IV. The Renaissance, 1600–1740:—the articles Paul Gerhardt (Vol. 11, p. 768), Jakob Boehme (Vol. 4, p. 113), Georg Rudolf Weckherlin (Vol. 28, p. 464), Martin Opitz (Vol. 20, p. 129), Georg Philipp Harsdörffer (Vol. 13, p. 29), Simon Dach (Vol. 7, p. 726), Paul Fleming (Vol. 10, p. 494), von Logau (Vol. 16, p. 877), Abraham a Sancta Clara (Vol. 1, p. 72), Johann von Rist (Vol. 23, p. 366), Andreas Gryphius (Vol. 12, p. 642), Moscherosch (Vol. 18, p. 890), Grimmelshausen (Vol. 12, p. 603), Pufendorf (Vol. 22, p. 634), Thomasius (Vol. 26, p. 868), Christian Wolff (Vol. 28, p. 774), by Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison; Leibnitz (Vol. 16, p. 385), by Prof. W. R. Sorley, Cambridge; Spener (Vol. 25, p. 638), von Canitz (Vol. 5, p. 183), Johann Christian Günther (Vol. 12, p. 730), B. H. Brockes (Vol. 4, p. 624), and, the dictator of the pseudo-classic age, Gottsched (Vol. 12, p. 279).

Classical Period

V. The Classical Period of Modern German Literature, 1740–1832:—the articles J. J. Bodmer (Vol. 4, p. 111), Gellert (Vol. 11, p. 558), Rabener (Vol. 22, p. 773), J. Elias Schlegel (Vol. 24, p. 329), Klopstock (Vol. 15, p. 848), Lavater (Vol. 16, p. 291), Gerstenberg (Vol. 11, p. 907), Gleim (Vol. 12, p. 118), Götz (Vol. 12, p. 289), Uz (Vol. 27, p. 828), Ramler (Vol. 22, p. 876), Hagedorn (Vol. 12, p. 813), Albrecht von Haller (Vol. 12, p. 855), E. C. von Kleist (Vol. 15, p. 846), Lessing (Vol. 16, pp. 496–499), by James Sime, author of A History of Germany, and J. G. Robertson, and Lessing’s associates—Winckelmann (Vol. 28, p. 707), by James Sime and J. M. Mitchell, Moses Mendelssohn (Vol. 18, p. 120), by Israel Abrahams, author of A Short History of Jewish Literature, and C. F. Nicolai (Vol. 19, p. 662)—; Wieland (Vol. 28, p. 621), by J. G. Robertson; M. A. von Thümmel (Vol. 26, p. 898), A. von Knigge (Vol. 15, p. 850), Musäus (Vol. 19, p. 43), Basedow (Vol. 3, p. 461), Pestalozzi (Vol. 21, p. 284), Hamann (Vol. 12, p. 869).

Sturm und Drang

On the Sturm und Drang period, the articles Herder (Vol. 13, p. 347), the Stolbergs (Vol. 25, p. 953), J. H. Voss (Vol. 28, p. 215), Hölty (Vol. 13, p. 620), Bürger (Vol. 4, p. 812), M. Claudius (Vol. 6, p. 466),—all of the Göttingen school; Goethe (Vol. 12, p. 182), by J. G. Robertson; his imitators and followers, J. M. R. Lenz (Vol. 16, p. 431), Klinger (Vol. 15, p. 846), Friedrich (“Maler”) Müller (Vol. 18, p. 961), Heinse (Vol. 13, p. 216), K. P. Moritz (Vol. 18, p. 838); the great dramatist of the late Sturm und Drang, Schiller (Vol. 24, p. 324), by J. G. Robertson; A. W. Iffland (Vol. 14, p. 291), F. Jacobi (Vol. 15, p. 115).

