The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2) - Herbert Spencer

Labour, physiological division of, I, [204], [207], [591]; II, [373];
its meaning and Weismann’s fallacious interpretation, I, [634–5].
Lacaze-Duthiers, on origin of annulose type, II, [110].
Lamarck: zoological classification, I, [382];
opinions of E. Darwin and, I, [491], [493–7];
neo-Darwinists and, I, [630–1].
Laminariaceæ: pseudo-foliar and axial development, II, [30];
tissue, II, [247], [256], [272].
Language: and evolution, I, [442], [444], [446];
perceptiveness of tongue-tip, I, [607].
Lankester, Sir E. Ray, absence of nucleus in Archerina, I, [183];
diversity of Protozoa, ib.;
zoological classification, I, [387];
blindness of cave-animals, I, [647–8], [649].
Laugh, definition of life and, I, [112].
Laurel, leaves of, II, [149], [249].
Leaves: growth of shoot, I, [168];
development and aggregation, II, [37–42], [76];
stem-like stalks, II, [41];
homologies, II, [42], [75–7], [83];
nutrition and compound, II, [42];
foliar and axial development, II, [46–50], [541–7];
“adnate,” II, [58];
proliferous growth, II, [67], [91];
nutrition and development, II, [76–8];
symmetry, and of branches, II, [148–50], [151];
size and distribution of leaflets, II, [152–5];
transition from compound to simple, II, [155–8];
unsymmetrical form, II, [158–9];
natural selection and distribution, II, [179];
morphological summary, II, [234–5];
tissue differentiation, II, [247];
distribution, II, [249];
outer tissues of stem and, II, [256–9], [270], [386];
distribution of stomata, II, [260–1];
wax deposit on, II, [260], [261];
light and colour, II, [261–2];
superficial differentiation, II, [263–5], [270], [387];
abortive in parasitic plants, II, [274];
submerged, in aquatic plants, II, [274–5];
inner tissue differentiation, II, [278], [388];
vascular tissue differentiation, II, [286], [288], [388];
dye absorption and circulation, II, [570–4], [577];
vascular system, II, [588–92], [596];
arrangement, II, [608–11].
Lepidoptera (see [Insects]).
Lepidosiren: ossification, II, [218];
respiration, II, [338];
skeleton, II, [553], [555], [560].
Lepidosteus: armour, I, [526];
air-bladder, II, [334].
Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre, on Australian miners’ usages, I, [364].
Lessonia: Hooker on growth, II, [56];
branch symmetry, II, [146].
Lewes, G. H., definition of life, I, [80].
Lichens: tissue, I, [586];
cell multiplication, II, [27];
Hooker on growth, II, [56];
tubular structure, II, [57];
integration, II, [293];
dual nature, II, [399];
reproduction, II, [450].
Liebig, Baron, nitrogenous food stuffs, I, [47–8].
Life: co-ordination of actions, I, [79], [89], [577–80];
defined by Schelling, I, [78], [178];
Richeraud, I, [79];
De Blainville, I, [79], [93];
Lewes, I, [80];
definition yielded by contrasting most unlike kinds, I, [81–8];
changes showing, I, [91];
vital actions and environment, I, [92–3];
resulting addition to conception, I, [93], [326];
Comte’s definition, I, [93];
correspondence of external and internal relations, I, [93–6], [100]; II, [523];
continuous adjustment of such relations, I, [99];
completeness proportionate to correspondence, I, [101–4], [109], [349];
length and complexity, I, [103];
complexity of environment and degree of, I, [104–6];
definitions of evolution and, I, [107–10];
deficiencies of formula, I, [112–3];
activity the essential element, I, [113];
hypothesis of independent vital principle examined, I, [114–7];
difficulties of physico-chemical theory, I, [117–20];
ultimate incomprehensibility, I, [120–3], [373];
validity of conclusions reached, I, [123];
is organization produced by? I, [197];
precedes organization, I, [210];
definitions of individuality and, I, [250];
effect of incident forces on, I, [348–9], [355];
length in individuals and species, I, [422];
equilibration of, I, [547], [557];
final formulation of definition, I, [580];
co-ordination of actions and sexual differentiation, I, [593];
“absolute” commencement of, I, [699], [702];
integration and augmentation, II, [426];
prospective human, II, [522–5].
Light: influence on organisms, I, [30–6]; II, [433];
nitrogenous plants, I, [40];
organic phosphorescence, I, [49];
heliotropism, I, [92]; II, [160];
effects on organic matter, I, [149];
plant adaptation, I, [227];
rhythmical variation of, and organic life, I, [499], [557];
vegetal influences, II, [130], [131], [147], [149], [158];
influence on flowers, II, [167–8], [608–11];
vegetal tissue differentiation, II, [253–5], [258], [259];
action on leaves, II, [260–4];
on plant vascular system, II, [288], [297], [586];
development of sensory organs, II, [320].
Liliaceæ, floral symmetry, II, [170].
Lime, leaf forms, II, [158], [159].
Lindley, J., plant classification, I, [377].
Linnæus, C., classificatory system, I, [377], [380].
Linnet, contrasted with blackbird in development, II, [503].
Liver: metabolic processes, I, [69], [70];
vitality of excised, I, [111];
development, II, [329–33].
Liver-fluke (see [Distoma]).
Liverworts (see [Hepaticæ]).
Lizard, regeneration of lost tail, I, [360].
Locomotion (see [Motion]).
Logic, reasoning and definition of life, I, [81–6].
Logwood, vegetal staining, II, [569–74], [577–81], [584].
Longevity, and complexity of life, I, [102–3].
Lubbock, Sir J.: on growth and genesis in insects and crustaceans, I, [292];
aquatic flies, I, [400].
Lungs (see [Respiratory System]).
Lymphatic system: amœboid cells, I, [187];
structural traits, I, [192], [193].

MacBride, E. W., I, [vi]; II, [vi];
zoological phyla, I, [386–7];
arthropod segmentation, II, [114];
ctenidia of slug, II, [117];
conjugation of Paramæcium, II, [452].
Macrocystis pyrifera, gigantic seaweed, I, [121].
Magenta, vegetal staining, II, [569–74], [577–81], [584].
Magnetism: muscular action, I, [59];
incomprehensibility, I, [121].
Maillet, B. de, modifiability of organisms, I, [490], [496].
Mammalia: temperature and molecular change, I, [30];
nutrition and growth, I, [141];
expenditure of force, I, [142], [156];
flesh constituents, I, [154];
temperature, I, [174], [177];
self-mobility, I, [175];
functional and structural differentiation, I, [201];
heart-function, I, [206];
viviparous homogenesis, I, [271];
variation and uterine environment, I, [327];
classification, I, [392];
cervical vertebræ, I, [394]; II, [564];
aquatic types, I, [400];
fossil remains and rate of evolution, I, [407];
ancient and modern forms contrasted, I, [408–10];
embryonic respiratory system, I, [456];
suppression of teeth, I, [457];
arrested development, I, [473–4];
simulated homologies, I, [485];
natural selection and inactive parts, I, [534];
re-development of rudimentary organs, I, [563];
location of testes and current theories, I, [573];
fertility and development, I, [583]; II, [465];
fertility and nervous development, I, [598–9];
locomotion and elongated form, II, [15];
symmetry, II, [204];
tegumentary structure, II, [314];
circulation, II, [340];
vascularity and ova-maturation, II, [342–3];
activity and muscular colour, II, [365–9];
functional integration, II, [375];
outer tissue differentiation, II, [387];
growth and genesis, II, [456], [459];
comparative fertility, II, [465], [470];
heat expenditure and genesis, II, [467–9];
activity and fertility, II, [472];
nutrition and genesis, II, [479–80].
Man: effect of climate on vigour, I, [30];
flesh and grain eaters compared, I, [68];
longevity and life, I, [103];
complex environment, I, [105];
embryogeny of arm, I, [169];
fertility and conditions affecting it, I, [300], [570], [583]; II, [484], [506–21];
inheritance of functionally-produced changes, I, [310–3], [541], [605], [608], [612], [652], [673], [689], [693–4];
heredity and sex, I, [315–6];
function of bilirubin, I, [330];
cousin-marriages, I, [346]; II, [615];
primitive notions, I, [417–9];
inutility of Appendix vermiformis, I, [474];
diminution of jaw, I, [541], [612], [693];
co-ordination of actions greatest in, I, [579];
fundamental traits of sex, I, [594–7];
obesity, I, [594];
substance and weight of brain, I, [596], [599];
distribution of tactual perceptiveness, I, [602–8], [665–6], [672–3], [692];
telegony, I, [625], [644–5];
degradation of little toe, I, [652], [673];
transmitted osteological peculiarities of Punjabis, I, [689];
traits of twin-bearing women, II, [457];
comparative mammalian fertility, II, [465];
future evolution, II, [522–37].
