The Andes of Southern Peru / Geographical Reconnaissance along the Seventy-Third Meridian

by Isaiah Bowman

This Lower Cretaceous locality is evidently of the same horizon as that of Colombia illustrated by d’Orbigny in 1842 and described on pages 63-105.

APPENDIX C
KEY TO PLACE NAMES

[A], [C], [E], [H], [J], [L], [M], [O], [P], [Q], [R], [S], [T], [U], [V], [Y]

Abancay, town, lat. 12° 35′, Figs. [20], [204].
Abra Tocate, pass, between Yavero and Urubamba valleys, leaving latter at Rosalina, (Fig. [8]).
See also Fig. [55].
Anta, town, lat. 13° 30′, Fig. [20].
Antabamba, town, lat. 14° 20′, Figs. [20], [204].
Aplao, town, lat. 16°, Figs. [20], [204].
Apurimac, river, Fig. [20].
Arequipa, town, lat. 16° 30′, Fig. [66].
Arica, town, northern Chile, lat. 18° 30′.
Arma, river, tributary of Apurimac, lat. 13° 25′, (Fig. [20]); tributary of Ocoña, lat. 15° 30′, (Fig. [20]).
Arma, village, lat. 13° 15′, Fig. [20].
See also Fig. [140].
Auquibamba, hacienda, lat. 13° 40′, Fig. [204].
Callao, town, lat. 12°, Fig. [66].
Camaná, town, lat. 16° 40′, Figs. [20], [66], [204].
Camisea, river, tributary of Urubamba entering from right, lat. 11° 15′.
Camp 13, lat. 14° 30′.
Cantas, hacienda, lat. 16° 15′, Fig. [204].
Caraveli, town, lat. 16°, Fig. [66].
Catacaos, town, lat. 5° 30′, Fig. [66].
Caylloma, town and mines, lat. 15° 30′, Fig. [66].
Caypi, village, lat. 13° 45′.
Central Ranges, lat. 14°, Fig. [20].
See also Fig. [157].
Cerro Azul, town, lat. 13°, Fig. [66].
Chachani, mt., overlooking Arequipa, lat. 16° 30′, (Fig. [66]).
Chaupimayu, river, tributary of Urubamba entering at Sahuayaco, q.v.
Chili, river, tributary of Vitor River, lat. 16° 30′, (Fig. [66]).
Chinche, hacienda, Urubamba Valley above Santa Ana, lat. 13°, (Fig. [20]).
Chira, river, lat. 5°, Fig. [66].
Choclococha, lake, lat. 13° 30′, Figs. [66], [68].
Choqquequirau, ruins, canyon of Apurimac above junction of Pachachaca River, lat. 13° 25′, (Fig. [20]).
Choquetira, village, lat. 13° 20′, Fig. [20].
See also Fig. [136].
Chosica, village, lat. 12°, Fig. [66].
Chuquibamba, town, lat. 15° 50′, Figs. [20], [204].
Chuquibambilla, village, lat. 14°, Figs. [20], [204].
Chuquito, pass, Cordillera Vilcapampa between Arma and Vilcabamba valleys, lat. 13° 10′, (Fig. [20]).
See also Fig. [139].
Coast Range, Figs. [66], [204].
Cochabamba, city, Bolivia, lat. 17° 20′, long. 66° 20′.
Colorada, pampa, lat. 15° 30′, Fig. [204].
Colpani, village, lower end of Canyon of Torontoy (Urubamba River), lat. 13° 10′. See Fig. [158].
Copacavana, village, Bolivia, lat. 16° 10′, long. 69° 10′.
Coribeni, river, lat. 12° 40′, Fig. [8].
Coropuna, mt., lat. 15° 30′, Figs. [20], [204].
Corralpata, village, Apurimac Valley near Incahuasi.
Cosos, village, lat. 16°, Fig. [204].
Cotabambas, town, Apurimac Valley, lat. 13° 45′, (Fig. [20]).
Cotahuasi, town, lat. 15° 10′, Figs. [20], [204].
Cuzco, city, lat. 13° 30′, Fig. [20].
Echarati, hacienda, on the Urubamba River between Santa Ana and Rosalina, lat. 12° 40′.
See inset map, Fig. [8], and also Fig. [54].
