Confederate Generals
And, for Confederate leaders: Lee, Robert Edward (Vol. 16, p. 362); Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, “Stonewall” (Vol. 15, p. 110); Longstreet, James (Vol. 16, p. 985); Johnston, Albert Sidney (Vol. 15, p. 472); Johnston, Joseph Eggleston (Vol. 15, p. 474); Beauregard, Pierre G. T. (Vol. 3, p. 599); Bragg, Braxton (Vol. 4, p. 376); Hood, John Bell (Vol. 13, p. 665); Polk, Leonidas (Vol. 21, p. 984); Hardee, William Joseph (Vol. 12, p. 941); Hill, Ambrose Powell (Vol. 13, p. 463); Hill, Daniel Harvey (Vol. 13, p. 464); Ewell, Richard Stoddert (Vol. 10, p. 40); Early, Jubal Anderson (Vol. 8, p. 797); Anderson, Richard Henry (Vol. 1, p. 960); Floyd, John Buchanan (Vol. 10, p. 573); Buckner, Simon Bolivar (Vol. 4, p. 732); Crittenden, George Bibb (Vol. 7, p. 471); Breckinridge, John Cabell (Vol. 4, p. 483); Smith, Edmund Kirby (Vol. 25, p. 260); Lee, Stephen Dill (Vol. 16, p. 364); Van Dorn, Earl (Vol. 27, p. 887); Ashby, Turner (Vol. 2, p. 730); Stuart, James Ewell Brown (Vol. 25, p. 1047); Hampton, Wade (Vol. 12, p. 905); Lee, Fitzhugh (Vol. 16, p. 360); Wheeler, Joseph (Vol. 28, p. 586); Forrest, Nathan Bedford (Vol. 10, p. 673); Morgan, John Hunt (Vol. 18, p. 834); Mosby, John Singleton (Vol. 18, p. 890); Wise, Henry Alexander (Vol. 28, p. 751).
| Topics for Reading | Articles |
| Political History During the Civil War. | |
| Paper money (1862). | Greenbacks (Vol. 12, p. 537). |
| Public lands given to settlers at reduced rates (1862), and granted to agricultural colleges (1862). | Homestead and Exemption Laws (Vol. 13, p. 639), by Dr. N. D. Mereness. |
| Morrill, J. S. (Vol. 18, p. 869). | |
| War Tariffs (1862–1864). | Tariff, United States (Vol. 26, p. 425), by Prof. F. W. Taussig, Harvard, author of Tariff History of the United States. |
| Establishment of National Banking System (1862–1865). | Banks and Banking, United States (Vol. 3, p. 347), by Charles A. Conant, author of Banks of Issue. |
| Emancipation (1863). | Lincoln, Abraham (Vol. 16, p. 707), by J. G. Nicolay, biographer of Lincoln, and C. C. Whinery, assistant editor, Encyclopaedia Britannica. |
| Second election of Lincoln (1864). | McClellan, G. B. (Vol. 17, p. 201). |
| Opposition to the War in the North. | Knights of the Golden Circle (Vol. 15, p. 868), by Prof. W. L. Fleming, Louisiana State University. |
| Vallandigham, C. L. (Vol. 27, p. 862). | |
| Copperheads (Vol. 7, p. 110). | |
| The War Governors of the Northern States. | Andrew, John A. (Vol. 1, p. 973). |
| Curtin, A. G. (Vol. 7, p. 651). | |
| Morgan, E. D. (Vol. 18, p. 833). | |
| Seymour, Horatio (Vol. 24, p. 755). | |
| Morton, Oliver P. (Vol. 18, p. 882). | |
| Yates, Richard (Vol. 28, p. 908). | |
| Assassination of Lincoln (1865). | Lincoln, Abraham (Vol. 16, p. 709), by J. G. Nicolay and C. C. Whinery. |
| The Reconstruction Period. | United States, History (Vol. 27, p. 711), by Dr. Frederick J. Turner, professor of history, Harvard University. |
| Organizing the negroes into a political party. | Freedmen’s Bureau (Vol. 11, p. 75), by Prof. W. L. Fleming. |
| Howard, O. O. (Vol. 13, p. 833). | |
| Opposition to Reconstruction Measures (1865–1876). | Ku Klux Klan (Vol. 15, p. 942), by Prof. W. L. Fleming. |
| Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. | United States, Constitution and Government (Vol. 27, pp. 647, 658, etc.), by James Bryce, author of The American Commonwealth. |
| Character of Reconstruction Government. | See under History in articles on Southern States. |
| “Scalawags” and “Carpet Baggers.” | Carpet Bagger (Vol. 5, p. 397). |
| Johnson’s Policy: his impeachment. | Johnson, Andrew (Vol. 15, p. 461). |
| Impeachment (Vol. 14, p. 340). | |
| The Legal Tenders. | McCulloch, Hugh (Vol. 17, p. 207). |
| Grant’s two administrations (1869–1877). | Grant, U. S. (Vol. 12, p. 357), by Dr. John Fiske, author of American Political Ideas, etc., and C. F. Atkinson, author of Wilderness and Cold Harbour, etc. |
| Beginning of Woman’s Suffrage (1869). | Woman (Vol. 28, p. 788). |
| Black Friday (1869). | Gould, Jay (Vol. 12, p. 284). |
| Fisk, James (Vol. 10, p. 437). | |
| The Alabama Claims, Treaty of Washington (1871). | “Alabama” Arbitration (Vol. 1, p. 464), by Montague H. Crackanthorpe. |
| The “Virginius” Affair (1873). | Santiago de Cuba (Vol. 24, p. 193). |
