For the 19th century see the last section of the article English Literature (Vol. 9, pp. 636–645), by Thomas Seccombe; and the articles: William Wordsworth (Vol. 28, p. 826), by William Minto and Hugh Chisholm; S. T. Coleridge (Vol. 6, p. 678), by J. Mackinnon Robertson, author of Modern Humanists, etc., Hugh Chisholm, and the Very Rev. George David Boyle; Charles Lamb (Vol. 16, p. 104), by E. V. Lucas, editor of Lamb; William Hazlitt (Vol. 13, p. 119), Leigh Hunt (Vol. 13, p. 934); De Quincey (Vol. 8, p. 61), by J. Ritchie Findlay, author of Personal Recollections of De Quincey; Keats (Vol. 15, p. 708), by A. C. Swinburne and Margaret Bryant; Thomas Lovell Beddoes (Vol. 3, p. 614), Thomas Hood (Vol. 13, p. 666), Landor (Vol. 16, p. 161), by A. C. Swinburne; Shelley (Vol. 24, p. 827), by W. M. Rossetti; Southey (Vol. 25, p. 511), Campbell (Vol. 5, p. 130), Thomas Moore (Vol. 18, p. 810), Lord Byron (Vol. 4, p. 897), by E. Hartley Coleridge, editor of Byron’s Poems; Francis Jeffrey (Vol. 15, p. 307), Sydney Smith (Vol. 25, p. 268), J. G. Lockhart (Vol. 16, p. 853), William Gifford (Vol. 12, p. 5), Bentham (Vol. 3, p. 747), by Dr. T. E. Holland, formerly professor of international law, Oxford, Malthus (Vol. 17, p. 515), Henry Hallam (Vol. 12, p. 851), by Lord Lochee of Gowrie; William Roscoe (Vol. 23, p. 726), by W. E. A. Axon, Manchester Libraries; Lingard (Vol. 16, p. 728), Henry Hart Milman (Vol. 18, p. 476), Macaulay (Vol. 17, p. 193), by Mark Pattison; Thirlwall (Vol. 26, p. 851), William Mitford (Vol. 18, p. 620), Grote (Vol. 12, p. 619), by J. M. Mitchell, edition of Grote’s Greece, James Mill (Vol. 18, p. 453), Sir William Napier (Vol. 19, p. 175), William Cobbett (Vol. 6, p. 606), Sir Walter Scott (Vol. 24, p. 469), by William Minto; |Fiction| Lever (Vol. 16, pp. 508–510), Marryat (Vol. 17, p. 759), Bulwer Lytton (Vol. 17, p. 185), by Arthur Waugh; Beaconsfield (Vol. 3, p. 563), by Frederick Greenwood; Jane Austen (Vol. 2, p. 936), by E. V. Lucas; Maria Edgeworth (Vol. 8, p. 934), Harriet Martineau (Vol. 17, p. 796), Mary Russell Mitford (Vol. 18, p. 619), Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (Vol. 11, p. 501) and the Brontës (Vol. 4, p. 637), by C. K. Shorter; Thomas Love Peacock (Vol. 21, p. 21), by Richard Garnett; George Meredith (Vol. 18, p. 160), by Hugh Chisholm; |Tennyson, Browning and Carlyle| Tennyson (Vol. 26, p. 630), by E. Gosse; Elizabeth Barrett Browning (Vol. 4, p. 668), by Alice Meynell; Robert Browning (Vol. 4, p. 670) and Carlyle (Vol. 5, p. 349), both by Sir Leslie Stephen; Charles Read (Vol. 22, p. 938), Dickens (Vol. 8, p. 178), by Thomas Seccombe; |Victorian Novelists| Thackeray (Vol. 26, p. 716), by W. H. Pollock; George Eliot (Vol. 9, p. 275), by Mrs. Craigie (“John Oliver Hobbes”); Anthony Trollope (Vol. 27, p. 301), Wilkie Collins (Vol. 6, p. 693), Charles and Henry Kingsley (Vol. 15, p. 817); Herbert Spencer (Vol. 25, p. 634), by F. C. S. Schiller, author of Studies in Humanism, etc.; |Natural Science| John Stuart Mill (Vol. 18, p. 454), by William Minto and J. M. Mitchell; Charles Darwin (Vol. 7, p. 840), by Prof. E. B. Poulton, Oxford; Huxley (Vol. 14, p. 17), by Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer; J. R. Green (Vol. 12, p. 534), |History| William Stubbs (Vol. 25, p. 1048), E. A. Freeman (Vol. 11, p. 79) and J. A. Froude (Vol. 