Huadquiña, hacienda, Urubamba River above junction with Vilcabamba, lat. 13° 10′, (Fig. [20]).
See also Fig. [158].
Huadquirca, village, lat. 14° 15′, Figs. [20], [204].
Huaipo, lake, north of Anta, lat. 13° 25′, (Fig. [20]).
Huambo, village, left bank Pachachaca River between Huancarama and Pasaje, lat. 13° 35′, (Fig. [20]).
Huancarama, town, lat. 13° 40′, Fig. [20].
Huancarqui, village, lat. 16° 5′, Fig. [204].
Huascatay, village, left bank of Apurimac above Pasaje, lat. 13° 30′, (Fig. [20]).
Huaynacotas, village, lat. 15° 10′, Fig. [204].
Huichihua, village, lat. 14° 10′, Fig. [204]. (Tablazo de) Ica, plateau, lat. 14°-15° 30′, Fig. [66].
Ica, town, lat. 14°, Figs. [66], [67].
Incahuasi, village, lat. 13° 20′, Fig. [20].
Iquique, town, northern Chile, lat. 20° 15′. (Pampa de) Islay, south of Vitor River, (Fig. [66]).
Jaguey, village, Pampa de Sihuas, q.v.
La Joya, pampa, station on Mollendo-Puno R.R., 16° 40′, (Fig. [66]).
Lambrama, village, lat. 12° 50′, Fig. [20].
Lima, city, lat. 12°, Fig. [66].
Machu Picchu, ruins, gorge of Torontoy, q.v., lat. 13° 10′.
Majes, river, Fig. [204].
Manugali, river, tributary of Urubamba entering from left above Puviriari River, lat. 12° 20′, (Fig. [8]).
Maritime Cordillera, Fig. [204].
Matara, village, lat. 14° 20′, Fig. [204]. (El) Misti, mt., lat. 16° 30′, Fig. [66].
Mollendo, town, lat. 17°, Fig. [66].
Moquegua, town, lat. 17°, Fig. [66].
Morococha, mines, lat. 11° 45′, Fig. [66].
Mulanquiato, settlement, lat. 12° 10′, Fig. [8].
Occobamba, river, uniting with Yanatili, q.v.
Ocoña, river, lat. 15°-16° 30′, Figs. [20], [66].
Ollantaytambo, village. Urubamba River below Urubamba town, lat. 13° 15′, (Fig. [20]), and see inset map, Fig. [8].
Pabellon, hacienda, Urubamba River above Rosalina, (Fig. [20]).
See also Fig. [55].
Pacasmayo, town, lat. 7° 30′, Fig. [66].
Pachatusca (Pachatusun), mt., overlooking Cuzco to northeast, lat. 13° 30′.
Pachitea, river, tributary of Ucayali entering from left, lat. 8° 50′.
Paita, town, lat. 5°, Fig. [66].
Pampacolea, village, south of Coropuna, q.v.
Pampaconas, river, known in lower course as Cosireni, tributary of Urubamba River, (Fig. [8]). Source in Cordillera Vilcapampa west of Vilcabamba.
Pampas, river, tributary of Apurimac entering from left, lat. 13° 20′.
Panta, mt., Cordillera Vilcapampa, northwest of Arma, lat. 13° 15′, (Fig. [20]).
See also Fig. [136].
Panticalla, pass, Urubamba Valley above Torontoy, lat. 13° 10′.
Pasaje, hacienda and ferry, lat. 13° 30′, Fig. [20].
Paucartambo (Yavero), river, q.v.
Paucartambo, town, head of Paucartambo (Yavero) River, lat. 13° 20′, long. 71° 40′. Inset map, Fig. [8].
Pichu-Pichu, mt., overlooking Arequipa, lat. 16°, (Fig. [66]).
Pilcopata, river, tributary of Upper Madre de Dios east of Paucartambo, lat. 13°.
Piñi-piñi, river, tributary of Upper Madre de Dios east of Paucartambo, lat. 13°.
Pisco, town, lat. 14°, Fig. [66].
Piura, river, lat. 5°-6°, Fig. [66].
Piura, town, lat. 5° 30′, Fig. [66].
Pomareni, river, lat. 12°, Fig. [8].
