None of the Lower Californian languages are in any way related to, or connected with, any other language. In Jalisco an idiom is spoken which is called the Cora, but Señor Pimentel after comparing it with the Cora of the peninsula as well as with others in Lower California, assures us that not the least connection exists between them.[VI'-20] It has also been stated that the languages spoken on the peninsula north of La Paz are affiliated with the Yuma tongue, but this is not the case. As we have seen, the dialect of the Diegueños reaches the seacoast near San Diego, and again south of that point, and this being a Yuma dialect, it has perhaps given rise to the belief that the Lower Californian languages incline the same way.[VI'-21] In South America there is a language called the Guaicuru, which has nothing in common with the Guaicuri of Lower California.[VI'-22]
CHAPTER VII.
THE PIMA, ÓPATA, AND CERI LANGUAGES.
Pima Alto and Bajo—Pápago—Pima Grammar—Formation of Plurals—Personal Pronoun—Conjugation—Classification of Verbs—Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections—Syntax of the Pima—Prayers in different Dialects—The Ópata and Eudeve—Eudeve Grammar—Conjugation of Active and Passive Verbs—Lord's Prayer—Ópata Grammar—Declension—Possessive Pronoun—Conjugation—Ceri Language with its Dialects, Guaymi and Tepoca—Ceri Vocabulary.
PIMA GRAMMAR.
From the Rio Gila southward, in Sonora and in certain parts of northern Sinaloa, is found the Pima language, spoken in many dialects, of which the principal divisions are the Pima alto and Pima bajo, or upper and lower Pima, and it has generally been considered one of the chief languages of northern Mexico. North of the thirty-second parallel, the Pápago is the dominant dialect of the Pima; in Sonora there are the Sobaipuri and others more or less divergent.[VII'-1] The Pima as compared with the languages of their northern and southern neighbors is represented as complete, full, and harmonious.[VII'-2] Although frequently classified with the Yuma, it is nevertheless a distinct tongue. It is closely connected with the Aztec-Sonora languages, which may be proven no less by its grammatical coincidences, than by the similarity of many of its words.[VII'-3] Following is an extract from a Pima grammar. The alphabet consists of the following letters: a, b, c, d, g, h, i, j, m, n, o, p, q, r, rh, s, t, u, v, x, y. Nearly all words end with a vowel. To form the plural, the first syllable of the singular noun is duplicated—hota, stone; hohota, stones. Exceptions to this rule occur in some few cases;—vinoy, snake; vipinoy, snakes; tuaia, girl; tusia, girls; sisi, brother; sisiki, brothers; tuvu, hare; tutuapa, hares. Gender is expressed by means of the words ubi, female, and ituoti, male. Derivatives expressing something which partakes of the nature of the primitive are formed with the affix magui;—xaivori, honey; xaivorimaqui, honeyed. For the same purpose the terminal kama is also used;—hadunikama, related to. Kama is also employed to form names of places and patronymics. Abstract words are formed with the word daga;—humatkama, man; humatkamadaga, mankind; stoa, white; stoadaga, whiteness. The particle parha, affixed to nouns implies a past condition;—nigaga, my land for planting; nigaga parha, the land for planting which was mine.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
| SINGULAR. | |||
| FIRST PERSON. | SECOND PERSON. | ||
| Nom. | ani an'ani | Nom | api ap'api |
| Gen., Dat., and Abl. | ni | Gen., Dat., and Abl. | mu |
| Acc. | ni, nunu, nu | Acc. | mumu, mu |
| Voc. | api | ||
| PLURAL. | |||
| Nom. | ati, at'ati | Nom., and Voc. | apimu |
| Gen., Dat., and Abl., | ti | Gen., Dat., and Abl. | amu |
| Ac., | ti, tutu, tu | Ac. | amumu, amu |
| THIRD PERSON. | |||
| He, or she, | hugai huka | They, those, | nugama, hukama |
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB AQUIARIDA, TO COUNT.
| PRESENT INDICATIVE. | |||
| I count, | ani haquiarida | We count, | ati haquiarida |
| Thou countest, | api haquiarida | You count, | apimu haquiarida |
| He counts, | hugai haquiarida | They count, | hugam haquiarida |
| IMPERFECT. | PERFECT. | ||
| I counted, | ani haquiarid cada | I have counted, | an't' haquiari |
| PLUPERFECT. | |||
| I had counted, | an't'haquiarid cada | ||
| FIRST FUTURE. | |||
| I shall count, | ani aquiaridamucu, or an't'io haquiari | ||
| SECOND FUTURE. | |||
| I shall have counted, | an't' io haquiari | ||
| IMPERATIVE. | |||
| Count thou, | haquiaridani, or hahaquiarida | ||
| Count you, | haquiarida vorha, or gorha haquiarida | ||
| PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||
| If I count, | co'n'igui haquiaridana | ||
| PRESENT OPTATIVE. | |||
| O that I may count, | dod' an' iki haquiaridana | ||
| When I am counting (speaking of one person only), | haquiaridatu | ||
| Speaking of two persons, | haquiaridada | ||
| Having counted, | haquiaridac | ||
| When I count, or after counting, | haquiaridaay | ||
| He who counts, | haquiaridadama | ||
| He who counted, | haquiaridacama | ||
| He who has to count, | haquiaridaaguidama, or io haquiaridacama | ||