(See also [Language] and [Sociology].)
Manatee, nailless paddles, I, [473].
Manx cats, I, [303].
Marchantiaceæ: symmetry, II, [140];
outer tissue differentiation, II, [252].
Marmot, hybernation and waste, I, [214–5].
Marriage (see [Multiplication]).
Marsh, O. C., on telegony, I, [644].
Masters, M. T., on foliar homology, II, [46–7];
selection of inconspicuous variations in plants, II, [298], [621];
separation of ancestral constitutions in plant hybrids, II, [616];
single and double stocks, II, [622].
Matter, incomprehensibility of interactions, I, [121–2].
Mechanics: transverse strains, II, [209–12];
genesis of vertebrate axis, II, [212–6], [216–8], [224], [225–7];
osseous differentiation, II, [345–51];
disintegrated motion, II, [375];
analogy from locomotive, II, [517–9];
future human evolution, II, [524];
strain and vegetal structure, II, [574–88], [592–6].
Medusæ: contractile functions, I, [58]; II, [374];
individuality, I, [248];
heterogenesis, I, [273];
fertility, I, [582];
strobilization, I, [592];
symmetry, II, [188–91].
Mehnert, E., on feet of pentadactyle vertebrates, I, [461].
Mensel’s salt, temperature and isomerism, I, [77].
Metabolism: antithesis between plants and animals, I, [62–3];
evolution hypothesis and primordial, I, [63–4];
in plants, I, [64–7];
animals, I, [67–77];
nervo-muscular activities, I, [71–7];
summary, I, [77];
cell processes, I, [261].
Metals: remarkable interactions of some, I, [121];
melting of alloys, I, [339];
atomic re-arrangement, I, [352].
Metamerism (see [Segmentation]).
Metazoa: cellular structure, I, [184], [194]; II, [21];
subordination of units, I, [185–7];
general characters of tissues, I, [188–9];
protoplasmic continuity, I, [190–2], [194], [628];
genesis of food-cavity and visual organ, I, [195];
Weismann’s differentiation theory, I, [637–43].
Meteorology: non-vital changes shown in, I, [82], [84];
crystallization of “storm glass,” I, [96];
special creation, I, [419];
rhythm in, and organic change, I, [499–501], [557];
variations due to geologic change, I, [503].
Microstomida, segmental reproduction, II, [102].
Migration: of animal species, I, [396–401], [411];
solar influences, I, [500];
part played by, in organic evolution, I, [568];
causes of, II, [533–4].
Milk, heat and supply of, II, [468].
Milne-Edwards, H., “physiological division of labour,” I, [204];
Weismann’s erroneous application of it, I, [634];
on ocular structure, II, [318].
Mind (see [Psychology]).
Mitosis (see [Karyokinesis]).
Mobility, molar and molecular, I, [14];
environment and self-mobility, I, [177].
Mohl, on phænogamic growth, II, [82].
Mole, modifications due to habits, II, [391].
Molecules: mechanically considered, I, [14];
stability, I, [337–40];
nerve differentiation, II, [355–61], [379–82].
Mollusca: axial development, I, [165];
genesis, I, [271]; II, [444];
hermaphrodism, I, [341];
classificatory traits, I, [392];
distribution in time, I, [405], [408], [410], [446–7];
trochophore and its relationships, I, [447]; II, [108], [109], [115];
development, I, [460];
amphibious and terrestrial, I, [481];
indirect equilibration, I, [534];
secondary aggregation, II, [115–7];
symmetry, II, [201–3];
outer tissue, II, [310], [387];
alimentary system, II, [325];
vascular system, II, [340–1].
Molluscoida, II, [598].
(See [Polyzoa] and [Tunicata].)
Monocotyledons: growth, I, [138], [139], [143];
uniaxial development, I, [165];
cotyledonous germination and endogenous growth, II, [59–62], [69–72], [82–3], [181–2];
absence of helical phyllotaxy in Ravenala, II, [182];
surface contrasts, II, [257];
outer leaf tissue, II, [263];
wood formation, II, [278];
growth and genesis, II, [451].
Monstrosities, in plants, II, [78], [541], [546];
vertebrate, II, [118].
Morgan, T. H., on regeneration of Planaria, II, [102], [611].
Morphology: facts comprised in, I, [125–6];
morphological units, I, [190–2], [225];
rudimentary organs, I, [472–5], [556];
structural and functional co-operation, II, [3], [239];
integration, II, [4–6], [181–96];
change of shape, II, [6];
formula of evolution, II, [7–9];
as interpreted by phylogeny, II, [10–6];
evolution and cell-doctrine, II, [17–21].
Morphology, Animal: evolution and segmentation of Articulata, I, [468–9];
vertebral column development, I, [470];
simulated homologies, II, [14–5];
primary aggregates, II, [85–8], [123–4];
secondary, II, [88–91], [124];
tertiary, II, [91–3];
integration and independence of individuality, II, [93–9], [124];
annulose segmentation, II, [98–101], [106–10], [125–7], [602–7];
progressive annulose integration, II, [100–5], [111–5], [121], [124], [223];
unintegrated molluscan form, II, [115–7];
vertebrate segmentation and integration, II, [117–23], [124–7], [223–4], [602], [606–7];
motion and symmetry, II, [183–5];
symmetry of primary and secondary aggregates, II, [186], [187–91];
of compound Cœlenterata, II, [192–4];
simulation of plant shapes, II, [192];
symmetry of Polyzoa and Tunicata, II, [194];
of Platyhelminthes and Echinoderms, II, [195–7];
of Annulosa, II, [197–201];
of molluscs, II, [201–3];
of vertebrates, II, [203–6], [208];
similarity of animal and plant, II, [206];
cell-shapes, II, [228–30];
evolution and generalizations summarized, II, [231–5].
(See also [Structure].)
Morphology, Vegetal: simulated homologies, II, [13–4];
unicellular plants, II, [21];
aggregation and integration, II, [22–6], [78–9];
pseudo-foliar development, II, [26–8];
pseudo-axial, II, [28–9];
pseudo-foliar and axial, II, [30–2];
composition of Archegoniates, II, [33–5];
leaf development and aggregation, II, [37–42], [75–8];
foliar homologies, II, [42–6], [75–8];
foliar and axial development, II, [46–50], [541–7];
growth and development of Archegoniates, II, [50–6];
of Phænogams, II, [56–64], [78–80];
axillary bud development, II, [65–9];
phænogamic modes of growth, II, [69–72];
homologies, II, [73–5], [80–4];
development of foliar into axial organs, II, [75–8];
résumé, II, [78–80];
criticisms and replies, II, [80–4];
can plant shapes be formulated? II, [128];
growth and differentiation, II, [129–31];
kinds of symmetry, II, [131–3];
symmetry of primary aggregates, II, [134–7];
of secondary, II, [137–40];
tertiary, II, [140–3];
symmetry and environing influences, II, [143–4];
symmetry of branches, II, [145–8];
leaf and branch symmetry, II, [148–50];
phænogamic unit homology, II, [151];
size and distribution of leaflets, II, [152–5];
transition from compound to simple leaves, II, [155–8];
unsymmetrical leaf development, II, [158–9];
differentiation of homologous units, II, [159–60];
floral symmetry, II, [161–74];
cell-differentiation and metamorphosis, II, [175–7];
nutrition and differentiation, II, [178];
and inflorescence, II, [179];
helical growth of phænogams, II, [180–1];
summary of symmetry, II, [234];
stress and structure, II, [275–9], [388].
(See also [Structure].)
Morton, Lord, quagga-marked foal, I, [624].
Moser, impressions produced by light on metals, I, [352].
Mosses: varied development, II, [501], [52];
homologies, II, [80], [81];
indefiniteness, II, [296];
multiplication, II, [441].
Moth, clothes, food of larva, I, [77].
Motion: organic, and environment, I, [75–7], [175–8], [196];
of animals and waste, I, [214], [220];
simulation of locomotive structures, II, [15].
Motor organs, differentiation of, I, [262].
Mountains: climatic effects, I, [504];
growth of trees on, II, [142].
Mouse: fertility of, II, [421], [473];
tapeworm parasitism, II, [490];
compared with rat, II, [503–4].
Mucor, II, [22], [123].
Mucous membrane, differentiation, II, [321–2], [389].
