| Sept., 1914 | Oct., 1914 | Dec., 1914 | Feb., 1915 | Oct., 1915 | Dec., 1915 | Feb., 1916 | April, 1916 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contraction (-) or expansion (+) in numbers employed | -8.4 | -6.2 | -3.2 | -1.5 | +7.4 | +9.2 | +10.9 | +13.2 |
| Employed on overtime | 2.1 | 5.9 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 13.9 | 14.5 | 12.8 | ... |
| Employed on short time | 36.0 | 26.0 | 19.4 | 12.6 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 4.6 | ... |
EXTENSION OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN
IN DECEMBER, 1915 AND APRIL, 1916
| Occupations Group | Estimated Industrial Population. | Increase (+) or Decrease (-) of Females in | |
|---|---|---|---|
| July, 1914, Females | Dec., 1915 | April, 1916 | |
| Building | 7,000 | + 3,600 | + 6,400 |
| Mines and Quarries | 9,000 | + 800 | + 2,300 |
| Metal Trades | 144,000 | + 71,700 | +126,900 |
| Chemical Trades | 40,000 | + 19,400 | + 33,600 |
| Textile Trades | 851,000 | + 29,700 | + 27,800 |
| Clothing Trades | 654,000 | + 6,700 | + 11,700 |
| Food Trades | 170,000 | + 31,700 | + 30,900 |
| Paper and Printing Trades | 169,000 | ... | - 900 |
| Wood Trades | 39,000 | + 7,400 | + 13,200 |
| Other Trades | 96,000 | + 25,400 | + 35,700 |
| All “Industrial” Occupations | 2,180,000 | +196,500 | +287,500 |
| Commercial | 474,500 | ... | +181,000 |
| Professional | 68,500 | ... | + 13,000 |
| Banking and Finance | 9,500 | ... | + 23,000 |
| Public Entertainment | 172,000 | ... | + 14,000 |
| Agriculture | ... | ... | ... |
| Transport | 9,500 | ... | + 16,000 |
| Civil Service | 63,000 | ... | + 29,000 |
| Arsenals, Dockyards, etc. | 2,000 | ... | + 13,000 |
| Local Government (incl. Teachers) | 184,000 | ... | + 21,000 |
| Domestic Service | ... | ... | ... |
| Total for “Nonindustrial” Occupations | 983,000 | ... | +310,000 |
| Total for all Occupations | 3,163,000 | ... | +597,500 |
EXTENT OF SUBSTITUTION OF FEMALE FOR MALE
WORKERS IN DECEMBER, 1915, AND APRIL, 1916.
| Occupations Group | Estimated number of Females on work in substitution of Males’ work | |
|---|---|---|
| December, 1915 | April, 1916 | |
| Building | 6,100 | 8,800 |
| Mines and Quarries | 2,700 | 4,400 |
| Metal Trades | 70,300 | 117,400 |
| Chemical Trades | 9,600 | 16,200 |
| Textile Trades | 57,600 | 73,400 |
| Clothing Trades | 30,400 | 42,300 |
| Food Trades | 29,500 | 35,000 |
| Paper and Printing Trades | 22,500 | 23,600 |
| Wood Trades | 11,400 | 17,400 |
| Other Trades | 27,000 | 37,400 |
| All “Industrial” Occupations | 267,100 | 375,900 |
| Commercial | ... | 189,000 |
| Professional | ... | 16,000 |
| Banking and Finance | ... | 25,000 |
| Public Entertainment | ... | 32,000 |
| Agriculture | ... | ... |
| Transport | ... | 18,000 |
| Civil Service | ... | 31,000 |
| Arsenals, Dockyards, etc. | ... | 13,000 |
| Local Government (incl. Teachers) | ... | 37,000 |
| Domestic Service | ... | ... |
| Total for “Nonindustrial” Occupations | ... | 361,000 |
| Total for all Occupations | ... | 736,900 |
Appendix D
The following table, compiled from the quarterly reports in the Labour Gazette and a special report of the Board of Trade, gives the increase in the employment of women between April, 1916, and July, 1918, for the most of the important occupational groups. It can not be compared directly with the similar tables, previously given, prepared by the British Association for the Advancement of Science, because of slight differences in the estimates of the numbers employed in July, 1914.
EXTENSION OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN THE
UNITED KINGDOM, APRIL, 1916-JULY, 1918
(Classified by employers’ position, not by nature of work.)
| Estimated No. Empl July, 1914 | Estimated increase since July, 1914 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| April, 1916 | July, 1916 | Oct., 1916 | Jan., 1917 | April, 1917 | ||
| Industrial Occupations[291] | 2,176,000 | 275,000 | 361,000 | 393,000 | 423,000 | 453,000 |
| Government Establishments[292] | 2,000 | 25,000 | 79,000 | 117,000 | 147,000 | 198,000 |
| Commercial | 496,000 | 166,000 | 240,000 | 268,000 | 274,000 | 307,000 |
| Professional (mainly clerks) | 50,500 | 13,000 | 14,000 | 15,000 | 18,000 | 21,000 |
| Banking, Finance (mainly clerks) | 9,500 | 23,000 | 32,000 | 37,000 | 43,000 | 50,000 |
| Hotels, Theaters | 181,000 | 12,000 | 20,000 | 16,000 | 10,000 | 13,000 |
| Agriculture (perm. labor Gt. Britain) | 80,000 | -14,000 | 20,000 | 500 | -14,000 | ... |
| Transport (not municipal) | 17,000 | 23,000 | 35,000 | 41,000 | 51,000 | 62,000 |
| Civil Service | 66,000 | 39,000 | 58,000 | 67,000 | 76,000 | 89,000 |
| Local Government[293] | 198,000 | 21,000 | 30,000 | 34,000 | 44,000 | 47,000 |
| Other | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
| Total | 3,276,000 | 583,000 | 889,000 | 988,500 | 1,072,000 | 1,240,000 |