ULLOA, VILLAGUTIERRE, PINELO.

The field covered by De Natura found a modern and more profound exponent in Antonio de Ulloa, one of the most enlightened Spaniards of the last century. His Noticias Americanas, Madrid, 1772, presents a philosophic treatise on climate, natural products, and customs of the natives. At first glance the obscure style and conceit gleaming throughout the preface might lead one to suspect the pedant; but the merit of the work soon becomes apparent, and appears worthy of the attention it has received in several editions and translations. In the French Mémoires Philosophiques it numbered in 1787 the third edition. It must not be confounded with the curious Noticias Secretas de America, by Juan and Ulloa, which forms a report on the political administration of the Spanish colonies in South America, though applicable also to the northern provinces, and aiding not a little to explain the causes which led to the war of independence. As a secret report it was kept from the public, and did not see the light till David Barry came across the MS. and published it in London, 1826, in 4to form. To Ulloa's revision are greatly due the merits of the Relacion Histórica del Viage, by Juan and Ulloa, Madrid, 1748-9, so widely translated. He also prepared some valuable reports on the revival of trade and manufactures in Spain.

Villagutierre Soto-Mayor, Historia de la Conquista de la Provincia de el Itza, Redvccion, y Progressos de la de el Lacandon. Madrid, 1701, folio, 1 vol. 660 pp. To this author we are indebted for a very complete history of the operations conducted against the Itzas and Lacandones during the seventeenth century. The work contains an excellent résumé of the partial and transitory occupation by the Spaniards of the country inhabited by those tribes, and of the efforts of ecclesiastics to effect a peaceful entry into it during the first three quarters of the century. Then follow full details of the campaigns organized by President Barrios and of the final conquest of the Itzas by Ursua. The authorities from whom Villagutierre obtained the material for this portion of his work were such as to render it thoroughly authentic, being Captain Nicolás de Valenzuela, who took part in the expedition of Barrios, and President Ursua. According to Pelaez, Mem. Guat., ii. 267, Valenzuela, with official documents at his service, wrote a minute account of the campaign in which he took part. His narrative, contained in 402 pages of manuscript divided into 26 chapters, was never published, but Ursua supplied Villagutierre with material to continue the history. Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., Madrid, 1688, also furnished Villagutierre with some material, else both authors had access to certain original documents, since passages almost word for word alike occur in their respective works. Villagutierre dedicated his book to the council of the Indies. The volume contains a frontispiece on which are depicted the arms of Spain suspended between the pillars of Hercules, the whole framed in a border composed of nude female busts and clusters of fruit, with a cherub on the upper border and an idol's head on the lower. It was the chronicler's intention to publish a second part to his history "si el Material de lo que se obrare lo diere de sì," p. 660, but this has never appeared. The bibliographer Brunet states that the volume contains "2 part, en 1 vol." Cáldas, Sebastian Alvarez Alfonso Rosica, Copia de Carta Escrita a Sv Magestad, Impressa en Goatemala, Por Ioseph de Pineda Ybarra, Año de 1667, is a copy of the proposal made by President Cáldas to the king, by which he undertook to accomplish the subjugation of the Lacandon country at his own expense, and open a road between Guatemala and Campeche, if assisted by the governor of the latter province. He calls his Majesty's attention to the great commercial advantage which both provinces would gain by such a consummation, and among other stipulations requests that the king will be pleased to give to the territory in the event of its conquest the name of "Provincia de Caldas, para que aya memoria de quien la reduxo, pacificó, convirtió, y pobló"! p. 5. Though the president was in no way benefited by this address to the crown, being shortly deposed from office, his having caused it to be printed in Guatemala excited interest in such an undertaking and stimulated future enterprise. The printed copies of this letter are rare, since nearly every one of them was lost in the earthquake which destroyed the city in 1773. Pinelo, Antonio de Leon, Relacion qve en el Conseio de Indias hizo, Sobre la Pacificacion, y poblacion del Manché i Lacandon, que pretende hazer Don Diego de Vera Ordoñez de Villaquiran, Cavallero de la Orden de Calatrava, &c., año 1638, folio 11, is a report of Antonio de Leon Pinelo, the celebrated historical secretary of the council of the Indies, on the district occupied by the Lacandones, Manchés, and other unconquered native nations. The book is extremely rare, and probably not more than two or three copies are in existence, since only a limited number were printed for the individual use of the members of the council. The one in my possession was the property of the late E. G. Squier. It contains a brief description of the Manché and Lacandon country, which is followed by a concise sketch of the various attempts to pacify and people those districts, from the time of the conquest down to the date of the report. The greater part of the treatise consists of a careful consideration of the proposition made by Diego de Vera Ordoñez de Villaquiran for the pacification of the Lacandon territory. Attached to the document is a copy of the royal patent extended to Villaquiran approving his proposition and appointing him governor and captain-general of the "Provincia de el Prospero (alias el Lacandon)," drawn up in 1638, and issued by the king on the 29th of March 1639. Mention has already been made of Pinelo's labors in [vol. i. p. 287], Hist. Cent. Am. Informe del Rev. P. Prior del Convento de Coban al Ilimo y Rimo Sr D. Fray Andrés de Navas y Quevedo, Arzobispo de Guatemala, sobre las Misiones de Verapaz y Ahitzaes, escrita en Coban á 8 de Febrero de 1685, MS., 27, is an interesting report, formerly belonging to the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, and containing an account of the Dominican missions in the Chol country from 1673 to the date of the document. It constitutes a spirited refutation of the charge of abandonment thereof brought against the order by Sebastian de Olivera y Angulo, the alcalde mayor of Vera Paz. The letter is ably and courteously written, and, as the production of a Spanish friar, not very verbose.

