[11] See page 245.
[12] Morocco, Algeria, and Tunis belong to France; Tripoli, to Italy.
[13] Gibraltar = Gibal al Tarik, "the mountain of Tarik."
[14] See pages 244-245.
[15] See page 306.
[16] For Charlemagne's Spanish conquests, see page 309.
[17] So called from a leading family of Mecca, to which Moawiya belonged.
[18] So called from Abbas, an uncle of Mohammed.
[19] This was at first known as the emirate of Cordova, but in 929 A.D. it became the caliphate of Cordova. See the map facing page 308.
[20] See page 333.