Norwegian: The violinist Bull, Ole, 1810–1880; Kjerulf, Halfdan, 1815–1868; Svendsen, J. S., b. 1840; Grieg, Edvard Hagerup, 1843–1907.
Danish: Gade, Niels W., 1817–1890.
Sweden: Wennerbert, G., 1817–1901, song writer.
American: Emmett, D. D., started “negro minstrels,” 1815–1904; Foster, Stephen C., 1826–1864, song writer; Eichberg, Julius, 1824–1893, founded Boston Conservatory of Music; Buck, Dudley, 1839–1909; MacDowell, Edward Alexander, 1861–1908. For notices of other modern composers and their tendencies—see Music, Recent Music (Vol. 19, p. 82).
Musical Historians
Famous musical historians and writers on music, whose biographies are in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, are: Aristoxenus, 4th century B.C.; Praetorius, M., 1571–1621; Perusch, J. C., 1667–1752; Barnard, John, 17th century; Hawkins, Sir John, 1710–1789; Gerbert, M., 1720–1793; Burney, Ch., 1726–1814; Gerber, 1746–1819; Forkel, J. N., 1749–1818; Baini, G., 1775–1844; Novello, V., 1781–1861; Callcott, J. W., 1766–1821; Fetis, F. J., 1784–1871; Chorley, H. F., 1808–1872; Chappell, Wm., 1809–1888; Dwight, John S., 1813–1893; Ambros, A. W., 1816–1876; Grove, Sir George, 1820–1900.
(2) THEORETICAL ARTICLES
“In the beginning,” said Hans von Bülow, “was rhythm,” and as Rhythm (Vol. 23, p. 277) is the skeleton of every musical phrase and formula, the interesting article by Donald Tovey on rhythm in music may well serve as an introduction to the other subjects in this section. Passing to the elements, the articles Sound, Diatonic Scale (Vol. 25, p. 448) and Plain Song (Vol. 21, p. 705) should be read. In the former article the physical basis of the modern scale is determined, while in the latter an account is given of the modes which for centuries were the vehicles of musical expression. In the article Musical Notation (Vol. 19, p. 86) the steps by which the present system of recording music was reached are noted, and in Pitch, Musical (Vol. 21, p. 660), the whole of this interesting and vexed subject is reviewed by Alfred J. Hipkins, a high authority, formerly hon. curator of the Royal College of Music. The article Melody (Vol. 18, p. 96) contains in addition to a discussion of the terms a series of useful definitions (e.g., conjunct and disjunct motion) and several musical examples. This brings us to the main articles of this section—Counterpoint (Vol. 7, p. 315), Harmony (Vol. 13, p. 1) and Instrumentation (Vol. 14, p. 651). All are by Donald Tovey and all are brilliant. In particular the article Harmony deserves the most careful study, especially interesting being the sections Tonality and Key-relationship. The article on counterpoint is mainly a definition of the principles involved and is introductory both to Harmony and to Contrapuntal Forms. In Instrumentation the question of colour is discussed from the historical and aesthetic aspects, accompanied by valuable analysis of the colour schemes of various composers from the choral writers of the “Golden Age” down to Wagner and Richard Strauss.
Theorists
Famous theorists who have helped to establish the grammar of music are the following: Terpander, 7th century B.C., founder of Greek music (Vol. 26, p. 647); Pythagoras, 6th century, B.C., said to have discovered numerical relation governing the harmonic series (Vol. 22, p. 699); Alypius, 3rd century B.C. (Vol. 1, p. 776); Aristides, Quintilianus, 3rd century A.D.; Hucbald, c. 840–930, inventor of new notation (Vol. 13, p. 847); Guido of Arezzo, c. 995–1050, “Beatus Guido, inventor musicae,” (Vol. 12, p. 687); Agricola, Martin, c. 1500–1556; Zarlino, G., 1517–1590, fixed the diatonic scale; Artusi, G. M., 16th century, opposed monodist revolt; Fux, J. J., wrote the famous Gradus ad Parnassum, Rameau, J. P., 1683–1764, to whom the first systematic theory of harmony is due; Albrechtsberger, J. G., 1736–1809, the teacher of Beethoven; Reicha, A. J., 1770–1836; Richter, E. F. E., 1808–1879; Curwen, J., 1817–1880, inventor of tonic sol-fa system; Berlioz Hector, whose text book on instrumentation is classic. On all these separate articles will be found in the Britannica.