bodies, I, [266–8];
theories of heredity based on theory, I, [356];
Weismann’s differentiation into reproductive and somatic, I, [622], [628–30], [633–44];
nucleus absent or dispersed, II, [20], [85];
morphological differentiation, II, [175–7];
animal morphology, II, [228–30];
morphological summary, II, [233];
vegetal tissue differentiation, II, [249–50], [386];
vascular development, II, [279–84], [389].
Centipede, bilateral symmetry, II, [198–200].
Cephalopoda: bilateral symmetry, II, [203];
vascular system, II, [341].
Cercariæ (see [Distoma]).
Cereus, tissue differentiation, II, [276], [283].
Cesalpino, I, [377].
Cestoda (see [Entozoa]).
Chætopoda, segmentation, II, [98], [103], [605].
Chaja, wing spurs, II, [313].
Change, and definition of life, I, [81–90], [113].
Charles, R. H., on inheritance of acquired modifications in leg-bones of Punjabis, I, [689].
Chatié, on single and double stocks, II, [622].
Chemistry: properties of organic elements, I, [3–5], [20], [22];
of diatomic compounds, I, [7–10];
tri-atomic, I, [10–12];
poly-atomic, I, [12–13], [25];
traits of evolution, I, [23–4];
ethereal undulations and atomic oscillation, I, [31–6];
chemical affinity and organic change, I, [36–7], [38–43];
oxidation and generation of heat, I, [46–9], [60];
generation of nerve force, I, [52], [60];
metabolism, I, [62–77];
physiology and organic, I, [127];
flesh constituents, I, [154];
composition of organisms and environment, I, [173];
organic development and differential assimilation, I, [179–80];
chemical units, I, [225]; II, [612];
primitive ideas of elements, I, [417];
evolution of organic compounds, I, [696–701], [703].
Chestnut, leaf symmetry, II, [149], [153].
Chiton: simulation of segmentation, II, [116], [118];
symmetry, II, [202].
Chlorophyll: function, I, [65]; II, [263];
nutrition and absence of, II, [74];
constitution, II, [262];
symbiotic presence in animals, II, [400].
Chondracanthus gibbosus, enormous development of reproductive system, II, [487].
Chordata, affinities, I, [466].
Chromatin (see [Cell]).
Circle, the, and evolution hypothesis, I, [433].
Circulation (see [Vascular System]).
Cirrhipedia: Darwin on retrograde development, I, [458];
remarkable transformation in Sacculina, II, [494–5].
Civilization, human evolution and genesis, II, [529–31].
Cladophora: integration, II, [25];
axial development, II, [28].
Classification: subjective conception, I, [78];
two purposes of, I, [374];
a gradual process, I, [375];
botanical, I, [377–80], [389–90];
zoological, I, [380–9];
incomplete equivalence of groups, I, [389], [445–6], [448], [555], [572];
group attributes, I, [390–3];
the truths interpreted, I, [393–4];
ethnologic and linguistic evolution, I, [441–6];
organic evolution, I, [443], [447], [555];
differences in kind and degree, I, [444–6];
antecedent structural similarity, I, [447], [448–9];
Von Baer’s formula, I, [451–4], [555];
organic, not uniserial, II, [115].
Classification of the Sciences, The, and evolution and dissolution, II, [5].
Claus, C, on segmentation in Annelids and Chætopods, II, [605].
Clover: flower and axial development, II, [45];
symmetry, II, [152].
Co-adaptation of co-operative parts: principles underlying, I, [234–5], [511–3], [514–5];
slow operation of the process, I, [236];
sociological analogy, I, [237–40];
reversion under original conditions, I, [240];
the analogy continued, ib.;
the case of bison’s head, I, [512];
natural selection an inadequate explanation, I, [535], [614–21], [692];
Romanes on “cessation of selection” as effecting, I, [560], [561–2];
Weismann’s theories, I, [560–3], [663–5], [670], [674–5];
natural selection and economy of growth, I, [562];
physiological processes involved, I, [566–7];
Wallace’s argument from artificial selection, I, [615];
what are co-operative parts? I, [616–7];
“intra-selection” examined, I, [676–8].
Coal, social effects of supply, I, [238–9], [241].
Cocoa-nut, growth and fertility, II, [457].
Coccospheres: vital problem presented by protective structures, I, [119];
imbricated plates, I, [182].
Cockroach, ousting of European species, I, [399].
Cod: ova of, II, [435];
growth and fertility, II, [454].
Codium: symmetry, II, [136];
tissue differentiation, II, [246].
Cœlenterata: rudimentary contractile organs, I, [58];
vital changes in polyp, I, [95];
axial development, I, [165], [166];
environment and structure, I, [173];
self-mobility, I, [175]; II, [14], [15];
functional differentiation, I, [201], [391];
inactivity and waste, I, [213];
reparative power, I, [219], [224];
individuality, I, [246], [247], [250];
heterogenesis, I, [273], [277], [296];
negative disintegration in Hydrozoa, I, [276], [587];
reproductive tissue, I, [281];
differentiation in Hydrozoa, I, [391];
classificatory value, I, [446];
regeneration of fragments, II, [90];
integration, II, [90], [102], [105], [124];
gemmation, II, [91];
tertiary aggregation, II, [92], [95], [124];
molluscan affinities, II, [115];
radial symmetry, II, [188];
symmetry of compound, II, [192–3];
segmental differentiation, II, [207];
physiological differentiation in Hydra and analogy, II, [300];
ciliation of blastula, II, [301];
tissue reduplication, II, [301–2], [389];
outer tissue differentiation, II, [309];
osmosis in Hydra, II, [339];
vascular system in Hydra, II, [340], [376];
functional co-ordination, II, [376];
symbiosis, II, [400];
asexual genesis, II, [443–4];
growth and sexual genesis, II, [452];
development and genesis, II, [462];
nutrition and genesis, II, [476].
Cœlom, origin and function, II, [302–3].
Collins, F. Howard, jaws and teeth of savages and civilized, I, [541].
Colloids: T. Graham on, I, [15–8];
diffusibility, I, [18–21];
organic, I, [21], [25], [26];
pliability and elasticity, I, [27];
capillary affinity, I, [28];
isomerism, I, [59];
instability, I, [350];
molecular mobility and diffusibility, II, [331];
instability of, and nerve differentiation, II, [356–61];
and muscular tissue, II, [361–4].
Colonies, autogenous development and parallel in heredity, I, [366–8]; II, [620].