Multiplication: decline of fertility with evolution, I, [103]; II, [431];
vitalism, I, [116];
phenomena classified, I, [130];
the term “genesis,” I, [269];
processes classified, I, [270–6], [336], [583];
a process of disintegration, I, [276];
reproductive tissue in gamogenesis, I, [278–84];
nutrition and growth, I, [285–94], [295–7], [299];
natural selection, I, [295–8];
hermaphrodism, I, [340–4];
in-and-in breeding, I, [344–7];
physiological units, I, [350–5];
law of race-maintenance, I, [581]; II, [420–3], [430];
effect of mental application, I, [597]; II, [511–4], [516–9], [530];
individuation antagonistic to, I, [598–600]; II, [428–30], [435–7], [499], [501–5];
checks put by carnivores on, II, [405];
four factors in rate of, II, [416], [435];
destructive and preservative forces, II, [417–20];
rhythm of species, II, [419];
nutrition and disintegration of, II, [424], [425], [430];
integration and genesis, II, [426–8];
influence of environment, II, [432–3];
and variations of expenditure, II, [433–5];
growth and asexual genesis, II, [439–46];
asexual and sexual distinguished, II, [448];
sexual genesis and growth, II, [448–58], [495];
and development, II, [461–5];
plant expenditure, II, [467];
animal expenditure, II, [468–72];
nutrition in plants, II, [475], [511];
in animals, II, [476–84], [511];
seasonal variations, II, [484–5];
nutrition, résumé, II, [486], [497–9];
nutrition and parasitic, II, [486–90];
reversion to agamogenesis, II, [490–2];
human fertility, II, [506–10];
Doubleday on, II, [510–2];
civilized and uncivilized, II, [514–6];
human evolution and decline in, II, [529–31];
the future of population, II, [532–7];
equilibration and evolution, II, [537].
Muscle: electrical contrasts, I, [50];
action of, I, [59];
metabolism, I, [70], [71–4];
definition of life and actions of, I, [112–3];
growth and function, I, [151], [155];
development, I, [170];
Hertwig’s classification of tissues, I, [189];
functional differentiation, I, [203–4];
waste and repair, I, [215–7];
modifiability and adaptability, I, [228–9], [230], [232];
correlated variations, I, [536–9], [614–21], [676], [693];
resistance to strains, I, [639];
action on bones in Punjabis, I, [689];
differentiation, II, [361–9];
activity and colour, II, [365–9];
integration, II, [376], [382];
equilibration in action, II, [393];
activity and fertility in birds, II, [470–2];
future human evolution, II, [523];
origin of vertebrate type, II, [598–600].
Music: limited adaptability of voice and ear, I, [231];
inheritance of faculty, I, [311–2], [694].
Mutilations, the question of their inheritance, I, [631].
Mycetozoa, growth and reproduction, I, [298–9].
Myocommata (myotomes), and vertebrate skeleton, II, [216], [217–8], [222].
Myopia, inheritance of, I, [306], [694].
Myrianida fasciata, I, [361]; II, [445].
Myriapoda: gemmation, I, [589];
segmentation, I, [590]; II, [113], [114], [601];
degenerated eyes of cave-inhabiting, I, [649];
integration and homology, II, [111–4];
genesis, II, [445].
Myxothallophyta, I, [378].

Nails, mammalian, I, [473].
Nais: regeneration of detached parts, I, [219], [361].
Narcissus, separation of ancestral traits in hybrids, II, [617].
Natural selection: structural modification, I, [211];
in cell processes, I, [263–4];
multiplication, I, [295–8];
aided by function, I, [308–10];
special creation, I, [426–7];
the term “survival of the fittest,” I, [530];
indirect equilibration, I, [530–5], [552–3], [557], [571];
changes unexplained by, I, [535–42], [571]; II, [371];
tendency to economy, I, [536], [562];
decrease of jaw, I, [541], [693];
general doctrine of evolution, I, [543–8], [557];
unceasing operation, I, [552];
human races, I, [553];
current views, I, [559–60];
panmixia and cessation of selection, I, [560–3];
intra-selection, I, [562], [676–8];
Eimer’s theory of orthogenesis, I, [564];
Mr. Cunningham’s criticism, I, [565–6];
location of mammalian testes, I, [573];
co-ordinated instincts of mason-wasp, I, [574];
tactual perceptiveness, I, [603–8], [633], [646], [665], [671], [672], [692];
erroneously identified with artificial selection, I, [609], [695];
reversed selection, I, [611];
blindness of cave-animals, I, [613], [614], [647–8], [693];
co-adaptation of co-operative parts, I, [614], [621], [663–5], [670], [674], [675], [689], [692];
where operative, I, [632];
Weismann on conceivability of process, I, [651];
degeneration of little toe, I, [652–3], [673];
genesis of caste gradations In social insects, I, [654–60], [663], [670], [675], [684];
self-feeding instinct in ants, I, [660–2], [670];
rudimentary organs, I, [667–9], [671], [692];
horns of stag, I, [676–8], [692];
musical faculty, I, [694];
the neo-Darwinian position reviewed, I, [694–5];
vegetal nutrition, II, [51–2];
upright vegetal growth, II, [56–7];
endogenous growth, II, [57–8];
exogenous, II, [64];
Navicula symmetry, II, [135];
foliar, II, [158];
foliar distribution, II, [167], [179];
floral fertilization and symmetry, II, [168–70], [608–11];
helical phænogamic growth, II, [181];
Echinodermata and bilateral symmetry, II, [197];
vertebrate structure, II, [214–20], [227];
phænogamic tissue differentiation, II, [248];
physiological differentiation, II, [252], [256];
rootlets of ivy, II, [254];
stomata and foliar surfaces, II, [261], [262];
floral fertilization, II, [268–9];
sexual selection, II, [269];
vegetal tissue differentiation, II, [279];
wood formation, II, [287–8], [290];
animal tissue differentiation, II, [304–8];
evolution of nervous system, II, [307–8];
respiratory system, II, [311];
dermal callosities, II, [312–4];
sensory organ complexities, II, [321];
skin and mucous membrane differentiation, II, [322];
localization of excretion, II, [333];
respiratory organs of fishes, II, [335–8];
heart and vascular system, II, [341], [344];
osseous differentiation, II, [355];
also muscular, II, [363], [368–9];
“false joints,” II, [371];
insect nutrition and genesis, II, [499];
economics of evolution, II, [501–5];
author’s enunciation of survival of the fittest in 1852, II, [528–9];
evils of interference with, in man, II, [532–3];
vegetal tissue formation, II, [582], [594–6];
origin of vertebrate type, II, [599].
Nature, more complex than supposed, I, [252], [450].
Navicula, symmetry, II, [134–5].
“Nebular Hypothesis,” I, [23].
Negation, inconceivability of, the ultimate test of truth, I, [675].
Negroes, telegony In United States, I, [644–5].
Nemertidæ: continuing vitality of pilidium, I, [250];
bilateral symmetry, II, [195].
Neo-Darwinists, and Lamarck, I, [630];
their position reviewed, I, [694–5].
Nerves: electrical phenomena, I, [51];
generation of nerve force, I, [52–6], [60];
corpuscula tactus, I, [75];
Hertwig’s classification of tissues, I, [189];
structural traits, I, [192], [193];
environment and structure, I, [196];
differentiation, I, [203]; II, [355–61];
vasomotor system, I, [206];
vicarious function, I, [209];
activity and waste, I, [216];
adaptability, I, [229], [232], [236];
parallelism in cell processes, I, [260–2];
heredity, I, [313];
effects of severance, I, [349];
relative development in men and women, I, [594];
analysis of brain substance, I, [596];
individuation and development of, I, [598], [599], [600];
distribution of tactual perceptiveness, I, [603–8], [633], [646], [665–6], [671], [672], [692];
alleged costliness of tissue, I, [662];
instinct degeneration in ants, ib.;
“sensation areas,” I, [666];
segmentation in Annelids, II, [125];
ectodermal derivation, II, [303–4];
co-operating factors in evolution of, II, [307–8];
differentiation from muscle, II, [363].
(See also [Psychology].)
Nervousness, hereditary transmission, I, [307].
Neurine, I, [594], [597].
Neuter insects (see [Insects]).
New Zealand: invasion of alien species, I, [477];
kinship of past and present forms, I, [489].
Nitrogen: properties, I, [3–5], [20], [24];
compounds and their properties, I, [6], [8], [9], [12–14], [25–6], [39], [41], [42–3]; II, [250];
organic importance, I, [42–3];
evolution of heat and oxidation, I, [47];
violent organic effects of compounds, I, [54–5];
function in metabolism, I, [63–4], [66], [68–76];
presence in protoplasm, I, [66];
action in digestion, I, [69];
fat accumulation and fertility, II, [483].