| The Panic of 1873 and the Inflation Bill (1874). | Greenbacks (Vol. 12, p. 536). |
| Political unrest in the West (1873–1874). | Farmers’ Movement (Vol. 10, p. 181). |
| Railway abuses. The greatest American political scandal. | Crédit Mobilier of America (Vol. 7, p. 391). |
| War with the Sioux. Custer massacre (1876). | Custer, George A. (Vol. 7, p. 668). |
| The Hayes-Tilden Contest (1876). | Electoral Commission (Vol. 9, p. 172). |
| Tilden, S. J. (Vol. 26, p. 970). | |
| Withdrawal of Federal troops from the South. | Hayes, R. B. (Vol. 13, p. 112), by Carl Schurz. |
| Civil Service Reform. | Schurz, Carl (Vol. 24, p. 386). |
| Godkin, E. L. (Vol. 12, p. 174). | |
| Monetary Question—Bland-Allison Act (1878). | Allison, W. B. (Vol. 1, p. 696). |
| Republicans regain control of Congress. | Conkling, Roscoe (Vol. 6, p. 950). |
| Factions in Republican Party. | Platt, T. C. (Vol. 21, p. 825). |
| Assassination of Garfield. | Garfield, James A. (Vol. 11, p. 465), by Prof. John B. McMaster, University of Pennsylvania, author of A History of the People of the United States. |
| Succession of the Vice-President. | Arthur, C. A. (Vol. 2, p. 683). |
| Anti-Polygamy Act (1882). | Mormons (Vol. 18, p. 846). |
| Utah (Vol. 27, p. 818). | |
| Triumph of Civil Service Reform (1883). | Civil Service, United States (Vol. 6, p. 414). |
| Tariff revision (1883). | Tariff (Vol. 26, p. 426), by Prof. F. W. Taussig, Harvard University, author of Tariff History of the United States. |
| The Presidential campaign of 1884. First election of Grover Cleveland. | Blaine, James G. (Vol. 4, p. 32), by Charles Emory Smith, late editor Albany Journal and Philadelphia Press, and Postmaster-General of the United States. |
| Cleveland, Grover (Vol. 6, p. 501), by Horace White, formerly editor The Evening Post, New York; author of The Tariff Question. | |
| Party Breaks. | Mugwump (Vol. 18, p. 956). |
| Increasing problems of Interstate Commerce. Federal legislation (1887) on interstate commerce. | Interstate Commerce (Vol. 14, p. 711), by Prof. Frank A. Fetter, Princeton University, author of The Principles of Economics. |
| Labor combinations, social unrest. | Trade Unions, United States (Vol. 27, p. 150), by Carroll D. Wright, late U. S. Commissioner of Labor. |
| Strikes and Lockouts, United States (Vol. 25, p. 1033), by Carroll D. Wright. | |
| Republican success in 1888. Benjamin Harrison, president. | Harrison, Benjamin (Vol. 13, p. 22), by Hon. J. W. Foster, formerly U. S. Secretary of State. |
| Republican policy in Congress. | Reed, Thomas B. (Vol. 22, p. 973). |
| American control in Samoa (1889). | Samoa, History (Vol. 24, p. 116). |
| Republican and Democratic Tariffs: Mills Bill (1888), McKinley Act (1890). | Tariff, United States (Vol. 26, p. 426), by Prof. F. W. Taussig. |
| Mills, R. Q. (Vol. 18, p. 475). | |
| McKinley, William (Vol. 17, p. 256). | |
| States powerless to arrest the progress of Industrial Combinations. Federal legislation. Sherman Anti-Trust Law (1890). | Trusts (Vol. 27, p. 334), by Prof. J. W. Jenks, professor of Economy and Government, New York University, special investigator of Trusts for U. S. Government. |
| Party disruption over free coinage of silver. Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890). | Sherman, John (Vol. 24, p. 850), by Prof. W. A. Dunning, Columbia University, author of Essays on Civil War and Reconstruction, etc. |
| Bimetallism (Vol. 3, p. 946), by C. F. Bastable, Dublin University, author of Public Finance. | |
| Opening of Indian Lands (1889–1898). Formation of Oklahoma. | Oklahoma, History (Vol. 20, p. 60). |
| Beginning of restriction of Negro suffrage (1890), and adoption of grandfather clauses in constitutions of Southern states. | United States, Constitution and Government (Vol. 27, p. 647), by Hon. James Bryce. Sections on Government of articles Mississippi, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana and Oklahoma. |
| The campaign of 1892. | |
| The candidates. | Harrison, Benjamin (Vol. 13, p. 22), by J. W. Foster, late U. S. Secretary of State. |
| Second election of Cleveland. | Weaver, James B. (Vol. 28, p. 439). |
| Panic of 1893. | Cleveland, Grover (Vol. 6, p. 502), by Horace White, late editor of The New York Evening Post. |
| Wilson Tariff (1894). | Tariff, United States (Vol. 26, p. 426), by Prof. F. W. Taussig. |
| Venezuela Boundary Question (1895). | Cleveland, Grover (Vol. 6, p. 503), by Horace White. |