Colour: sensation of, I, [54];
phœnogamic, II, [75], [265–6];
light and vegetal, II, [261–2];
floral fertilization, II, [267–9];
sexual selection, II, [269];
activity and muscular, II, [365–9];
physiological units and mixture of, in offspring, II, [616], [617].
Commensalism, organic Integration as displayed in, II, [402–4].
Compositæ: floral symmetry, II, [173].
Condor, weight of, I, [155].
Confervoideæ, I, [279], [280]; II, [25], [28], [449].
(See [Algæ].)
Conjugateæ, II, [449].
(See [Algæ].)
Conjugation, in Algæ, I, [279];
in Protozoa, I, [280]; II, [452];
can fission persist without? I, [637];
relation to growth, II, [449].
Connective tissue, Hertwig’s classification, I, [189].
Constitutional units, I, [369].
(See [Physiological Units].)
Consumption, hereditary transmission, I, [307].
Co-ordination of actions (see [Life]).
Cope, E. D., on origin of vertebrate structure, II, [225–7].
Cormophyta: slight internal differentiation, II, [273];
vascular system, II, [280].
Corpuscula tactus, their function, I, [75].
Correspondence, use of word, I, [97].
(See [Life].)
Cousin-marriages, I, [345]; II, [615].
Cow: what prompts her to mumble a bone? I, [120].
Cow-parsnip (see Heracleum).
Crab (see [Crustacea]).
Creation (see [Special creation]).
Crinoidea, symmetry, II, [195–6].
Crocodile, continuous growth, I, [154], [292].
Crookes, Sir W., hypothetical chemical unit “protyle,” I, [22], [23].
Cruciferæ, floral symmetry, II, [164], [171].
Crustacea: locomotion of lobster, I, [175];
regeneration of limbs, I, [224], [360], [589]; II, [76];
homogenesis, I, [271];
genesis and nutrition in Daphnidæ, I, [290–1];
growth and genesis, I, [292];
degeneration of eye in cave-inhabiting, I, [309], [614], [648];
hermit-crab parasite, I, [397];
changes of media, I, [401], [481–2];
retrograde development in cirripedes, I, [458];
segmentation, I, [468–9]; II, [114];
Darwin on jaws and legs, I, [471];
survival of cirripedes, I, [517];
integration and homology, II, [111–4], [121], [603];
bilateral symmetry, II, [198–201];
eyes, II, [318];
dermal structure of hermit-crab, II, [322], [387];
fertility, II, [453];
nutrition and genesis in parasitic species, II, [487];
“castration parasitaire,” II, [493–6].
Crystalloids: Prof. Graham on, I, [15–8];
diffusibility, I, [18–21];
organic, I, [21–2], [26].
Crystals: simulation of life in “storm glass,” I, [96];
growth, I, [135–7], [577];
segregation, I, [179], [221], [223];
equilibration, I, [337];
physiological units and polarity, I, [701–6];
time and formation, II, [77].
Ctenodrilus, segmental individuality, II, [103], [603], [604].
Cube, bilateral symmetry, II, [132].
Cunningham, J. T., I, [vi]; II, [vi];
on non-adaptive specific characters, I, [565];
food of blow-fly larvæ, I, [678];
arthropod segmentation, II, [114];
egg-production of Conger, II, [425].
Cuttle-fish, Individuality of Hectocotylus, I, [250].
Cuvier, zoological classification, I, [381].
Cyanogen, properties, I, [7], [9].
Cyclichthys, dermal structure, II, [306].

Dalyell, Sir J., regeneration in Dasychone, I, [361];
propagation of Hydra, II, [476].
Daphnidæ, heterogenesis and nutrition, I, [290–1].
Darwin, C: Origin of Species, I, [129]; II, [528];
natural selection and function, I, [308–9], [693];
atavism, I, [314];
osseous variations in pigeons, I, [321];
plant variation and domestication, I, [325];
“spontaneous variation,” I, [328], [697];
floral fertilization, I, [340]; II, [168], [267], [407], [608];
intercrossing and self-fertilization, I, [344], [345];
intercrossing I, [347], [611], [669];
his theory of pangenesis examined, I, [356–62], [370], [372];
plant-fertilization and distribution, I, [397];
habits of birds, I, [400];
distribution and natural barriers, I, [402], [476];
disappearance and non-reappearance of species, I, [406];
distribution in time and space, I, [410];
linguistic classification, I, [442];
classification of organisms, I, [443];
classification and descent, I, [448];
on petrels, I, [455];
suppression of organs, I, [457];
development of Cirrhipedia, I, [438];
jaws and legs of Crustacea, I, [471];
aborted organs, I, [474], [563];
relations of species in Galapagos archipelago, I, [478];
opinions of E. Darwin and Lamarck, I, [491];
the term “survival of the fittest,” I, [530];
Indirect equilibration by natural selection, I, [530–5];
inheritance of acquired characters, I, [535–42], [560], [630], [685], [690];
Wallace on natural selection in man, I, [553];
misleading connotations of term “natural selection,” I, [609], [695];
caste gradations and jaws of driver ants, I, [658];
attachment of climbing plants, II, [276–7];
vegetal fructification, II, [294];
earth-worm, II, [402];
animal sterility and domestication, II, [480], [483];
variation in hyacinth and camellia, II, [621].
Darwin, Dr. E., modifiability of organisms, I, [490], [492–7].
Death: an arrest of vital correspondence, I, [102];
only limit to vegetal growth, I, [153];
cessation of co-ordination of actions, I, [578], [579];
Weismann’s hypothesis, I, [636–8];
physiological integration, II, [374], [392];
cause of natural, II, [413];
relation to births, II, [417].
Definiteness: of vital change, I, [87–90], [106], [109];
developmental, I, [178];
functional, I, [212];
segregation of evolution, I, [514–6].
Definition, difficulties of, I, [78]; II, [17].
Degeneracy, morphological obscurations due to, II, [12], [13].
Dendrobium (see [Orchids]).
Desmidiaceæ: unicellular, II, [21];
linear and central aggregation, II, [23];
natural selection and symmetry, II, [134], [133];
morphological differentiation, II, [177];
tissue, II, [244];
genesis, II, [440], [449].
Determinants, Weismann’s germ-plasm units (see [Germ-plasm]).