Nitro-glycerine, violent effects of, I, [55], [122].
Notochord: segmentation, II, [125], [218–22];
formation, II, [217–8], [600];
in Permian vertebrates, II, [225].
Noumenon, life not manifested as, I, [580].
Nuclein, II, [21].
Nucleus: central development, I, [163];
in simple organisms, I, [183];
phenomena exhibited by, I, [255–8];
current hypotheses of function, I, [258–9];
properties and function of chromatin, I, [259–65];
fusion in fertilization, I, [283–4];
function in unicellular reproduction, I, [595–6];
absence of, II, [20–1];
diffused form, II, [85];
macro- and micronucleus in conjugation, II, [452].
Nutrition: organic molecular re-arrangement, I, [36];
nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous, I, [47–8], [68], [71–4], [77]; II, [362];
food assimilation and reasoning, I, [81];
needful for vital change, I, [94];
relation to growth, I, [140], [143], [144], [147–9], [150], [157], [161];
expenditure of energy, I, [157], [391];
fluid, I, [208];
vegetal fructification, I, [267]; II, [266];
vegetal growth and genesis, I, [293], [294–7], [336];
animal growth and genesis, I, [289–93], [295–7], [336];
conditions qualifying antagonism of growth and genesis, I, [299];
competition among parts of an organism for, I, [562], [566], [676];
sex differentiation, I, [594–5];
cell multiplication, I, [638];
differentiation of neuter insects, I, [655–60], [670], [674], [686–8];
monstrous ant forms, I, [683–4];
leaf development, II, [39], [42], [73–8];
vegetal development, II, [51–2], [178], [276];
axillary buds, II, [65–9], [73–4];
effect on animal aggregation, II, [93];
internodes and inflorescence, II, [178–80];
helical phænogamic growth, II, [181];
action of bile, II, [330];
osseous development, II, [349], [353];
genesis, II, [419], [422], [427], [435–7], [452];
parental loss in feeding young, II, [424], [429];
diverse sources, II, [433];
Carpenter on reproduction and, II, [460];
animal development and genesis, II, [465];
expenditure and genesis, II, [468];
variations of genesis, II, [475–80], [511];
obesity and genesis, II, [480–4], [511];
general doctrine of genesis, II, [486];
genesis and vegetal parasitism, II, [486];
also animal, II, [487–90], [495];
insect genesis, II, [490–2];
genesis, résumé, II, [497–9];
and evolution, II, [501–4];
of blackbird and linnet, II, [503];
genesis in human race, II, [508–10], [514–6];
Doubleday on, II, [510–2];
future human evolution, II, [526], [531];
floral monstrosities, II, [542], [546], [547].

Obesity, nutrition and genesis, II, [480–4], [511].
Odoriferous glands, natural selection and, I, [534].
Odours: floral fertilization, II, [268–9];
animal protection, II, [434].
Offspring: parental loss entailed by nurture, II, [424], [429];
influence of age on, II, [507].
Oken, L., archetypal hypothesis, II, [122];
theory of supernumerary bones, II, [223];
on the skull, II, [561].
Oliver, F. W., classification of plants, I, [378–9].
Ophryotrocha puerilis, ciliation of segments, II, [109].
Orchids: pollen propulsion, I, [57];
leaf formation in Dendrobium, II, [60–1];
aërial roots and physiological differentiation, II, [255], [257];
foliar surface, II, [264].
Organic matter: properties of elements, I, [3–5], [22];
of compounds, I, [5–13], [25];
molar and molecular mobility, I, [12–14];
colloid and crystalloid form, I, [15–8], [25];
their diffusibility, I, [18–21], [26];
extreme complexity, I, [21];
laws of evolution and genesis of, I, [22–4];
modifiability, I, [27], [44];
capillarity and osmosis, I, [28];
effects of heat, I, [29];
of light, I, [30–4];
nitrogenous, I, [39–43];
oxidation and evolution of heat, I, [46], [60];
genesis of electricity, I, [50–2], [60];
sensible motions in, I, [59];
transformations and persistence of force, I, [61];
metabolism, I, [62–77];
artificial production of compounds, I, [64];
contrasted with inorganic matter, I, [107–8];
incomprehensibility of vital changes in, I, [122];
instability, I, [149], [508];
phosphorus in cell-organization, I, [260–1];
heterogeneity, I, [350–5];
“spontaneous generation” and evolution of, I, [696–701];
cell-doctrine and evolution of, II, [17–21].
Organization (see [Structure]).
Ormerod, Dr., on sex and nutrition in wasps, I, [656].
Orthogenesis, Eimer’s theory of, I, [563–4].
Osmosis: organic effects, I, [28], [29];
in animals, I, [58];
in vascular system, II, [339];
in vegetal tissue, II, [568], [575], [577], [585], [592–6].
Osteology (see [Bone]).
Ovum (see [Egg] and [Fertilization]).
Owen, Sir R.: metagenesis and parthenogenesis, I, [273–4];
fossil mammals, I, [410];
human parasites, I, [427];
continuous operation of creative power, I, [492];
fission in Infusoria, I, [584], [585], [595–6];
parthenogenesis, I, [592];
theory of vertebrate skeleton, II, [123], [548–66];
theory of supernumerary bones, II, [223];
Eschricht on Ascaris, II, [488].
Oxalis: radial symmetry, II, [152];
foliar surface, II, [264].
Oxen: comparison with sheep, I, [158], [160];
cerebro-spinal system, I, [508].
Oxidation (see [Oxygen]).
Oxygen: properties, I, [3–5], [20], [22];
compounds, I, [6–7], [10–13], [22], [24–5];
a crystalloid, I, [21];
combining power and atomic weight, I, [33];
organic change from, I, [37];
heat generation, I, [46–9];
phosphorescence, I, [49];
nerve force dependent on, I, [53];
animal metabolism, I, [72], [73];
necessary to animal life, I, [94–5], [577];
activity and amount inhaled, I, [214].

Packard, A. S., on eyes of cave-animals, I, [648–9], [693].
Paget, Sir J., blood changes in small-pox and scarlatina, I, [221], [701].
Palæontology: distribution in time, I, [404–11], [412];
special creation, I, [425];
congruity with evolution hypothesis, I, [485–9], [556];
relations of present to extinct species, II, [10–11];
scarcity of remains, II, [34–5];
secondary thickening in plants, II, [56];
Cope on osteology of Permian Vertebrates, II, [225–6].
Pangenesis, Darwin’s theory of, I, [356], [357], [359], [360], [362], [372].
Panmixia, Weismann’s hypothesis of: Its relation to Romanes’ “cessation of selection,” I, [560];
alleged selective process denied, I, [561–3], [667], [685];
distribution of tactual perceptiveness, I, [608];
rudimentary eyes of cave fauna, I, [612–3], [647];
Romanes on process, I, [649], [667];
degeneration of self-feeding instinct In Amazon ants, I, [660–2], [670];
rudimentary limbs of whale, I, [668–9], [685];
a pure speculation, I, [671];
markings on leg-bones of Punjabis, I, [689].
Paramœcium: parasite infesting, I, [427];
reproduction, II, [443], [452].
Parasites: sexual dimorphism, I, [315];
limits to distribution, I, [397];
special creation and, I, [427–9], [438];
retrograde development, I, [457]; II, [12];
aphis and ant, I, [660–1]; II, [403], [405];
as an integrating agency, II, [402–4];
its comparative recency, II, [404];
nutrition and genesis in vegetal, II, [486];
in animal, II, [487–90], [493];
“castration parasitaire” in crustaceans, II, [493–6].
Parasol Ants, origin of classes, I, [687–8].
Parthenogenesis: occurrence, I, [274–5];
alternating with gamogenesis, I, [289–91];
Owen on, I, [592];
laws of multiplication, II, [415];
in articulate animals, II, [445].
Pasteur, L., silkworm diseases, I, [622–3].
Peacock: theories of heredity and structure of tail feather, I, [372–3], [695]; II, [618–9].
Pear, foreright shoots, I, [287].
Peloria: in gloxinia, II, [166];
phænogams, II, [180].
Penguin, dermal structure, II, [314].
Pepsin, I, [69].
Pericyclic fibres of monocotyledons, II, [278].
Peripatus capensis, protoplasmic continuity, I, [629].
Peri-visceral sac, function and differentiation, I, [391].
Perkin, W. H., I, [vi].
