[50] R. L. Corwin, Entwicklung und Vergleichung der Erziehungslehren von John Locke und Jean Jacques Rousseau, Heidelberg, 1894; Vasille Saftu, Ein Vergleich der physichen Erziehung bei Locke und Rousseau, Bucarest, 1889; David G. Ritchie, The Social Contract, in vi. vol. of Pol. Sc. Quart.; Jaeger, Geschichte der sozialen Bewegung und des Socialismus in Franckreiche, vol. ii, 342, Berlin, 1890; Prof. J. Horning, Les idées politiques de Rousseau, in J. J. Rousseau jugé par les Génevois d’aujourd’hui, p. 135 et seq.; also M. Jules Vuy in Bulletin de L’Institut National Génevois for 1883, pp. 273-344; Rousseau et Locke, Henri Marion; J. Locke, Sa Vie et son Oeuvre d’après des documents nouveaux, Paris, 1893.
[51] Voltaire in a letter of April 2, 1764, wrote: “Tout ce que je vois jeté les semences d’une révolution qui arrivera immanquablement, et dont je n’aurai pas le plaisir d’être témoin.... Les jeunes gens sont bien heureux: ils verront de belles choses.” Quoted in Martin, Hist. de Fr., vol. xvi, 136. Malesherbes, in speaking to the king as the organ of the parlement in 1770, said: “You hold your crown, Sire, from God alone; but you will not refuse yourself the satisfaction of believing that, for your power, you are likewise indebted to the voluntary submission of your subjects. There exist in France some inviolable rights, which belong to the nation.” Quoted from Remontrances de la Cours des Aides, 1770, by De Tocqueville; Mémoires, etc., i, 259-60. For Rousseau’s literary influence, see Joseph Texte, Jean Jacques Rousseau et les Origines du Cosmopolitisme Littéraire, Liv. ii, Paris, 1895.
[52] A pamphlet of 1789, “Lettre d’un Curé de Picardie à un évêque sur le droit des curés d’assister aux assemblées du clergé et aux États-généraux,” etc., illustrates how the curates applied the natural rights doctrine: “Les droits des hommes réunis en société ne sont point fondés sur leur histoire mais sur leur nature. Il ne peut y avoir de raisons de perpétuer les établissements faits sans raisons, 3 p.” In vol. 84 of French Revolution Collection of the Pennsylvania Historical Society.
[53] Contrat Social, Livre ii, ch. iv, 43.
[54] Ibid., Livre i, ch. vi, 20.
[55] Contrat Social, Livre II, ch. I, 35.
[56] Ibid., Livre II, ch. IV, 43-44.
[57] Ibid., Livre II, ch. VI, 54-55.
[58] Ibid., Livre II, ch. IV, p. 46.
[59] Quesnay said: “The security of property is the essential foundation of the economic order of society.” Maximes générales au gouvernement, Physiocrates, ii, 83, Paris, 1846. Turgot, writing of the omnipotence of the State, said: “This principle that nothing should limit the rights of society upon the individual, save the greater good of society, appears to me false and dangerous. Every man is born free, and this liberty can never be limited unless it degenerate into license, that is to say, ceases to be liberty.... It is forgotten that society is made for the individual, that is, instituted only for protecting the rights of all, by assuring the accomplishment of all mutual duties.” Quoted by M. E. Daire, Physiocrates, ii, Introd., xxi, xxii.