Development: an increase of structure, I, [162]; II, [461];
primarily central, I, [162], [166];
uni- and multicentral, I, [163–4], [166–7];
axial, I, [164], [167];
uni- and multiaxial, I, [165–6];
a change to coherent definite heterogeneity, I, [167–70], [179];
Von Baer’s formula, I, [171–2];
individual differentiation from environment, I, [172–8];
cell-formation, I, [225];
discontinuous, and agamogenesis, I, [275];
Prof. Huxley’s classification, I, [276];
sociological parallel to autogenous, I, [364–8]; II, [620];
retrograde, I, [457–8];
inequalities among co-operative parts, I, [617];
“heterochrony,” I, [655];
continuous and discontinuous vegetal, II, [52];
summary of physiological, II, [384–90];
nutrition and genesis, résumé, II, [497–9];
evolution, II, [501–5];
commencement of genesis, II, [506];
of vertebrate limbs, II, [553].
(See also [Multiplication].)
Development Hypothesis, The, I, [417].
Dialects (see [Language]).
Dialysis, and diffusibillty. I, [19], [20].
Diastase, decomposition of, I, [38], [40].
Diatomaceæ: tissue, II, [244];
genesis, II, [440], [448].
Diatomic compounds (see [Chemistry]).
Dicotyledons: growth, I, [139], [143]; II, [63–4], [69–72], [78], [82–3];
uniaxial development, I, [165];
stem and leaf functions, II, [257];
mechanical stress and wood formation, II, [277];
growth and genesis, II, [451].
Differentiation (see [Morphology] and [Physiology]).
Difflugia: primary aggregate, II, [86–7];
symmetry, II, [186];
outer tissue differentiation, II, [309].
Diffusion, of colloids and crystalloids, I, [18–20]; II, [331].
Digestion: action of nitrogenous compounds, I, [69];
obesity, II, [480–4];
fertility, II, [514].
Dimorphism: floral, I, [534];
sexual, in parasites, I, [315];
social insects (see [Insects]).
Dinosaurs, size of, I, [139].
Diphyes: individuality, I, [246];
symmetry, II, [192].
Disease: segregation of blood constituents, I, [179];
changes in blood from, I, [221], [701];
heredity, I, [306–7], [312–3], [622–3];
belief in supernatural origin, I, [419];
parasitism and special creation, I, [427];
morbid products as specific characters, I, [567];
telegony, I, [646];
dermal structure, II, [306];
intestinal muscular hypertrophy, II, [325];
indigestion and alimentary canal development, II, [328];
jaundice and bilirubin, II, [330];
localization of excretion, II, [331];
membranes in inflammatory, II, [343];
osseous differentiation in rickets, II, [352];
fatty degeneration, II, [482].
Disintegration, physiological (see [Physiology]).
Distoma: metagenesis, I, [273–4];
disintegration of genesis, I, [276];
cycle of generations, II, [489].
Distribution: physical limits, I, [396];
organic environment, I, [396–8];
parasitic conditions, I, [397–8];
simultaneity of agencies affecting, I, [398];
mutual encroachments of species, I, [398–401], [477], [489];
facts disproving pre-adaptation to habitats, I, [401–3], [411–2];
of animals and plants in time, I, [404–11], [412];
ousting of native species in New Zealand, I, [477];
local influences, I, [477–9], [489];
through varied media, I, [479–85], [489], [556];
past and present organic forms, I, [485–9], [556];
complex organization and, II, [296–7].
Division of labour, physiological (see [Labour]).
Dog: contrasted lives of tortoise and, I, [103], [104];
inherited habits, I, [309], [573];
abnormal digits, I, [324];
interbreeding of divergent varieties, I, [565];
decrease of jaw, I, [615], [693];
telegony, I, [645];
conditions affecting fertility, II, [474], [479].
Dohrn, theory of vertebrate structure, II, [606].
Doliolum, combination of individualities, I, [247].
Domestication (see [Animals]).
Doubleday, E., on nutrition of genesis, II, [510–2].
Driesch, separation of segmentation spheres of Echinus ovum, I, [691]; II, [618].
Dropsy (see [Disease]).
Drosera: individuality, I, [251];
proliferous growth, II, [75].
Du Bois-Reymond, E. H., electricity from muscles and nerves, I, [50].
Dumas, antithesis of animals and plants, I, [62].
Dwarfs, Hindu family of, I, [316].

Ear, development of vertebrate, II, [318], [320].
Earth, climatic rhythm and organic change, I, [499–501], [557].
Earth-worm: bilateral symmetry, II, [199], [200];
mould production, II, [402].
Echinococcus (see [Entozoa]).
Echinodermata: independence of blastosphere cells, I, [185];
protoplasmic continuity in embryos, I, [190];
separation of segmentation spheres of ovum, I, [691]; II, [618];
symmetry, II, 191, [195–6].
Economy: of growth in natural selection, I, [536], [562];
a trait of organic evolution, II, [501], [504].
Ectoderm: functional differentiation, I, [202], [203];
functional vicariousness, I, [209];
reproductive function, I, [281].
Effects, Multiplication of: variation, I, [329–30], [333];
organic evolution, I, [511–4], [515], [517], [549], [557]; II, [405–6];
morphological development, II, [7–9], [234];
physiological differentiation, II, [390–1], [392].
Eggs (see [Embryology]).
Eimer, T., theory of orthogenesis, I, [563–4].
Elasmobranchii: protoplasmic continuity, I, [629];
segmentation, II, [126].
Electricity: genesis in organic matter, I, [50–2], [60];
muscular action, I, [59];
incomprehensibility, I, [121].
Elephant: fertility, I, [583], [599]; II, [459], [506];
cerebro-spinal system, I, [598], [599].
Elk, Irish, horns and correlated parts, I, [537], [674].
Eloidea canadensis: individuality, I, [248];
enormous agamic multiplication, I, [642].
Elongation, and locomotion in animals, II, [15].