Persistence of force, corollaries from: properties of compounds, I, [3];
organic transformation, I, [60];
growth, I, [150];
organic energy, I, [220];
variation, I, [335];
genesis, heredity, and variation, I, [354–5];
morphological summary, II, [235];
vegetal tissue differentiation, II, [245];
physiological development, II, [394].
Petals: foliar homology, II, [43–6];
“adnate,” II, [58].
Petrels, Darwin on, I, [455].
Phænogams: production of spermatozoids, I, [186];
morphological composition, II, [37–79];
leaf transitions, II, [37–42];
foliar homologies, II, [42–9];
origin of type, II, [49–84];
vertical growth, II, [56–64];
axillary buds, II, [66];
cotyledonous germination and endogenous growth, II, [69–72];
axial homologies, II, [73–5];
irregular development, II, [75–8];
degree of composition, II, [78];
reproductive homology, II, [80–4];
uni- and multiaxial symmetry, II, [141–3];
unit of composition, II, [151];
helical growth, II, [181];
secondary thickening, II, [247];
tissue and leaf differentiation, II, [247–9], [387];
also bark and cambium, II, [249–50], [386];
also outer tissue, II, [252], [256–9], [270], [386–7];
wax deposit on leaves, II, [260–2];
differentiation of inner tissues, II, [273–5], [388];
vascular system development, II, [280–4], [388];
integration, II, [293–5], [296], [390];
insect fertilization, II, [407];
multiplication, II, [441], [442];
genesis and growth, II, [451], [457];
and development, II, [464];
and nutrition, II, [476], [477], [511];
substitution of axial for foliar organs, II, [541–7].
Phenomenon, life manifested as, I, [580].
Philology (see [Language]).
Phoronis, individuality, II, [444].
Phosphorescence, organic, I, [49].
Phosphorus: allotropic, I, [4];
in cell physiology, I, [259–62];
cerebral activity, I, [596–7];
organic evolution, I, [703].
Photogenes, visibility of, I, [218].
Phylogeny: as interpreting morphology, II, [10–12];
difficulties of affiliation, II, [34–5].
(See [Embryology] and [Evolution].)
Physiological Units: definition, I, [226];
genesis, I, [280–1], [316];
heredity, I, [315–9];
variation, I, [330], [331–2], [333]; II, [619];
stability, I, [340]; II, [614];
self-fertilization, I, [342–4], [353];
interbreeding, I, [345], [353]; II, [615];
recapitulation of hypothesis, I, [350–5]; II, [612–7];
structural proclivities, I, [362], [364], [369–71]; II, [613], [622];
sociological analogy, I, [364]; II, [620];
complexity in organized types, I, [368–70];
re-named “constitutional units,” I, [369];
telegony, I, [650];
“mechanical theory,” I, [701–6];
morphological development, II, [7–9];
cell-doctrine, II, [17–21];
development, II, [76];
“false joints,” II, [371–2];
dissociation of ancestral traits in hybrids, II, [616–7];
inheritance of acquired characters, II, [618–23].
Physiological division of labour (see [Labour]).
Physiological Selection, I, [569–71].
Physiology: and psychology, I, [127];
subdivisions, I, [128];
vicarious function, I, [208];
primitive interpretations, I, [417];
multiplication of effects exemplified, I, [512]; II, [390];
relations to morphology, II, [3], [239–41];
evolutionary interpretation of phenomena, II, [241–5], [384–95];
ultimate inconceivability of processes, II, [372];
correlated integration and differentiation, II, [373].
Physiology, Animal: metabolism, I, [67–77];
vertebrate internal symmetry, II, [108];
tissue differentiation in Protozoa, II, [299], [385];
primary tissue differentiation, II, [300–2], [382], [389];
natural selection and tissue differentiation, II, [304–8];
outer tissue in Cœlenterata, II, [309–10];
respiratory organs, II, [310–1], [333–8];
differentiation of animal epidermic tissue, II, [312–4], [387];
development of tegumentary organs, II, [314–6];
of sensory, II, [317–20];
inner and outer tissue transition, II, [321–2], [389];
alimentary canal differentiation, II, [323–5];
gizzard development in birds, II, [325];
alimentary canal of ruminants, II, [327–9];
differentiation of liver, II, [329–33];
of animal vascular system, II, [339–44];
of osseous system, II, [344–55];
of nerve tissue, II, [355–61];
of muscle, II, [361–9];
differentiation and integration, II, [373–6];
in vascular system, II, [376–9], [383];
in nerves, II, [379–82];
origin of development, II, [384];
differentiation and instability of homogeneous, II, [384–9], [392];
summary of development, II, [384–94];
multiplication of effects, II, [390–1], [392];
equilibration, II, [391–4].
(See also [Function].)
Physiology, Plant: metabolism, I, [62–7];
tissue differentiation in secondary aggregates, II, [246], [385];
in phænogams, II, [247–9], [386];
in bark and cambium, II, [249–50], [386];
in free and fixed surfaces, II, [251–6], [270], [386];
outer stem and leaf tissue, II, [256–9], [270], [386];
superficial differentiation in leaves, II, [260–4], [270], [387];
floral tissue differentiation, II, [265–9];
outer tissue, résumé, II, [270];
inner tissue differentiation, II, [273–5], [388];
supporting tissue, II, [275–9], [285–8], [388];
vascular system development, II, [273–5], [279–84], [285–8], [388];
inner tissue, summary, II, [288–91], [388];
integration, II, [292–8];
differentiation and instability of homogeneous, II, [384–9], [392];
multiplication of effects, II, [390–1], [392];
equilibration, II, [391–4];
circulation and wood formation, II, [564–97];
dye permeability, II, [569–74], [577–81], [584], [586].
(See also [Function].)
Pickering, J. W., on artificial proteids, I, [39].
Pig: colour of muscles, I, [365–6];
telegony, I, [627];
fertility of domestic and wild sow, II, [479–80].
Pigeons: food of starving, I, [215];
heredity and variation, I, [305], [321], [615];
atavism, I, [314];
fertility, II, [471–2], [478].
Pike, unceasing growth, I, [154], [292].
Pique-gouffe, commensal relations with buffalo, II, [403].
Plagiochila, evolution of stem, II, [62].
Planaria: integration, II, [101–2];
Morgan on regeneration, II, [102], [611];
segmentation, II, [107];
symmetry, II, [195];
unintegrated function, II, [373].
Plants: influence of heat, I, [29];
effect of solar rays, I, [31–6], [500], [557];
chemical composition, I, [40–1];
heat generation, I, [47];
phosphorescence, I, [49];
electricity, I, [51];
sensible motion, I, [56–7], [58];
metabolism, I, [62–7], [70];
vital changes, I, [86], [87], [91], [94];
simulation by crystals, I, [96];
vital adjustments, I, [102];
length and complexity of life, I, [103–4];
biological classification, I, [125];
growth, I, [136], [138], [140], [143], [145–9], [153], [160–1]; II, [401–2];
development, I, [163–5], [167–70], [272];
weight, temperature, and self-mobility, I, [174];
function, I, [174–8];
structure, I, [194–6]; II, [21];
animal structure contrasted, I, [196];
function and structure, I, [200];
vicarious function, I, [208–9];
waste and repair, I, [213], [220];
physiological units, I, [225–6], [317], [360];
adaptation, I, [227];
what is an individual? I, [244–6], [250–1];
genesis, I, [270], [271], [272–3], [274], [276–8], [279–85];
relation of nutrition to growth and genesis, I, [284–9], [294], [295–300], [642]; II, [39];
ovule homologues, I, [288];
natural selection, I, [294–8], [532], [533]; II, [51];
heredity, I, [301–4], [308], [358–60];
variation, I, [320], [323–4], [325–6];
fertilization, I, [340–5];
classification, I, [377–80], [389–90];
distribution, I, [396–400], [401–3], [404–12], [478–9], [556];
special creation and parasitism, I, [428];
evolution hypothesis, I, [434], [443], [449–50];
rudimentary organs, I, [474], [475], [556];
varied media, I, [484]; II, [32];
alien and native species in New Zealand, I, [477];
E. Darwin and Lamarck on evolution of, I, [490–8];
geologic changes affecting, I, [501–3], [557];
interdependence of animals and, I, [504–6], [514]; II, [398];
complexity of influences affecting, I, [506];
direct equilibration, I, [523–5];
indirect, I, [532], [533];
seed distribution, I, [546];
wood development, II, [285–7], [289], [567–97];
interdependence, II, [402–3], [404];
insect relations, II, [406–7];
adaptation and multiplication, II, [411–6];
rhythm in numbers, II, [419];
growth and asexual genesis, II, [439–42];
growth and sexual genesis, II, [448–51];
expenditure, II, [467];
horticulture, nutrition, and genesis, II, [477];
tree development, II, [553];
circulation and wood formation, II, [567–92];
dye permeability and circulation, II, [569–74], [577–81], [584], [586];
résumé on circulation and wood formation, II, [592–7].
