The Economics of the Russian Village

by Isaac A. Hourwich

[161]

Estates with large agriculture.	Number.	Average size, dessiatines.	Arable yearly under cultivation.
			Dessiatines.	Per cent.
The fields fertilized	146	686	33809	91
The fields not fertilized	44	215	3373	9
Total	190	577	37182	100
Estates in small tenure	64	244

[162] As for peasant agriculture; Cf. loc. cit., p. 101.

[163]

Estates.	Planted with wheat.		Fertilized.
	Dessiatines.	Per cent.	Dessiatines.	Percentage to the area under wheat.
With culture of wheat:
a) land not fertilized	136	3
b) land fertilized	4437	97	2216	50
Without culture of wheat			1164
Total	4573	100	3380

[164]

Estates with large agriculture.	Number.	Dessiatines.	Per cent.	Average Dessiatines.
Without working horses	48	13103	12	273
With working horses	142	96512	88	680
Total	190	109615	100	577

[165] Wherever ploughs are in use, we find from two to three horses to one plough upon an average; it shows that the horses are raised with the avowed purpose of driving the plough. Such is the case with most of the horses found on large estates. Ploughs without horses are kept only in exceptional cases. Furthermore, we notice that those estates on which ploughs are used are the largest. The smaller estates are tilled with the primeval peasant sohá, ploughs being only too seldom used by the peasantry. The figures are found in the following tables:

A. Estates with large agriculture.	Number.	Total extent.			Average (Dessiatines).	Ploughs.	Horses (or oxen).
		Dessiatines.	Per cent.				Number.	To 1 estate.	To one plough.
I. Without ploughs
Still with working horses	70	33672	33		481		544	7.8
II. With ploughs
a) with working horses	72	62840	63	} 67	873	454	1087	15.1	2.4
b) with oxen	2	3966	4		1983	37	34	17	0.9
Total	144	100478	100		491

B. Ploughs furnished.	Average estate. (Dessiatines.)	Ploughs.		Ploughland tilled by the owner. (Dessiatines.)
		In all.	To 1 plough.
By the landlord	903	491	44764	91
By the laborer (l. c. p. 97.)	369	115	16710	145
Total	577	606	61474	101