Embryology: as aiding biology, I, [125–6];
simulated growth, I, [136];
initial and final organic bulks, I, [143], [158], [161];
fœtal flesh constituents, I, [154];
human arm development, I, [169];
Von Baer’s formula, I, [170–2], [451–4], [466];
embryonic heat, I, [177];
spherical organic form, I, [177];
unit-life in multicellular organisms, I, [185–6];
functional differentiation, I, [203];
individuality, I, [246–7];
unspecialized reproductive tissue, I, [279–83], [317];
changes following impregnation, I, [283–4];
nutrition and vegetal growth, I, [285–8], [295–7];
and animal growth, I, [289–94], [295–7];
physiological units and heredity, I, [317–9];
variation and parental functional condition, I, [324];
uterine environment, I, [327–8];
physiological units and variation, I, [330–4], [458];
fertilized and unfertilized ova, I, [340–1];
hermaphrodism, I, [341–2], [344];
sociological parallel, I, [366–8];
evolution hypothesis, I, [434], [436], [453], [454], [555];
petrel development, I, [455];
substitution and suppression of organs, I, [456–8], [466], [472–3];
structural proclivities of physiological units, I, [458];
abridgment of stages, I, [458–9], [464];
disappearance of intermediate forms, I, [459–60], [463];
pre-adaptation, I, [461–3];
discrimination of species in early stages, I, [461];
anomalous persistence of ancestral traits, I, [463–5];
phylogeny, I, [486];
egg-shell function, I, [527];
genesis of grades in social insects, I, [654–6], [658–9], [679–80];
determination of sex, I, [657];
order of development qualified by needs, I, [679];
osteology of Punjabis, I, [689];
direct transformations and physiological units, I, [706];
transformation of blastema, II, [20];
arrest of growth and innutrition, II, [73];
development of segmented animals, II, [100–2], [602];
adaptive vertebrate segmentation, II, [118–23], [124], [223–4], [605–6];
animal cell morphology, II, [228];
primary differentiations of germinal layers, II, [300–2];
lung development, II, [333–4];
mammalian ova-maturation, II, [342–3];
movements of ova, II, [356], [363];
modifications in mole, II, [391];
genesis and nutrition, II, [424], [425];
fish ova, II, [435], [454];
cost of genesis, II, [435–6];
number of birds’ eggs, II, [454–6], [478];
heat and genesis, II, [468], [474];
activity and genesis in birds, II, [470–2], [474];
vertebrate limb development, II, [553];
ossification in vertebrates, II, [556];
Owen’s vertebrate theory, II, [563];
development of vertebræ, II, [564].
(See also [Multiplication].)
Embryology of conceptions, I, [451].
Emigrants, type of organization among, I, [364]; II, [620].
Endoderm: functional differentiation, I, [202], [203];
functional vicariousness, I, [209].
Endogen, application of term, II, [62], [78], [82].
(See [Monocotyledons].)
Energy: evolution of, in animals, I, [71–7];
organic growth and expenditure, I, [141];
functional transfer, I, [201–6];
chromatin as the source of, in karyokinesis, II, [261–5].
(See also [Force].)
Entozoa: metagenesis, I, [273], [641];
self-fertilization, I, [342];
distribution, I, [398];
and special creation, I, [428];
fission in simple types, I, [584];
nutrition and genesis, I, [641]; II, [488];
direct transformation, I, [706];
integration, II, [102];
segmentation, II, [107], [108];
interdependence and organic integration, II, [404].
Environment: degree of life and complexity of, I, [104–7];
relation to organic structure and function, I, [172–8]; II, [12–5];
adaptation to varied media an evidence of evolution, I, [479–81], [556];
influence of solar system, I, [500], [556];
inherited adaptation to, II, [623].
Eolis, branchiæ, II, [118].
Epidermis (see [Skin]).
Epilepsy: definition of life and movements in, I, [112];
heredity, I, [312].
Epithelium: ciliated, I, [187];
Hertwig’s classification, I, [189];
reproductive function, I, [280];
“pavement” and “cylinder,” II, [229].
Epizoa: distribution, I, [398];
special creation and effects of, I, [428];
interdependence and organic integration, II, [404];
nutrition and genesis, II, [487].
Equilibration: variation and law of, I, [326], [334];
molecular arrangement, I, [337–45];
of organic change, I, [348], [347], [557];
direct and indirect, I, [519–22], [573];
adaptation by direct, I, [522–3], [551], [557];
nutrition, defence, and fertilization of plants, I, [523–5];
direct of animals, I, [525–8], [551], [557];
natural selection and indirect, I, [530–4], [552], [557];
of natural selection, I, [543–7], [552–3], [557];
increasing importance of direct, I, [553];
of forces acting on species, I, [571–2]; II, [417–20];
phenomena not accounted for by, I, [573];
tissue differentiation, II, [245];
genesis of nervous system, II, [307–8];
functional, II, [391–4];
laws of multiplication, II, [411–6];
in human and social evolution, II, [537].
(See also [Acquired characters] and [Natural selection].)
Errera, L., on inherited adaptation to environment in Aspergillus, II, [623].
Ethnology: heredity, I, [303–4], [310];
plasticity of mixed races, I, [354];
primitive ideas, I, [417];
evolution and classification, I, [441–3], [446];
natural selection, I, [553].
Euphorbiaceæ: foliar and axial development, II, [47–8];
physiological differentiation, II, [258];
dye permeability and circulation, II, [571];
wood formation, II, [575], [577], [578];
foliar vascular system, II, [589–92], [596].
Evaporation: organic change, I, [28];
vegetal circulation, II, [587].
Evolution: chemical elements and compounds, I, [22–4], [67];
primordial form of living matter, I, [63–4], [181]; II, [21–2];
definitions of life, I, [107–10];
growth the primary trait of, I, [135];
comprehends growth and development, I, [162];
illustrations in development, I, [167–70], [178–9];
progressive structural differentiation, I, [181–4], [192–6], [211–2];
life before organization, I, [210];
heterogeneity of function, I, [211];
stability of species, I, [242], [515], [518];
individuality, I, [247];
cell-organization, I, [262];
genesis, heredity, and variation resulting from, I, [354–5];
period required for organic, I, [407], [565–6];
contrasted with special creation hypothesis, I, [415], [431–40];
derivation of hypothesis, I, [431], [439], [554];
increasing belief in, I, [431–3], [439];
experiences supporting conceivability, I, [433–5], [439];
direct evidence, I, [435–7], [439];
malevolence not implied by, I, [437–9];
evidence from classification, I, [443], [444], [449], [466], [555];
embryology, I, [451–3], [466];
substitution and suppression of organs, I, [456–8], [466], [472–3];
insect segmentation, I, [468–9];
vertebral column development, I, [470–2];
rudimentary organs, I, [472–5];
adaptation to varied media, I, [479–85], [556];
growth of the theory of organic, I, [490–8];
instability of the homogeneous, a cause, I, [509–11], [516], [550];
multiplication of effects, I, [511–14], [517–8], [550]; II, [405];
segregation, and heterogeneity and definiteness of, I, [514–8], [550];
natural selection and general doctrine of, I, [543–8], [557];
factors tabulated, I, [551];
inductive evidences summarized, I, [555–6];
surviving disbelief in France, I, [559];
current theories of organic, I, [559–74];
Eimer’s theory of orthogenesis, I, [563–4];
Gulick on monotypic and polytypic, I, [569];
phenomena unexplained by theories, I, [573–4];
inorganic and the System of Philosophy, I, [696];
“spontaneous generation,” I, [696–701], [702];
dissolution and problems of morphology, II, [4–6];
morphology and formula, II, [7–9], [231–5];
difficulties of definition, II, [17];
cell-doctrine, II, [17–21], [85];
unicellular origin of plants, II, [21–2];
résumé of plant-morphology, II, [78–80];
origin and differentiation of phænogamic type, II, [83];
physiological problems, II, [239–43];
tissue differentiation, II, [244–6], [385];
integration of organic world, II, [396], [406];
race and individual multiplication, II, [428–30];
declining fertility and human, II, [431], [529–30];
individuation, genesis, and, II, [501–5];
human life, prospective, II, [522–5];
forces influencing human, II, [525–8];
future of population, II, [532–7];
self-sufficingness of, II, [537];
vertebral, II, [563–6].