(See also [Multiplication], [Morphology], and [Physiology].)
Plasmodium, dissolution of, I, [185].
Plato, ἰδέα of, II, [550].
Platyhelminthes: transverse fission, II, [101];
segmented and non-segmented types, II, [102], [107];
symmetry, II, [195], [197];
multiplication and growth, II, [488–9].
Plethora, fertility and, II, [480–4], [511].
Pleurococcaceæ, unicellular form, II, [21], [134].
Pleuronectidæ: symmetry and location of eyes, II, [205];
outer tissue, II, [387].
Plumatella: metagenesis, I, [277];
symmetry, II, [195].
Podostemaceæ, undeveloped circulatory system, II, [274].
Polar bodies, hypothesis concerning extrusion of, I, [266–8].
Polarity, organic, of physiological units, I, [226], [315], [317], [332], [350–1], [701–6].
Polyatomic compounds (see [Chemistry]).
Polychætæ, anomalous development in Myrianida, I, [361].
Polycytharia, integration, II, [90], [124].
Polygastrica, aggregation, I, [586].
Polymerism: of compounds, I, [9], [11], [25];
nerve tissue, II, [356].
Polypori, symmetry and environment, II, [139].
Polyps (see [Cœlenterata]).
Polyzoa: size, I, [140];
multiaxial development, I, [165];
structural indefiniteness, I, [173];
functional differentiation, I, [202];
trochophoral kinship, I, [447];
integration, II, [93–4], [96], [124];
symmetry, II, [194], [207];
vascular system, II, [340];
gemmation, II, [444].
Poor Laws, and natural selection, II, [532].
Population, A Theory of, I, [265], [577–601]; II, [411].
Potato: simulated growth, I, [136];
vicarious function of tuber, I, [209]; II, [255];
sub-species, I, [302];
dye absorption, II, [279].
Preservation: fertility and self-, I, [581]; II, [423], [430];
nutrition, II, [493].
“Progress; its Law and Cause,” theory of species differentiation, I, [568].
Projectiles, factors in flight of, I, [450–1].
Proteids: metabolic function, I, [67], [68], [69], [72], [76];
complexity of molecule, I, [122].
Protein: evolution, I, [23], [24];
isomerism, I, [700], [703], [704].
Proteus, degeneration of eye, I, [613].
Protodrilus, intestine segmentation, II, [125].
Protophyta: internal movements, I, [56];
limit of growth, I, [138];
development, I, [164];
structure, I, [173], [181–3];
self-mobility, I, [175];
individuality, I, [245];
multiplication, I, [270], [276], [279], [581], [584–5]; II, [439], [462];
genesis and nutrition, I, [295];
unicellular, II, [21];
central aggregation, II, [24];
symmetry, II, [134];
tissues, II, [244], [249];
primary differentiation, II, [385];
primordial type, II, [398];
symbiosis, II, [400].
Protoplasm: self-increasing function of primordial, I, [63–4];
plant metabolism, I, [65–7];
complexity, I, [122], [253–5];
differentiation in simple organisms, I, [182–3];
continuity and inter-circulation, I, [190–2], [371], [629]; II, [21], [620];
“streaming,” I, [253];
structure, I, [253–5].
(See also [Cell].)
Protozoa: inorganic components, I, [17];
locomotion, I, [58], [175]; II, [14];
vital changes shown by, I, [94];
limitation of growth, I, [138];
development, I, [164];
structure, I, [173], [181–3];
incipient differentiation, I, [198], [391]; II, [299], [309];
multiplication, I, [270], [276], [279], [280], [582], [584]; II, [442], [451–2];
genesis and nutrition, I, [295];
distribution, I, [396];
parasites infesting, I, [427];
Weismann’s hypothesis of immortality, I, [637];
“spontaneous generation,” I, [697–701];
non-nucleated, II, [20];
primary aggregate, II, [86–7], [124];
progressing integration, II, [89–91], [124];
symmetry, II, [186];
primordial plant-animal type, II, [397–8];
symbiosis, II, [400].
Protyle, hypothetical chemical unit, I, [22], [23].
Pseud-axial development, vegetal, II, [28–9], [30].
Pseudo-foliar development, vegetal, II, [26–8], [30].
Psychidæ: parthenogenesis, I, [275];
sexual dimorphism, I, [683].
Psychology: reasoning and definition of life, I, [81–8];
correspondence shown by recognition, I, [95];
contrasted with physiology, I, [127];
departments of, I, [127–8];
vicarious function, I, [209];
waste and repair in sensory organs, I, [217];
sensory adaptability, I, [229], [231], [232];
inheritance of sensory defects, I, [306];
musical talent, I, [311–2];
intellectual progress and special creation hypothesis, I, [417];
special creation a pseud-idea, I, [420], [429], [433], [554];
legitimacy of evolution hypothesis, I, [433–5], [439], [554];
embryology of ideas, I, [450], [457];
persistent formative power unrepresentable, I, [492];
E. Darwin’s and Lamarck’s theory of desires, I, [494];
natural selection and brain evolution, I, [553];
genesis and cerebral activity, I, [594]; II, [512–4], [516–9], [530];
heredity and distribution of tactual perceptiveness, I, [602–8], [646], [665–6], [672], [692];
inconceivability of the negation, I, [675];
vitiation of evidence, II, [88];
repetition and perception, II, [143];
differentiation of sensory organs, II, [317–20];
differentiation of nerve tissue, II, [355–61];
functional integration, II, [376];
also integration, II, [380–2];
equilibration of nerve discharge, II, [393];
human fertility and nerve development, II, [466], [532];
future human evolution, II, [523–5], [527];
human evolution and genesis, II, [529–31];
future mental development, II, [535];
origin of vertebrate type, II, [598–600].
Pteridophyta: size attained by, I, [138], [139];
homologies, II, [80–1], [82];
frond surface differentiation, II, [260].
Pteropoda: bilateral symmetry, II, [201];
dermal respiration, II, [310].
Ptyaline, metabolic function, I, [69].
Punjabis, inheritance of acquired osteological peculiarities, I, [689].
Pyrosomidæ: phosphorescence, I, [47];
integration, I, [588]; II, [97].

Quagga, telegonic transmission of markings to offspring of mare, I, [624], [627], [646].
Quills, development, II, [314–6].

Rabbit: activity and muscle colour, II, [365];
over-running checked by weasels, II, [405];
expenditure and genesis, II, [472].
Radial, definition, II, [148].
Radiolaria: unicentral development, I, [163];
secondary aggregation, II, [88];
symmetry, II, [187].
Radula, development of roots from leaflets, II, [34].
Rafflesiaceæ: homogenesis, I, [272];
tissue differentiation, II, [274];
nutrition and genesis, II, [486].
Rat (see [Rodentia]).
Rathke, H., on vertebrate embryo, II, [119].
Ray, J., plant classification, I, [378].
Reasoning, compared with assimilation, I, [81–7].
Recapitulation, embryological, I, [453].
Regeneration (see [Repair]).
Rejuvenescence, and sexual fertilization, I, [637]; II, [613].
Remak, R., vertebrate embryo, II, [120].
Repair: continuity of, I, [216–9];
animal injuries, I, [219], [222–4]; II, [102], [611];
deductive interpretation, I, [221–2];
theories of heredity and regenerative phenomena, I, [360–1].
Repetition of like parts, II, [126].
Reproduction (see [Multiplication]).
Reptilia: growth and expenditure of force, I, [142];
sizes of ova and adult, I, [144];
longevity of crocodile, I, [154];
temperature, I, [174];
waste, I, [214];
distinctive characters, I, [392];
distribution in time, I, [409], [412];
vertebral segmentation, I, [470];
rudimentary limbs of snakes, I, [473];
fertility and development, I, [583], [598], [599];
regeneration, I, [589];
elongated form, II, [15];
supernumerary vertebræ, II, [123], [564];
bilateral symmetry, II, [203], [204];
Cope on segmentation in extinct, II, [225], [226];
activity and muscular colour, II, [365];
functional integration, II, [375];
outer tissue differentiation, II, [387];
Owen on skeleton, II, [560].
Resistance of media to locomotion, II, [15].
