| PRESENT INDICATIVE. | ||
| DIRECTION FROM. | DIRECTION TOWARDS. | |
| I am, | in wash | |
| Thou art, | im a wash | im a wam |
| He is, it is his, | ipi hiwash, ipnim ush | ipi hiwam |
| We are, | nun washih | |
| You are, | ima ath washih | ima ath washinm |
| They are, it is theirs, | imma hiushih, imman aushih | imma hiushinm |
| RECENT PAST TENSE. | ||
| I have just been, | waka | wamka |
| Thou hast just been, | a waka | a wamka |
| He has just been, | ||
| it has just been his, | hiwaka, awaka | hiwamka |
| We have just been, | washeka | washinmka |
| You have just been, | ath washeka | ath washinmka |
| They have just been, | ||
| it has just been theirs, | kinsheka, ausheka | hiushinmka[III'-38] |
YAKIMA, WALLA WALLA, AND PALOUSE.
The following grammatical notes will serve to illustrate the Yakima and some of the other languages of the Sahaptin family.
| SINGULAR. | ||
| Nom. | the horse | kussi-nan |
| Gen. | of the horse | kussi-nmi |
| Dat. | to the horse | kussi-ow |
| Acc. | the horse | kussi-nan |
| Voc. | O horse | na-kussi |
| Abl. | for the horse | kussi-ei |
| PLURAL. | ||
| Nom. | the horses | kussi-ma |
| Gen. | of the horses | kussi-ma mi |
| Dat. | to the horses | kussi-ma-miow |
| Acc. | the horses | kussi ma-man |
| Voc. | O horses | na-kussi-ma |
| Abl. | for the horses | kussi-ma-miei |
In the Palouse and Walla Walla languages the affix nan is changed into na. Personal pronouns—I, ink, nes, nesh, or sh; of me, enmi; to me, enmiow; me, inak; for me, enmiei; we, namak, natés, nanam, aatés, or namtk; of us, néémi; to us néémiow; us, némanak; for us, néémiei. The Walla Wallas leaves off the k from the affix ak; thus, instead of inak, me, they say ina, and instead of namak, we, nama.
| YAKIMA. | WALLA WALLA AND PALOUSE. | |
| He | penk | penk |
| Of him | pin-mink | pinmin |
| To him | pin-miwk | pinmiow |
| Him | pin-nim | pinminnan |
| For Him | pin-mikaiei | pinmiei |
| They | pmak | pma |
| Of Them | pe-mink | pamin |
| To them | pe-miwk | pamiwk |
| Them | pe-minak | pamanak |
| For them | pe-mikaiei | pamikaiei |
In one dialect the terminal ak is changed into ei.
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO HAVE.
| PRESENT INDICATIVE. | ||||
| I have, | nesh wa, or wash nesh | |||
| Thou hast, | mesh wa, or wash mesh | |||
| He has, | penk awa, or pinmink awa | |||
| We have, | natesh wa, or wash natesh | |||
| You have, | matesh wa, or wash matesh. | |||
| They have, | pa wa, or pemink awa | |||
| PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT. | ||||
| I had, or have had, | nesh wacha | |||
| FIRST FUTURE. | ||||
| I shall have, | nesh wata | |||