Excretion: genesis of organs of, II, [303];
localization of, II, [331–3].
Exogen, application of term, II, [82].
(See [Dicotyledons].)
Expenditure (see [Multiplication]).
Eye, the: molecular transformations in visual process, I, [75–6];
progressive development, I, [195]; II, [317–9];
waste and repair, I, [218];
transmitted defects, I, [306], [311], [694];
degeneration in cave-animals, I, [309], [612–3], [614], [647–9], [693];
late development in insects, I, [658];
migration in flat fishes, II, [205].

Fabre, J. H., nutrition and sex in Osmia tricornis, I, [657].
False joints, I, [230];
theories of heredity and, I, [362], [364]; II, [371–2].
Fats, the: physical and chemical properties, I, [10–12];
non-nitrogenous, I, [41];
action of bile, II, [330].
Fatty degeneration, and failing vitality, I, [41].
Feathers, development, I, [474]; II, [314–6].
Feet, heredity and size, I, [311].
Ferments, changes and nitrogenous character of, I, [38].
Ferns: foliar development and nutrition, II, [76];
inner tissue differentiation, II, [273];
indefiniteness, II, [296];
genesis, II, [441], [463].
Fertility, the General Law of Animal, I, [577–601].
(See [Multiplication].)
Fertilization: unit-life of generative elements, I, [185–6];
the function of chromatin, I, [260], [263–5];
extrusion of polar bodies, I, [266–8];
nature and functions of generative elements, I, [279–83], [317], [334], [342], [593–7];
differentiation and variation effected by, I, [330–2];
the essential object of, I, [340–1]; II, [614–6];
hermaphrodism and self-, I, [341–2];
crossing and its effects, I, [343–7];
isolation of species in respect of, I, [570];
floral (see [Flowers]).
Ficus, foliar structure, II, [589], [596].
Fingers: embryogeny of human, I, [169];
heredity and abnormal, I, [305], [314], [321–3];
autogenous development of supernumerary, I, [363];
rudimentary, I, [473].
Fishes: sizes of ova and adult, I, [143–4];
growth of pike, I, [154], [292];
size and environment, I, [156];
temperature, I, [174];
self-mobility, I, [175];
continuity of blastomeres, I, [214]; II, [327];
genesis, I, [271]; II, [435], [436];
conditions affecting genesis, I, [292–3], [583], [598], [599]; II, [454];
classification, I, [392];
change of media, I, [401], [480];
distribution in time, I, [408–9];
climbing species, I, [480], [482];
migrations, I, [500];
dermal structure, I, [526]; II, [305–6], [315], [387];
Cunningham on non-adaptive specific characters, I, [565];
elongation and locomotion, II, [15];
segmentation, II, [122], [225];
bilateral symmetry, II, [203–5];
eyes of Pleuronectidæ, II, [205];
genesis of vertebrate axis, II, [212–6], [218–21], [225];
ossification of paleozoic, II, [218];
respiratory organs, II, [334–8];
activity and muscular colour, II, [365–9];
Owen on skeleton, II, [552], [557], [558–60], [562], [564].
Fission (see [Agamogenesis]).
Flint, Austin, on telegony, I, [644].
Flounder, symmetry and eyes, II, [205].
Flower, Sir W., on ferret, II, [480].
Flowers: pollen propulsion in orchids, I, [57];
nature of reproductive elements, I, [283];
insect fertilization, I, [340], [525]; II, [168], [174], [267], [407];
self- and mutual fertilization, I, [342–5], [570];
Darwin on homologies, I, [472];
direct equilibration and fertilization, I, [524–5];
dimorphism, I, [534];
foliar homology of petals, II, [43–6];
symmetry, II, [132], [161], [162–4], [170], [174], [608];
fertilization and symmetry, II, [164–70];
clusters and components, II, [170–4];
nutrition and inflorescence, II, [179–80], [541–2], [546–7];
tissue differentiation, II, [265–9];
separation of ancestral traits in hybrids, II, [616–7].
Fly, beneficial parasitism, II, [406].
Food (see [Nutrition]).
Food-cavity, genesis and development of, I, [188], [195].
Foraminifera: form, I, [173];
primary aggregate, II, [87], [124];
progressing integration, II, [89–90], [124].
Force: action on like and unlike units, I, [5];
expenditure and organic growth, I, [149–54], [161];
functional accumulation, transfer, and expenditure, I, [198–9], [201–3], [391];
waste and expenditure, I, [214–5];
distribution during strain, II, [209–12].
(See also [Energy], and [Persistence of Force].)
Fossils (see [Palæontology]).
Foster, Sir M., on storage of glycogen, I, [70], [74];
Increase of weight in hybernating dormouse, I, [214].
Fowls (see [Gallinaceæ]).
Foxglove: abnormal development, I, [287]; II, [46];
floral distribution, II, [141];
nutrition and growth, II, [179].
France: surviving disbelief in organic evolution, I, [559];
rate of multiplication, II, [509], [512].
Frankland, Sir E., on isomerism of protein, I, [700].
Fraser, Col. A. T., on family of Hindu dwarfs, I, [316].
Fries, E., multiplication of Reticularia, I, [582]; II, [450].
Frog: vitality of detached heart, I, [111];
of larval fragments, I, [365].