11, p. 252), all by William Hunt, formerly president Royal Historical Society; Lecky (Vol. 16, p. 354), Buckle (Vol. 4, p. 732), Maine (Vol. 17, p. 432), by Sir Frederick Pollock; George Borrow (Vol. 4, p. 275), by Theodore Watts-Dunton; |Arnold| Edward Fitzgerald (Vol. 10, p. 443), by E. Gosse; Matthew Arnold (Vol. 2, p. 635), by Theodore Watts-Dunton and Sir Joshua Girling Fitch; |Ruskin| John Ruskin (Vol. 23, p. 858), by Frederic Harrison; Dante Gabriel Rossetti (Vol. 23, p. 747), by Theodore Watts-Dunton and F. G. Stephens, formerly art-critic of the Athenaeum; Swinburne (Vol. 26, p. 234), by E. Gosse; William Morris (Vol. 18, p. 871), John Addington Symonds (Vol. 26, p. 286) and Walter Pater (Vol. 20, p. 910) all by Arthur Waugh; |Oxford Movement| Newman (Vol. 19, p. 517), by Arthur Wollaston Hutton, biographer of Manning; John Keble (Vol. 15, p. 710), Edward Bouverie Pusey (Vol. 22, p. 667), Richard Jefferies (Vol. 15, p. 300), by Sir Walter Besant, biographer of Jeffries; Thomas Hardy (Vol. 12, p. 946), by Arthur Symons; Robert Stevenson (Vol. 25, p. 907), by E. Gosse; and among later names—the historians Lord Acton (Vol. 1, p. 159), by Hugh Chisholm, |History| Mandell Creighton (Vol. 7, p. 401), Morley (Vol. 18, p. 841), Bryce (Vol. 4, p. 699) and Bury (Vol. 4, p. 867); the novelists William Black (Vol. 4, p. 19), Blackmore (Vol. 4, p. 24), M. E. Braddon (Vol. 4, p. 369), Mrs. Humphry Ward (Vol. 28, p. 320), Marie Corelli (Vol. 7, p. 143), Hall Caine (Vol. 4, p. 949), George Gissing (Vol. 12, p. 52), George Moore (Vol. 18, p. 808), H. G. Wells (Vol. 28, p. 514), William De Morgan (Vol. 8, p. 10), |Fiction| Rudyard Kipling (Vol. 15, p. 825), by W. Price James, author of Romantic Professions, etc.; the critics and essayists Walter Bagehot (Vol. 3, p. 198), by Richard Garnett, Stopford A. Brook (Vol. 4, p. 645), Mark Pattison (Vol. 20, p. 937), |Essays and Criticism| Leslie Stephen (Vol. 25, p. 885), by Thomas Seccombe, H. D. Traill (Vol. 27, p. 155), George Saintsbury (Vol. 24, p. 45), Sidney Colvin (Vol. 6, p. 748), Watts-Dunton (Vol. 28, p. 422), R. C. Jebb (Vol. 15, p. 299), F. W. H. Myers (Vol. 19, p. 111), Edward Dowden (Vol. 8, p. 456), William Archer (Vol. 2, p. 362), Richard Garnett (Vol. 11, p. 471), Edmund Gosse (Vol. 12, p. 268), Andrew Lang (Vol. 16, p. 171), G. K. Chesterton (Vol. 6, p. 111), Arthur Symons (Vol. 26, p. 287),—a list in which it is interesting to note how many are contributors to the Encyclopaedia Britannica; of poets, |Recent Poetry| Robert Bridges (Vol. 4, p. 532), so recently named poet-laureate, his predecessor Alfred Austin (Vol. 2, p. 938), William Watson (Vol. 28, p. 414), by W. Price James, W. B. Yeats (Vol. 28, p. 909), William Sharp, “Fiona Macleod” (Vol. 24, p. 811), Francis Thompson (Vol. 26, p. 869), John Davidson (Vol. 7, p. 863), Sir W. S. Gilbert (Vol. 12, p. 9), by Thomas Seccombe; Owen Seaman (Vol. 24, p. 543), Laurence Binyon (Vol. 3, p. 952), H. J. Newbolt (Vol. 19, p. 463), Stephen Phillips (Vol. 21, p. 407), Alice Meynell (Vol. 18, p. 350); and of the younger dramatists, |Modern Drama| Oscar Wilde (Vol. 28, p. 632), by Hugh Chisholm, Sir A. W. Pinero (Vol. 21, p. 625), A. H. Jones (Vol. 15, p. 498), J. M. Barrie (Vol. 3, p. 435), by W. Price James; G. Bernard Shaw (Vol. 24, p. 812),—and see also under Drama (Vol. 8, especially pp. 534–538).