Respiratory System: effect of light, I, [31];
organic re-arrangement, I, [37];
cutaneous, I, [209];
air-cells of lungs, I, [254];
embryonic branchiæ of salamander, I, [457];
differentiation, II, [310–1], [333–8];
physiological integration, II, [374–5], [382];
vascular differentiation and integration, II, [377].
Retrograde metamorphoses, in animals, II, [12].
Retzius, G., superficial nerve-endings, I, [666].
Reversed Selection, I, [611], [612].
Rhabdospheres, calcareous armour and dynamic element in life, I, [119].
Rhizoids, foliar expansions, II, [50].
Rhizopoda: structure, I, [173];
undifferentiated function, I, [200];
a primary aggregate, II, [86];
symmetry, II, [186];
tissue differentiated, II, [299], [385];
motion of sarcode, II, [356];
symbiosis, II, [400].
Rhythm: astronomic and organic, I, [499], [557];
law of equilibration, I, [520–1];
in multiplication, II, [419].
Richeraud, Baron A., definition of life, I, [79].
Riley, C. V., on telegony, I, [645];
Termites, I, [680], [681];
pouch of Honey-ants, I, [684].
Rodentia: incursions, I, [399];
American types, I, [403];
fertility and development, I, [583], [599].
Rivinus, plant classification, I, [377].
Rokitansky, on false joints, I, [230].
Romanes, G. J.: on “cessation of selection,” I, [560–2];
isolation and species differentiation, I, [569];
“physiological selection,” I, [569–71];
panmixia, I, [649], [667];
influence of a previous sire on progeny, I, [649].
Röntgen rays, I, [121]; II, [621].
Roots: developed from leaflets, II, [34];
physiological differentiation, II, [253–5], [270];
nutrition from leaves, II, [274];
size and function, II, [276].
Rotiferæ: latent vitality of desiccated, I, [117];
trochopore, II, [108], [109];
molluscan relationship, II, [115];
fertility and size, II, [453], [459].
Roux, W.: “intra-selection,” I, [676];
functional adaptation, II, [354].
Rudimentary organs: the definition of life and, I, [112];
natural selection and eyes of cave fauna, I, [309], [612–4], [647–9], [693];
evolution hypothesis, I, [472–5], [556];
limbs of whale, I, [668–9], [685], [693].
Ruminants, alimentary canal development, II, [327–9].

Salamander, embryonic branchiæ, I, [457].
Salmonidæ, reproduction and growth, I, [291–3]; II, [454].
Salpidæ: heterogenesis, I, [272], [277];
integration, I, [588]; II, [97].
Sap (see [Vascular system]).
Sarcina: central aggregation, II, [24];
fertility, II, [440].
Savage, Dr., on “Heredity and Neurosis,” I, [313].
Scenedesmus, individuation, II, [24].
Scent: natural selection and keenness of, I, [610];
floral fertilization, II, [268–9];
animal protection, II, [434].
Schelling, E. W. J. von, definition of life, I, [78], [178].
Schleiden, J. M., on individuality, I, [245];
on liverworts, II, [50], [52];
algal indefiniteness, II, [296].
Science, complex revelations of, I, [252], [369], [450].
Scyphomedusæ, strobilization, II, [108].
Sea: changes and movements in, I, [83];
life in, lower than terrestrial, I, [104];
distribution, I, [396], [517];
change of media caused by, I, [481];
geologic influence, I, [502].
Seals: nail-bearing toes, I, [473];
vibrissæ, II, [317].
Seasons: reproductive periodicity, I, [299];
variations of genesis with, II, [484–5].
Sedgwick, Adam: on continuity of protoplasm in animals, I, [190], [629]; II, [21];
zoological classification, I, [387];
discrimination of species in embryonic stages, I, [461];
persistence of ancestral traits, I, [463–4];
Archiannelidan segmentation, II, [109].
Sedgwick, Wm.: heredity and sex, I, [305], [314];
telegonic transmission of hypospadias, I, [646].
Seeds: nitrogenous, I, [40];
temperature of germinating, I, [47]; II, [615];
vitalism and latent vitality of, I, [116–7];
variation in environment, I, [327];
natural selection among, I, [532].
Segmentation (metameric): special creation hypothesis, I, [468–9];
Huxley on number of somites in higher articulates, ib.;
in annulose animals, II, [98–110], [111–5], [601–5];
simulated molluscan, II, [116];
in vertebrates, II, [125–7], [225–7], [606–7];
in elasmobranchs, II, [126].
Segregation: of growth, I, [136];
of like units, I, [179];
organic repair, I, [221];
variation, I, [331], [334];
heterogeneity, and definiteness of evolution, I, [514–6], [517–8];
morphological development, II, [7–9];
physiological units, II, [616].
Self-fertilization, animal and vegetal, I, [341–4], [353].
Senses, the (see [Psychology]).
Sex: in Ascidian colonies, I, [247];
limitation of heredity by, I, [314–6];
correlated traits, I, [371–2], [513];
nutrition and determination of, in social insects, I, [655–60], [678–84], [686–9];
neural and hæmal traits, I, [683];
differentiation of organs, II, [303];
castration and growth, II, [459];
Julin on “castration parasitaire” in crustaceans, II, [493–6];
the object of fertilization, II, [613].
(See also [Fertilization].)
Sexual Selection (see [Natural Selection]).
Sharp, D.: on insect somites, I, [469];
food habits of Termites, I, [686–7].
Sheep: contrasted with oxen, I, [158], [160];
crossing of English and French breeds, I, [625];
nutrition and genesis, II, [480].
Sherrington, Prof., on effects of nerve severance, I, [349].
Ship-building, interdependence of social functions, I, [237–9], [241].
Shipley, A. E.: segmentation of Microstomida, II, [102];
Protodrilus, II, [125].
Silica, colloid and crystalloid, I, [16].
Silicic acid: properties, I, [16];
isomerism, I, [59].
Silicon, allotropic, I, [4].
Silkworm disease, I, [622–3].
Simulation: of homology by analogy, II, [14], [485];
of segmented structure by molluscs, II, [116].
Siphonophora, specialization of component polyps, II, [95].
Sirenia, simulated fish form, I, [485].
Size (see [Growth]).
Skeleton, vertebrate (see [Vertebrata]).
Skin: respiratory function, I, [209];
adaptability, I, [228]; II, [312–4], [387];
transmitted peculiarities, I, [306];
Wallace on distribution of sensitiveness, I, [646–7];
differentiation, II, [215], [217], [304–7];
tegumentary development, II, [314–6], [387];
differentiation of sensory organs, II, [317–20];
and mucous membrane, II, [303–4], [321–2], [389].
“Skin friction,” and locomotion of aquatic animals, I, [156].
Skull (see [Vertebrata]).
Sleep, repair favoured by, I, [216].
Small-pox, blood changes from, I, [221].
Smith, Prof. W., on fertility of diatomaceæ, II, [440].
Smith, W. P., on telegony in calves and foals, I, [645].
Smith, W. W., on habits of Tetramorium, I, [660].
Snakes (see [Reptilia]).
“Social organism,” author’s essay on, I, [363], [676].
Sociology: environment and degree of life, I, [105–6];
functional differentiation, I, [204];
division of labour, I, [207], [363–4], [367];
functional interdependence, I, [237–9], [240–2];
autogenous development of units in colonies, I, [364], [367–8]; II, [620];
belief in social evolution, I, [432];
natural selection, I, [553]; II, [532];
integration and differentiation, II, [378–9];
effects of population, II, [535–6];
equilibration, II, [537].
Soil, dependence of plant evolution on, II, [402].
Solanum jasminoides, organs of attachment, II, [276].
Solar system, autogenous development illustrated by distribution of forces in, I, [366].
Sole, symmetry and location of eyes, II, [205].
Soma-plasm, Weismann’s theory of differentiation from germ-plasm, I, [357], [622], [628–30], [633–44].
Somites (see [Segmentation]).
Special creation: and evolution, I, [412], [415], [431];
improbabilities, I, [418–9], [430], [439], [554];
inconceivability, I, [420], [429], [431], [554];
of individuals and species, I, [421–4];
the implication of beneficence, I, [425–9];
summary, I, [429], [554];
Von Baer’s formula, I, [451–6];
vertebrate skeleton, II, [551], [556], [565].