| New phase of Monroe Doctrine. | Olney, Richard (Vol. 20, p. 91). |
| The issues of 1896. McKinley’s election. | McKinley, William (Vol. 17, p. 257). |
| Republicans and Gold Standard. | Hanna, M. A. (Vol. 12, p. 919). |
| Democrats and Silver. | Bryan, William J. (Vol. 9, p. 697). |
| Gold Democrats. | Palmer, J. M. (Vol. 20, p. 645). |
| Buckner, S. B. (Vol. 4, p. 732). | |
| The Dingley Tariff (1897). | Tariff, United States (Vol. 26, p. 427), by Prof. F. W. Taussig. |
| Annexation of Hawaii and events leading to it (1898). | Hawaii, History (Vol. 13, p. 91). |
| War with Spain (1898). | Spanish-American War of 1898 (Vol. 25, p. 594). |
| Treaty of Paris (1898). The United States finds itself “in a position of increased importance and prestige among the nations of the world.” | Philippine Islands, History (Vol. 21, p. 399), by Prof. Hiram Bingham, Yale University. |
| Porto Rico, History (Vol. 22, p. 126). | |
| Regeneration of Cuba (1898–1909). | Cuba, History (Vol. 7, p. 604), by F. S. Philbrick. |
| Initiative and Referendum first adopted (1898). | South Dakota, History (Vol. 25, p. 508). |
| United States, Constitution and Government (Vol. 27, p. 651), by Hon. James Bryce, author of The American Commonwealth. | |
| Discovery of gold in Alaska. | Alaska (Vol. 1, p. 475). |
| Conservation of National Resources, a new policy. | Forest and Forestry, United States (Vol. 10, p. 651), by Gifford Pinchot, formerly chief of the Forestry Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. |
| Assassination of McKinley. The Roosevelt Administration (1901–1909). | Roosevelt, Theodore (Vol. 23, p. 707), by Lawrence F. Abbott, president of “The Outlook Company.” |
| Isthmian Canal. | Panama (Vol. 20, p. 666). |
| Panama Canal (Vol. 20, p. 666). | |
| Panic of 1907. | Banks and Banking (Vol. 3, p. 348), by Charles A. Conant, author of A History of Modern Banks of Issue. |
| Elkins Law. | Railways, American Legislation (Vol. 22, p. 829). |
| Eastern Policy. | Hay, John (Vol. 13, p. 105). |
| Root, Elihu (Vol. 23, p. 711). |
This sketch of American History closes with the inauguration of President Roosevelt, for the questions that have arisen since that date are questions into which current politics enter, and these are treated in the chapter of this Guide on Questions of the Day. Here we need only say that throughout his study of American history the reader will constantly—and easily—find many more articles bearing on the subject than are mentioned in the outline given above. In particular let him note:
—that there are many biographies of figures prominent in nation and state not mentioned above;
—that in each article devoted to a state there is a section on history, which has a double value, as giving the outline of the state’s history and as showing its part in the history of the nation;
—and that there is in articles on cities and towns a great deal of important information of historical value, sometimes merely local, but oftener bearing on the history of state or nation, or both.
CHAPTER XLIV
CANADIAN HISTORY
“Young” Rivers and Lakes
All the world thinks of Canada as the youngest of countries, for the extraordinary rapidity with which her western territory has been developed within recent years surpasses every other record of agricultural expansion. But in order to realize how young Canada is, in another sense, one must examine the less familiar facts of her geological history. “The innumerable lakes and waterfalls,” says the Britannica (Vol. 5, p. 143), prove “that the rivers have not been long at work,” and that the country owes its contours to comparatively recent geological action. “In many cases the lakes of Canada simply spill over, at the lowest point, from one basin into the next below, since in so young a country there has not yet been time for the rivers to have carved wide valleys.... Thousands of these lakes have been mapped; and every new survey brings to light small lakes hitherto unknown to the white man.... For the great extent of lake-filled country there is no comparison” in any part of the world. And because the rivers have not yet worn their beds to an even slope, there are waterfalls enough to provide unlimited horse power; so that the natural advantages of Canada invite manufacturing just as the fertility of her soil invites agriculture.