CHAPTER XXXIX
GERMAN LITERATURE

The article in the Britannica on German Literature (Vol. 11, p. 783; equivalent to 55 pages of this Guide) is by Professor John George Robertson, University of London, author of History of German Literature. This article is divided into six sections, and following this scheme the course of reading below is divided into six parts, in connection with each of which the reader should first peruse the correspondingly numbered section in the article German Literature.

Old High German

I. The Old High German Period, 750–1050:—the articles Ulfilas (Vol. 27, p. 565), by Charles Anderson Scott, author of Ulfilas, Apostle of the Goths; Heliand (Vol. 13, p. 221), by Henry Bradley, author of The Story of the Goths; Einhard (Vol. 9, p. 134), by A. W. Holland; Notker (Vol. 19, p. 824) and Hrosvitha (Vol. 13, p. 842), by A. W. Ward—and see Prof. Ward on the medieval drama in the article Drama (Vol. 8, especially p. 497).

Middle Period

II. The Middle High German Period, 1050–1350:—the articles Romance (Vol. 23, p. 500), by George Saintsbury; Waltharius (Vol. 28, p. 298), Nibelungenlied (Vol. 19, pp. 637–640), Gudrun (Vol. 12, p. 668), Dietrich of Bern (Vol. 8, p. 221), Ortnit (Vol. 20, p. 341), Wolfdietrich (Vol. 28, p. 772), HelDENBUCH (Vol. 13, p. 218), Lay of Hildebrand (Vol. 13, p. 460), by J. G. Robertson; Ruodlieb (Vol. 23, p. 854), Arthurian Legend (Vol. 2, p. 684), Perceval (Vol. 21, p. 132), and Tristan (Vol. 27, pp. 292–294), by J. L. Weston, author of Legends of the Wagner Drama; Hartmann Von Aue (Vol. 13, p. 37), Gottfried von Strassburg (Vol. 12, p. 277), Wolfram von Eschenbach (Vol. 28, p. 775), by J. L. Weston; Walther von der Vogelweide (Vol. 28, p. 299), Minnesingers (Vol. 18, p. 547), Freidank (Vol. 11, p. 94), Conrad of Würzburg (Vol. 6, p. 968).

14th and 15th Centuries

III. The Transition Period, 1350–1600:—the articles Frauenlob (Vol. 11, p. 42), Reynard the Fox (Vol. 23, p. 226), Sebastian Brant (Vol. 4, p. 431), Maximilian I. (Vol. 17, p. 922), by A. W. Holland; Meistersinger (Vol. 18, p. 86) and Eulenspiegel (Vol. 9, p. 887), by J. G. Robertson; Hans Sachs (Vol. 23, p. 972), Tauler (Vol. 26, p. 452), Geiler von Kaiserberg (Vol. 11, p. 553), Erasmus (Vol. 9, p. 727), by Mark Pattison and P. S. Allen, editor of the Oxford Erasmus; Reuchlin (Vol. 23, p. 204), by W. Robertson Smith; Ulrich von Hutten (Vol. 14, p. 14), by the Very Rev. G. W. Kitchin, Dean of Durham; Martin Luther (Vol. 17, p. 133), by Dr. T. M. Lindsay, author of A History of the Reformation; Erasmus Alberus (Vol. 1, p. 504), Thomas Murner (Vol. 19, p. 37), Johann Fischart (Vol. 10, p. 425), Philipp Nikodemus Frischlin (Vol. 11, p. 232), Jörg Wickram (Vol. 28, p. 619), Ayrer (Vol. 3, p. 74), Faust (Vol. 10, p. 210).

Renaissance