Fry, Sir E., on alternation of generations, II, [84].
Fuci: cell multiplication, II, [27];
undifferentiated outer tissue, II, [256].
Function: as a basis of classification, I, [124–9], [129–31];
simultaneous progress of structure and, I, [197], [211];
divisions of, I, [198–200], [391];
correlative complexity of structure, I, [200], [210–1];
progressive differentiations, I, [201–4];
concomitant integration, I, [205–8];
specialization and vicariousness, I, [208–10];
formula of evolution, I, [211];
diminished ability and overwork, I, [215–6];
growth and increased, I, [228–33], [234–5];
interdependence of social and organic, I, [237–9], [240–2];
structure and heredity, I, [306–13], [318–9] (see [Acquired Characters]);
aids natural selection, I, [308];
organic interdependence, I, [318–9];
parental condition and variation, I, [324], [326];
variation and altered, I, [325–6], [333–4];
as causing variation, I, [334–5];
effect on physiological units, I, [353–4]; II, [620];
zoological classification, I, [391–3];
multiplication of effects, I, [512];
law of equilibration, I, [519–22], [557];
correlation of changes in, I, [529];
structural effects of changing, I, [541–2];
structural co-operation, II, [3], [217];
vicarious vegetal, II, [270];
vicariousness and specialization, II, [293];
epidermic structure, II, [312–4], [387];
structure and muscular, II, [369], [391];
adaptive bone-structures, II, [370–1];
equilibration and adaptation, II, [392];
persistence of force and adaptation, II, [394].
(See also [Physiology].)
Fungi: nitrogenous character, I, [40];
development, I, [163], [164], [165];
conjugation, I, [279]; II, [449];
fission, I, [584], [585];
integration, II, [24–5], [293];
symmetry, II, [137–40], [146];
puff-ball tissue, II, [246], [252], [386];
tissue differentiation, II, [256];
inner tissue, II, [279];
indefiniteness, II, [295];
growth and genesis, II, [459];
nutrition and genesis, II, [487].

Gallinaceæ: conditions affecting fertility, II, [454–5], [469], [471];
masculine traits of old hens, II, [495].
Galls: definition of life and, I, [111];
Hertwig on, I, [690].
Galton, F., on variation outside the mean, I, [669].
Gamogenesis: homogenesis, I, [270], [271], [336];
heterogenesis, I, [270], [336];
independence of offspring, I, [278];
reproductive tissue, I, [279–84];
vegetal nutrition, I, [285–8], [293]; II, [39];
animal nutrition, I, [289–94], [297];
when and why does it recur? I, [294–7], [336–40];
effect on species, I, [347–9];
leaf formation, II, [39];
alternating generation in liverworts, II, [80–4];
molluscan homogenesis, II, [116], [117–8];
vertebrate, II, [118];
growth, II, [266].
(See also [Fertilization], and [Multiplication].)
Gasteropoda (see [Mollusca]).
Geddes and Thompson, on the determination of sex, I, [657].
Gelatine, nutritive value of, I, [77].
Gemmation: and genesis, I, [272–6];
theories of heredity and, I, [361];
annulose, II, [100–5], [106].
Generalization, impossibility of perfect, I, [450].
Generation, and genesis: the words, I, [269].
Genesis (see [Multiplication]).
Gentiana: floral arrangement, II, [608–11].
Genus: indefinite value, I, [389], [446];
instability of homogeneous and heterogeneity of, I, [509–11], [515], [517–8], [550], [557].
Geology: growth displayed in, I, [135], [136];
distribution in time, I, [404–11], [412];
special creation, I, [419], [426];
evolution, I, [432], [437];
record congruous with evolution, I, [485–9], [556];
organic influence of changes, I, [501–3], [549], [550], [557];
climatic influence of changes, I, [503];
time required for organic evolution, I, [565–6];
rise of insect and plant relations, II, [407];
human evolution and changes, II, [534].
Geometry, evolution illustrated by, I, [433–4].
Germ-cell: unspecialized nature, I, [279–83], [317];
dissimilarity, I, [330], [332], [334], [342];
equilibrium, I, [340].
(See also [Fertilization].)
Germ-plasm, Weismann’s theory of, I, [357–8];
inconsistent with plant embryogeny, I, [359];
regeneration of lost limbs, I, [362];
variations in peacock’s tail feather, I, [372], [695]; II, [618–9];
alleged differentiation of reproductive and somatic cells, I, [622], [628–30], [633–44], [646];
origin of variations in neuter insects, I, [659], [663–5], [671], [675];
correlated variations in stag, I, [677];
insuperable difficulties, I, [682];
conceivability of hypothesis, I, [695]; II, [619];
correlated variations in cultivated plants, II, [621–2].
Ghost-theory, Vitalism and, I, [114].
Giraffe, co-adaptation of structures, I, [615].
Gizzard, development of birds, II, [320].
Glass, molecular re-arrangement, I, [337], [352], [704].
Glove, strain analogy, II, [575].
Glycogen, In animal metabolism, I, [70], [72].
Goethe, J. W. von: foliar homology, II, [43–4], [543], [544];
archetypal hypothesis, II, [122];
vegetal fructification and nutrition, II, [180];
theory of supernumerary bones, II, [223];
on the skull, II, [561].
Gold, effect of bismuth on, I, [121].
Gorilla, callosities, II, [312].
Gould, J., Birds of Australia, II, [469].
Gout (see [Disease]).
Grafting, Born’s experiments with frog larvæ, I, [365].
Graham, T., properties of water, I, [9]; II, [359];
colloids and crystalloids, I, [15–8]; II, [356];
their diffusibility, I, [18–20];
sapid and insipid substances, I, [53].
Graminæ: foliar surfaces, II, [61], [263];
floral symmetry, II, [165];
physiological differentiation, II, [257].
Graminivores, food contrasted with that of carnivores, I, [68].
Grassi, on food habits of Termites, I, [686].
Gravity: its ultimate incomprehensibility, I, [121];
vegetal circulation, II, [586].
(See also [Specific Gravity].)
Gregarina: central development, I, [163];
primary aggregate, II, [87];
symmetry, II, [186].
Grimaux, on artificial proteids, I, [39].