On the classical period proper, the latter part of the article on Goethe and Schiller, Immanuel Kant (Vol. 15, p. 662), and J. G. Fichte (Vol. 10, p. 313), both by Robert Adamson; the historians Schlosser (Vol. 24, p. 342), Möser (Vol. 18, p. 895), and Johannes von Müller (Vol. 18, p. 962), by W. A. B. Coolidge; the scientists J. G. A. Forster (Vol. 10, p. 674), Alexander von Humboldt (Vol. 13, p. 873), by Agnes Mary Clerke, and Karl Wilhelm von Humboldt (Vol. 13, p. 875), by Archibald Henry Sayce; the dramatist Kotzebue (Vol. 15, p. 919); the novelist Richter, “Jean Paul” (Vol. 23, p. 313); and the poet Matthisson (Vol. 17, p. 901).

Romanticism

On the romantic school: the articles on the founders, August Wilhelm Schlegel and Friedrich Schlegel (Vol. 24, p. 328 and 329), Tieck (Vol. 26, p. 962), Hölderlin (Vol. 13, p. 583), and Novalis (Vol. 19, p. 829); in the second Romantic school, the more realistic Heidelbergers Klemens Brentano (Vol. 4, p. 496), L. A. von Arnim (Vol. 2, p. 630), J. J. von Görres (Vol. 12, p. 260), and, owing much to the interest in folk-literature of the Heidelbergers, the brothers Grimm (Vol. 12, pp. 600–602), by Dr. Henry Sweet of the University of Oxford, Chamisso (Vol. 5, p. 825); the patriot poets Körner (Vol. 15, p. 913) and Arndt (Vol. 2, p. 627); the North Germans Kleist (Vol. 15, p. 846), Zacharias Werner (Vol. 28, p. 523), Fouqué (Vol. 10, p. 749), E. T. W. Hoffman (Vol. 13, p. 561), Eichendorff (Vol. 9, p. 131), and Rückert (Vol. 23, p. 813) and Wilhelm Müller (Vol. 18, p. 963), who, like Byron, found romance, one in the Orient and the other in Greek struggles for liberty; and, of the Swabian school, Uhland (Vol. 27, p. 563), Kerner (Vol. 15, p. 757), Hauff (Vol. 13, p. 65), and Mörike (Vol. 18, p. 837); and the philosopher Schelling (Vol. 24, p. 316).

1832–1870

VI. Literature since Goethe, 1832 onwards:—Read G. W. F. Hegel (Vol. 13, p. 200, by the late Prof. William Wallace of Oxford and Prof. J. H. Muirhead, University of Birmingham), Schelling’s successor as a philosophic force in Germany; the articles on the “Young Germans” Heine (Vol. 13, p. 213), by J. Walter Ferrier and J. G. Robertson; Börne (Vol. 4, p. 255), Gutzkow (Vol. 12, p. 744) and Laube (Vol. 16, p. 276); and the historians and philosophers D. F. Strauss (Vol. 25, p. 1002), Gervinus (Vol. 11, p. 908), W. Menzel (Vol. 18, p. 147) and Feuerbach (Vol. 10, p. 303); the dramatists—some more closely connected with the preceding period,—Grabbe (Vol. 12, p. 306) and Grillparzer (Vol. 12, p. 596), Immermann (Vol. 14, p. 335) and Platen-Hallermund (Vol. 21, p. 804), Holtei (Vol. 13, p. 619), Raupach (Vol. 22, p. 921) and Müllner (Vol. 18, p. 965), and, in Austria, besides Grillparzer, Collin (Vol. 6, p. 690), Münch-Bellinghausen, “Friedrich Halm” (Vol. 19, p. 2), Bauernfeld (Vol. 3, p. 538) and Raimund (Vol. 22, p. 861); the novelists Willibald Alexis (Vol. 1, p. 576), Hauff (Vol. 13, p. 65) and Zschokke (Vol. 28, p. 1046); and such poets of the ’30 and the ’48 as Herwegh (Vol. 13, p. 405), Freiligrath (Vol. 11, p. 94), Dingelstedt (Vol. 8, p. 275), Hoffmann von Fallersleben (Vol. 13, p. 561), and, in Austria, a little earlier, Auersperg, “Anastasius Grün” (Vol. 2, p. 900); and the possibly greater poets who were less interested in politics, Geibel (Vol. 11, p. 550), Lenau (Vol. 16, p. 417), Strachwitz (Vol. 25, p. 976), and Droste-Hülshoff (Vol. 8, p. 591).