[12] The name Tartar (more correctly, Tatar) was originally applied to both Mongol and Turkish tribes that entered Russia. There are still over three millions of these "Tartars" in the Russian Empire.
[13] The title Tsar, or Czar, is supposed to be a contraction of the word Caesar.
[14] Whence the name Ottoman applied to this branch of the Turks.
[15] See page 242.
[16] A name derived from the Turkish yeni cheri, "new troops."
[17] See page 478.