Growth: organic and inorganic, I, [135–7];
simulation of, I, [136];
limits to, I, [137], [155–7];
structural complexity, I, [138–40], [145–7], [161];
nutrition, I, [140], [147–9], [161];
expenditure of energy, I, [141–3], [161];
initial and final bulks, I, [143–4], [157–60], [161];
final arrest of, I, [149–55], [639];
where unceasing, I, [154];
résumé with generalizations, I, [161];
defined, I, [162]; II, [461];
increased function, I, [228–33], [234–5];
functional interdependence, I, [235–9], [240];
nutrition and vegetal, I, [293], [294–7], [336]; II, [39];
heterogenesis and animal nutrition, I, [289–93], [296], [336];
homo- and heterogenesis and natural selection, I, [294–8];
of acrogens, II, [56];
cylindrical form of vegetal, II, [56–64];
endogenous, II, [60–2], [78];
exogenous, II, [63–4], [78];
plant differentiation, II, [129–131];
tissue differentiation, II, [370];
formation of adaptive bone-structures, II, [370–2];
progressive increase of size with evolution, II, [401–2];
vegetal, and asexual genesis, II, [439–42];
animal, and asexual genesis, II, [442–5];
antagonistic to asexual genesis, II, [446];
vegetal and sexual genesis, II, [448–51];
animal and sexual genesis, II, [452–6], [495];
antagonistic to sexual genesis, II, [457–8];
nutrition and genesis, résumé, II, [497–9];
evolution and, II, [501–5];
commencement of genesis, II, [506];
fertilization and restoration of growth-energy, II, [613].
Gulick, T.: on monotypic and polytypic evolution, I, [569];
physiological selection, I, [569–71].
Gunpowder, nitrogenous instability, I, [8], [43].
Gymnotus, electricity of, I, [51].
Gyrodactylus elegans, rapid succession of generations, I, [641]; II, [488].

Habit, change of, in plants, I, [308].
Hæmal, term applied to female element, I, [594–5].
Hairs: non-conductors of heat, I, [526];
vegetal, and natural selection, I, [532];
development, II, [314–6];
tactual organs, II, [317].
Hand: embryogeny, I, [169];
heredity and size of, I, [311];
distribution of veins, I, [364].
Hardy, W. B., I, [vii]; II, [vi].
Hare: activity and muscular colour, II, [365];
expenditure and genesis, II, [472].
Hart, J. A., on “Parasol” ants, I, [687–8].
Havilland, G. D., collection of Termites, I, [687].
Haystack, chemical action in, I, [74].
Head, structural influence of size, I, [512], [537].
Hearing: the sense of, I, [54];
multiplying agencies, I, [75].
Heart (see [Vascular System]).
Heat: action on di- and tri-atomic compounds, I, [7–8], [10–12], [23], [24];
on colloids and crystalloids, I, [26];
organic changes from evaporation, I, [29];
chemical decomposition by, I, [33];
organic oxidation, I, [46–9], [60];
growth and organic, I, [152–3];
animal, vegetal, and environment, I, [174–5], [177];
alloy melting points, I, [339];
organic effects of rhythm in terrestrial, I, [498], [557];
effect on physiological units, I, [705];
respiration in fishes, II, [337];
animal preservation, II, [434];
vertebrate expenditure and genesis, II, [468–9], [474];
insect genesis, II, [476];
seasonal variations and genesis, II, [484–5];
in germination, II, [615].
Hebrew idea of creation, I, [421].
Hectocotylus, individuality, I, [250].
Hellin, D., on multiparity and twin-births, II, [457].
Hen, what prompts her to pick up egg-shell fragments? I, [120].
Henslow, Rev. G., inheritance of functionally-produced changes, I, [560].
Hepaticæ: Schleiden on, II, [51], [52];
continuous and discontinuous development, II, [52];
phyletic homologies, II, [80–4];
meaning of so-called alternating generation, II, [84];
vascular system, II, [280];
genesis and development, II, [463].
Heredity: structural modification, I, [232];
function of cell-nucleus in, I, [258–59];
general truths, I, [301–4];
transmission of congenital peculiarities, I, [304–7];
structure and altered function, I, [307–13], [318–9] (see also [Acquired Characters]);
atavism, or recurrence of ancestral traits, I, [314];
sex limitation, I, [314–6];
physiological units, résumé, I, [350–5]; II, [612–6];
Darwin’s and Weismann’s theories examined, I, [356] et seq., [559–61]; II, [622];
true theory must include plants, I, [358];
inadequacy of theory of physiological units, I, [360–1];
sociological parallel, I, [366–8];
natural selection (q. v.), I, [545–7], [553], [557];
ethnology and natural selection, I, [553];
unsolved problems, I, [573–4];
mutilations, I, [631];
ultimate process incomprehensible, I, [695];
cell-doctrine, II, [19];
physiological development, II, [242];
wood formation, II, [287];
tissue differentiation, II, [304], [312–4];
respiratory system, II, [311];
osseous differentiation, II, [351];
muscular adaptation, II, [367];
persistence of force and physiological adaptation, II, [394];
vegetal vascular system, II, [574], [582], [588], [596].
Hermaphrodism, I, [340–3].
Hertwig, O.: on Weismann’s germ-plasm theory, I, [690];
cell characters, I, [691];
meaning of fertilization, II, [613].
Hertwig, R., classification of tissues, I, [189].
Heterochrony of development, I, [655].
Heterogeneity: in chemical evolution, I, [23–4];
of vital changes, I, [84–90];
of development, I, [170], [178];
functional, I, [204–8], [211–2];
of organic matter, I, [350–5];
organic and instability of homogeneous, I, [509–11], [517], [549], [557];
segregation accompanying, I, [514–6], [517–8], [550].
Heterogenesis: occurrence, I, [270], [272–5], [336];
animal nutrition, I, [289–91], [295–7];
natural selection, I, [295–8];
heredity, I, [301].
Hindus: food, I, [68];
dwarf family, I, [316].
Histology (see [Physiology]).
Hofmeister, sporophytic generation of Archegoniates, II, [80].
Hollyhock, floral symmetry, II, [167], [169], [170].
Homogeneous, instability of the: variation, I, [330], [334], [342];
evolution, I, [509–11], [517], [549], [557];
morphological development, II, [7–9], [234];
direction of vegetal growth, II, [181];
radial symmetry, II, [190];
physiological differentiation, II, [384], [392].
Homogenesis (see [Gamogenesis]).
Homology, simulation of, by analogy, II, [14].