FURTHER REFERENCES.

Herewith I give further references to some authorities consulted for the preceding chapters: Vazquez, Chron. de Gvat., 1-771; Escamilla, Not. Cur., 1-78; Oviedo, i. 115, 157-8, 599-602; iii. 123, 131-2, 189-208, 211-20, 222-3, 255, 488-94, 540; iv. 8-10, 19-32, 239-42; Concilios Prov., MS., i. 160, passim; Id., 1555 y 1565, pp. vi.-vii., 283-89, 293-8; Herrera, dec. i. lib. vii. cap. xii.; lib. x. cap. xi.; dec. iii. lib. v. cap. xiv.; lib. ix. cap. vii. x.; lib. x. cap. ix. xi.; dec. iv. lib. i. cap. vi. vii. xi.; lib. ii. cap. i. iii. vi.; lib. iii. cap. ii.; lib. iv. cap. vii.; lib. vi. cap. iii.; lib. vii. cap. v.; lib. x. cap. v. xv.; dec. v. lib. i. cap. ix.; lib. iii. cap. v.; lib. vi. cap. i.; lib. ix. cap. viii. ix.; dec. vi. lib. i. cap. viii. ix.; lib. iii. cap. xix.; lib. vii. cap. iv. vi.; dec. vii. lib. ii. cap. x. xi. xii.; lib. vi. cap. v. vi.; dec. viii. lib. vi. cap. i. ii. iii. v. vii.; dec. viii. lib. x. cap. xx.; Torquemada, i. 322-31, 333-4; iii. 338-40, 384, 468-70, 535-6; Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 177-83, 205, 219-21, 235-7, 245-6; Gonzalez Dávila, Teatro Ecles., 45-308, passim; Cartas de Indias, 23-5, 414, 451-55, 662, 673-8, 708-10, 735, 745-6, 757-8, 776, 797, 834, 841, 857; Remesal, Hist. Chyapa, 1-771; America, Descrip., MS., 2-4, 130-5, 155, 166, 182-9; Gomara, Hist. Mex., 233; Id., Hist. Ind., 64, 243-4, 268-70; Chiapas, Doc. Orig., MS., 6-8, 55 et seq.; Dávila Padilla, Hist. Fvnd. Mex., 50-1, 89-93, 109-15, 179-89, 303-29, 343, 478; Alegre, Hist. Comp. Jesus, i. 183, 254-5, 429-48; ii. 16, passim; iii. 3-6, 18-30, 48-80, 172, 179-80, 295-6; Centro América, Extractos Sueltos, MS., 1-149; Pacheco and Cárdenas, Col. Doc., i. 511, passim; ii. 209 et seq.; iii. 351-62, 386-8, 507-8; iv. 131-5; v. 522-9; vi. 6-17, 304, 342-3; vii. 6, passim; viii. 19-46, 89, 224; ix. 81-115; x. 32 et seq.; xi. 91-153; xiii. 136, passim; xiv. 47 et seq.; xv. 9, passim; xvi. 324-7; xvii. 489-95; xix. 329-40; xxii. 515-24; xxiii. 171-89; Dávila, Continuacion de la Cronica, MS., 127-30, 290; Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., i. pp. lvi.-cxv.; ii. pp. xxxvi.-xl. 509-14, 595-600; Robles, Prov. de Chiapa, 5-71; Barcia, i. 166-79; ii. 29-33, 173; iii. 172-5; Calle, Mem. y Not., 72, passim; Chimalpain, Hist. Conq., ii. 181; Beaumont, Crón. Mich., i. 540-1; ii. 12 et seq.; iv. 104-6, 252, 489-93; v. 475; Id., MS., 322-4, 435, 638-42, 1083; Cáldas, Carta sobre Lacandon, 1-13; Alcedo, Dic., iii. 325-6; Ixtlilxochitl, Horribles Crueldades, 71; Florida, Col. Doc., 138; Papeles Franciscanos, MS., i. 53-221, 308-13; ii. 321-6; Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. 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FOOTNOTES

[I‑1] Herrera, dec. iii. lib. viii. cap. xiii.-xiv., says 80 men. Francisco de Jerez, Pizarro's secretary, Conq. del Peru, in Barcia, iii. 179, places the number at 112 Spaniards, besides Indians; Zárate, Hist. del Peru, in Id., at 114 men. For minor statements and discrepancies compare Gomara, Hist. Ind., 141; Garcilaso de la Vega, Com. Real, pt. ii. lib. i. cap. vii.; Benzoni, Hist. Mondo Nvovo, 118; Oviedo, iii. 382-90; Quintana, Vidas, Pizarro, 50.

[I‑2] This letter picturing the horrors of the situation, and begging from the governor relief, was signed by the writer and his comrades; after which was a doggerel, current for years thereafter in the Indies, which ran as follows:

Pues señor gobernador,

Mirelo bien por entero