Species: adaptation and stability, I, [242];
hereditary transmission, I, [301–4];
variation in wild and cultivated, I, [323–5], [326], [693];
gamogenesis and life of, I, [347–9];
physiological units, I, [362], [364], [369–71], [458]; II, [613];
indefiniteness, I, [389], [445], [572];
special creation, I, [422–4];
instability of homogeneous, and differentiation of, I, [509–11], [515], [517–8], [550], [557];
persistence of, I, [516], [518]; II, [10–11];
natural selection and equilibration, I, [543–8], [553], [557];
non-adaptive characters, I, [565];
morbid products as marks of, I, [567];
migration and isolation as causes of differentiation, I, [568–9];
increasing multiformity of aggregate, II, [396].
Specific gravity, of organisms and environment, I, [174], [177].
Spermatozoa |
Sperm-cell | (see [Fertilization]).
Sphere: tendency of units to form, I, [15];
the embryonic form, I, [177];
symmetry, II, [131].
Spheroid, symmetry, II, [132].
Spiders (see [Arachnida]).
Spine (see [Vertebrata]).
Sponge: structure and dynamic element in life, I, [119];
multicentral development, I, [164];
units and aggregate, I, [185];
reproductive tissue, I, [283];
integration, I, [586]; II, [90], [383];
physiological differentiation, II, [300], [386];
development and genesis, II, [463];
analogy from, II, [576].
Spontaneous generation: and heterogenesis, I, [270];
and evolution, I, [696–701], [703].
Stag, horns and correlated structures, I, [567], [670], [676–7], [692].
Stamens, and foliar homology, II, [44].
Starches: properties, I, [11];
transformations, I, [66], [68], [69], [70]; II, [593].
Star-fishes (see [Asteroidea]).
Statoblasts, of Plumatella, I, [277].
Steenstrup, on “Alternate Generation,” I, [592].
Sterility (see [Multiplication]).
Stickleback: ova, II, [454];
bothriocephalus in, II, [490].
Stomach (see [Alimentary Canal]).
Stomata, distribution, II, [260–1].
Straight line, and evolution hypothesis, I, [433].
Strain: compression and tension of, I, [151]; II, [209–12];
relation to mass, I, [155–7];
vegetal structure, II, [574–88], [592–6];
origin of vertebrate type, II, [600].
Strawberry: multiaxial development, I, [166];
multiplication, II, [441].
Strength, a vital attribute, I, [578].
Structure: appliances for generating motion, I, [75–7];
biological classification, I, [125–7], [129];
size and organic, I, [137];
growth and complexity, I, [138], [145], [161];
relation to environment, I, [172–8], [195–6];
of unicellular organisms, I, [181–3];
multicellular, I, [183–96];
Hertwig’s classification of tissues, I, [189];
continuity of units, I, [190–2];
systems of organs, I, [192];
division into universal and particular, I, [193–4];
general truths, I, [194–5];
plant and animal, contrasted, I, [195–6];
precedence of function or, I, [197], [211];
correlative complexity of function and, I, [200], [211];
progressive concomitant differentiation, I, [201–4];
physiological units, I, [225–6], [362], [364], [369–71]; II, [613];
social and organic interdependence, I, [235–42];
varied by function, I, [334], [535]; II, [217] (see [Acquired Characters]);
zoological classification, I, [390–2];
equilibration, I, [521], [557];
progress of, and genesis, I, [590–1]; II, [462];
co-operation with function, II, [3];
evolution and increased, II, [4];
retrograde metamorphosis, II, [12];
simulated homologies, II, [13–14];
earliest organic forms, II, [19];
cylindrical vegetal, II, [57–62];
permanence and complexity, II, [295], [296];
function and epidermic, II, [312–4], [387];
and muscular, II, [369], [391];
adaptation and equilibration, II, [392];
persistence of force and physiological adaptation, II, [394];
evolution, II, [501–4].
(See also [Morphology].)
Struggle, for nutriment among components of an organism, I, [562], [676];
for existence (see [Natural Selection]).
Struthers, Sir J.: on heredity, I, [305], [314];
digital variation, I, [321];
rudimentary limbs of whale, I, [668].
Strychnine, effects of, I, [54], [55].
Sturgeon, size of ova and adult, I, [144].
Sugars: properties, I, [10–11];
transformations, I, [38], [40], [66], [69], [70]; II, [593].
Suicide, hereditary tendency to, I, [307].
Sulphur: allotropic, I, [4], [59];
organic evolution, I, [703].
Sun (see [Light]).
Survival of the Fittest, the expression, I, [530], [610].
(See [Natural Selection].)
Swan, vertebræ of neck, II, [123].
Swiftness, a vital attribute, I, [578].
Syllis ramosa, lateral branching, I, [166], [361]; II, [105], [108].
Symbiosis, II, [399], [400].
Symmetry (see [Morphology]).
Syphilis, hereditary transmission, I, [623].

Tactual, Perceptiveness, heredity and the distribution of, I, [602–8], [633], [665], [666], [672], [692].
Tænia (see [Entozoa]).
Tansley, A. G., I, [vi]; II, [vi];
adaptation of reproductive activity to conditions in Algæ, I, [288–9];
shapes of Caulerpa, II, [22];
stem-thickening in extinct Thallophytes, II, [56];
natural selection and leaf-distribution, II, [179].
Tape-worm (see [Entozoa]).
Taste, dependent on chemical action, I, [54].
Teeth: hereditary transmission, I, [306];
suppression of mammalian, I, [457];
of uncivilized and civilized, I, [541], [693].
Tegumentary organs, origin of, I, [314–6].
Telegony, or the Influence of a previous sire on offspring, I, [624–7], [644–6], [649–50].
Temperature (see [Heat]).
Tension (see [Strain]).
Termites: fertility, I, [583]; II, [493];
late development of sexual organs, I, [680];
nutrition and differentiation of forms, I, [681].
Tetramorium, utilization of aphides by, I, [660–1].
Thallophyta: size, I, [138], [139];
low co-ordination of parts, I, [164];
pseudo-foliar, II, [28];
“transition place,” II, [30];
simulation of higher types, II, [32];
secondary thickening in extinct species, II, [56];
sexual and asexual genesis, II, [84].
(See also [Algæ].)
Tickling, physiology of, I, [76].
Tide (see [Sea]).
Time, as a factor in growth, II, [77].
Tissue, Hertwig’s classification, I, [189].
(See [Physiology].)
Tongue, perceptiveness of tip, I, [606–8], [665], [672–3].
Tortoise: contrasted life of dog and, I, [103–4];
natural selection and carapace, I, [534].
“Transcendental Physiology,” I, [176].
Tree, as symbolizing phylogeny, I, [428], [452–3].
(See [Plants].)
Trematoda: agamogenesis, I, [277];
parasitism, I, [428];
alternate generation, I, [592].
Trembley, A., on the polyp, I, [223].
Trichinosis, in Germany, I, [428].
Trochophore, phyletic relationships shown by, I, [447]; II, [108–9].
Tubicolæ: development, II, [100];
bilateral symmetry, II, [197].
Tunicata: gemmation, I, [588]; II, [445];
alternate generation, I, [592];
integration, II, [93–4];
tertiary aggregation, II, [124];
symmetry, II, [194–5].
Tunny, size of ova and adult, I, [144].
Turbellaria: segmentation, II, [102];
symbiosis, II, [400].
Turnip: chlorophyll in roots, I, [209]; II, [254];
vascular system, II, [281], [284], [578], [591], [596].
Twins: similarity of, I, [324];
traits of women bearing, II, [457].
“Types, persistent,” Huxley on, I, [408].

Ulcer, dermal structure, II, [306].
Ultimate Reality, incomprehensibility of, I, [120].
Ulva: cell multiplication, II, [26];
outer tissue, II, [256].
Umbelliferæ: floral symmetry, II, [171];
axial and foliar organs, II, [541–6].
United States: cases of telegony, I, [644–5];
birth-rate, II, [520].
Units: differentiation and dissimilarity, I, [20];
“protyle,” I, [22–3];
shapes in higher types, I, [164];
differential assimilation, I, [180];
primordial organic, I, [181];
morphological composition, I, [184–7], [194], [252]; II, [5], [7–9], [21], [79], [85–6];
segregation and organic repair, I, [221–2], [222–6];
chemical, morphological, and physiological, I, [225–6]; II, [612];
stability, I, [339];
instability and heterogeneity of organic, I, [350];
Darwin’s gemmules, I, [356–60], [362], [372];
Weissmann’s germ-plasm (q. v.) ib.;
sociological comparison, I, [363–8];
specific proclivities in embryogeny, I, [458];
phænogamic, II, [73], [151];
annulose, II, [105];
incident force and homologous, II, [159];
morphological summary, II, [233].
(See also [Physiological Units].)
“Universal Postulate,” I, [675].
Unsymmetrical, definition, II, [131].
Urea, muscular energy and excretion, I, [72].