Hooker, Sir J. D., I, [ix];
European plants in New Zealand, I, [477];
plant distribution, I, [479];
adaptation of plants to varied media, I, [484];
plant growth, II, [56];
Balanophoræ and Raffiesiaceæ, II, [274];
structural complexity, II, [295], [297];
relative antiquity and distribution of plants and animals, II, [297];
bean vascular system, II, [574].
Hooker, Sir W., on fructification in Jungermanniaceæ, II, [52].
Horns, natural selection and correlated variation, I, [537], [567], [674], [677].
Horse: ancestral types, I, [409];
fertility, I, [598];
weight of brain, I, [599];
quagga markings, I, [624], [627].
Husbandry, co-ordination of actions in, I, [96], [579].
Hutchinson, Sir J., hereditary syphilis, I, [623].
Huxley, T. H., I, [ix];
“continuous” and “discontinuous” development, I, [164];
classification of development, I, [276];
hermaphrodism, I, [344];
zoological classification, I, [383];
on “Persistent Types,” I, [408–9];
ancestral equine types, ib.;
segmentation of articulates, I, [468–9]; II, [113];
agamic multiplication of Aphis and Entozoa, I, [640–1]; II, [476];
cell-doctrine, II, [21];
vertebrate embryo, II, [119], [120];
molluscan symmetry, II, [202];
tegumentary organs, II, [314], [315];
vertebrate sensory organs, II, [318], [319];
Chondracanthus, II, [487];
Owen’s vertebrate theory, II, [563].
Hyacinth: lateral spike, II, [42];
symmetry, II, [141], [162].
Hybernation, waste and repair in, I, [214–5].
Hybrids, separation of ancestral traits in, II, [616–7].
Hydro-carbons: properties, I, [6–9];
the term carbo-hydrates (q. v.), I, [10].
Hydrochloric acid, in gastric juice, I, [69].
Hydrogen: chemical and physical properties, I, [3–5];
compounds, I, [6], [8], [9], [10–12], [12–13].
Hydrozoa (see [Cœlenterata]).
Hymenoptera (see [Insects]).
Hypertrophy (see [Disease]).
Hypospadias, telegonic transmission, I, [646].
Hypostasis of a relation, exemplified in explanations of fertilization, II, [613].

Ideas (see [Psychology]).
Individuality: the botanical, I, [244–6];
the zoological, I, [246–7];
the fertilized germ product, I, [248–9];
definition of life, I, [250].
Individuation: and genesis, I, [583–4]; II, [428–30], [499];
total cost, II, [435–7];
genesis and evolution, II, [501–5], [529], [530].
Infusoria: functional specialization, I, [391];
primary aggregate, II, [87];
asymmetry, II, [187], [188];
differentiation, II, [299], [385];
genesis, II, [442], [446], [452].
Injuries, repair of animal, I, [219], [222–4], [316]; II, [102], [611].
Insanity, inherited, I, [314].
Insects: temperature, I, [47], [174];
phosphorescence, I, [49];
self-mobility, I, [175];
parthenogenesis, I, [274–5], [277], [294], [592], [640];
growth and reproduction, I, [292];
species distribution determined by presence of, I, [396–7];
eyes of cave-inhabiting, I, [309], [612–3], [614], [647–9], [693];
persistent types, I, [408];
retrograde development, I, [458];
segmentation, I, [468–9]; II, [114];
aborted organs, I, [474];
East Indian distribution, I, [478];
floral fertilization, I, [525]; II, [168–9], [406–7], [608];
appliances for cleaning antennæ, I, [651];
eyes, I, [658]; II, [318];
integration and homology, II, [111–3], [121];
bilateral symmetry, II, [198];
sexual selection, II, [269];
eyes, II, [318];
environment, II, [433];
cost of genesis, II, [436], [437];
development and genesis, II, [461];
nutrition and genesis, II, [476], [490–2].
Insects, Social, origin of caste gradations in, I, [654–65], [670], [674], [675], [678–84], [686–8].
Instability of the homogeneous (see Homogeneous).
Instinct: organic evolution and co-ordination of, in mason-wasp, I, [574];
a vital attribute, I, [578];
loss of self-feeding, in Amazon ants, I, [660–1], [663–4].
Integration: in chemical evolution, I, [23];
morphological composition, II, [4–6];
arthropod, II, [111–4], [121];
physiological, in plants, II, [292–5], [295–8], [390];
of organic world, II, [396–408];
genesis, II, [424], [426–9].
Intelligence, a vital attribute, I, [579].
Internodes: varied development, II, [45];
nutrition and length, II, [178–9].
Intestine (see [Alimentary Canal]).
Intra-selection, Roux’s theory of, I, [562], [676–8].
Irish, nutrition and genesis, II, [510].
Iron: colloidal form of peroxide, I, [17], [20];
molecular re-arrangement, I, [337], [704];
vegetal absorption, II, [573].
Iron industry, interdependence of social function, I, [237–41].
Isolation, and species differentiation, I, [568–9].
Isomerism: of organic constituents, I, [4], [9], [25];
tri- and poly-atomic compounds, I, [11], [13], [25];
muscular action, I, [59];
organic evolution, I, [700], [703];
differentiation of nerve tissue, II, [356–60], [361];
of muscular tissue, II, [361–4].

Jackson, J. Hughlings, on inheritance of nervous peculiarities, I, [313], [694].
Jaundice (see [Disease]).
Jaws, of uncivilized and civilized, I, [541–2], [612], [693].
Johnson, G. Lindsey, on inherited myopia, I, [694].
Jones, T. Rymer, on fission, I, [585], [590].
Julin, C., on “castration parasitaire” in Crustaceans, II, [493–6].
Jungermanniaceæ: morphology, II, [33–4];
relations of high and low types, II, [35], [55];
continuous and discontinuous development, II, [52–5], [92];
tubular structure, II, [58], [62];
proliferous growth, II, [67], [91];
colour, II, [75], [265];
symmetry, II, [140];
fertility and growth, II, [441].
Jussieu, A. de, plant classification, I, [378].

Karyokinesis, I, [257], [259], [263–5].
Kerner, A., on cauline buds, I, [358];
plant classification in Natural History of Plants, I, [378–9].
Kidd, Benj., his acceptance of Weismannism, I, [690].
Kitto, Dr., his visual memory and deafness, I, [230].
Klebs, on Hydrodictyon, I, [288];
Vaucheria, II, [84].
Klein, E., multiplication of Bacteria, II, [443].
Korschelt, E., annulose segmentation, II, [103], [601–3], [605];
Arenicola larvæ, II, [109].