Pongo de Mainique, rapids, lat. 12°, Fig. [8].
Pucamoco, hacienda, Urubamba River, between Santa Ana and Rosalina, (Fig. [20]).
Puquiura, village, lat. 13° 5′, Fig. [20].
See also Fig. [158]. Distinguish Puqura in Anta basin near Cuzco.
Puqura, village, Anta basin, east of Anta, lat. 13° 30′, (Fig. [20]).
Quilca, town, lat. 16° 40′, Fig. [66].
Quillagua, village, northern Chile, lat. 21° 30′, long. 69° 35′.
Rosalina, settlement, lat. 12° 35′, Fig. [8].
See also Fig. [20].
Sahuayaco, hacienda, Urubamba Valley above Rosalina, (Fig. [20]).
See also Fig. [55].
Salamanca, town, lat. 15° 30′, Fig. [20].
Salaverry, town, lat. 8°, Fig. [66].
Salcantay, mt., lat. 13° 20′, Fig. [20].
San Miguel, bridge, canyon of Torontoy near Machu Picchu, lat. 13° 10′.
Santa Ana, hacienda, lat. 12° 50′, Fig. [20].
Santa Ana, river, name applied to the Urubamba in the region about hacienda Santa Ana.
Santa Lucia, mines, lat. 16°, Fig. [66].
Santo Anato, hacienda, La Sama’s hut, 12° 35′, Fig. [8].
Sihuas, Pampa de, lat. 16° 30′, Fig. [204].
Sillilica, Cordillera, east of Iquique, northern Chile.
Sintulini, rapids of Urubamba River above junction of Pomareni, lat. 12° 10′, (Fig. [8]).
Sirialo, river, lat. 12° 40′, Fig. [8].
Soiroccocha, mt., Cordillera Vilcapampa north of Arma, lat. 13° 15′, (Fig. [20]).
Solimana, mt., lat. 15° 20′, Fig. [204].
Soray, mt., Cordillera Vilcapampa, southeast of Mt. Salcantay, lat. 13° 20′, (Fig. [20]).
Sotospampa, village, near Lambrama, lat. 13° 50′, (Fig. [204]).
Sullana, town, Chira River, lat. 5°, (Fig. [66]).
Taurisma, village, lat. 15° 10′, Fig. [204].
Ticumpinea, river, tributary of Urubamba entering from right below Pongo de Mainique, lat. 11° 50′, (Fig. [8]).
Timpia, river, tributary of Urubamba entering from right, lat. 11° 45′.
Tono, river, tributary of Upper Madre de Dios, east of Paucartambo, lat. 13°.
Torontoy, canyon of the Urubamba between the villages of Torontoy and Colpani, lat. 13° 10′-13° 15′.
Torontoy, village at the head of the canyon of the same name, lat. 13° 15′.
See inset map, Fig. [8].
Tumbez, town, lat. 4° 30′, Fig. [66].
Tunari, Cerro de, mt., northwest of Cochabamba, q.v.
Urubamba, river, Fig. [20].
Urubamba, town, lat. 13° 20′, Fig. [20].
Vilcabamba, river, tributary of Urubamba River entering from left above Santa Ana, lat. 13°, Fig. [8].
See also Fig. [158].
Vilcabamba, village, lat. 13° 5′, Fig. [20].
See also Fig. [158].
Vilcanota, Cordillera, southern Peru.
Vilcanota, river, name applied to Urubamba above lat. of Cuzco, 13° 30′, (Fig. [20]).
Vilcapampa, Cordillera, lat. 13° 20′, Fig. [20].
Vilque, town, southern Peru, lat. 15° 50′, long. 70° 30′.
Vitor, pampa, lat. 16° 30′, Fig. [66].
Vitor, river, Fig. [66].
Yanahuara, pass, between Urubamba and Yanatili valleys, lat. 13° 10′.
Yanatili, river, tributary of Urubamba entering from right above Rosalina, (Fig. [20]).
See also Fig. [65].
Yavero (Paucartambo), river, tributary of Urubamba entering from right, lat. 12° 10′, Fig. [8].
Yavero, settlement, at junction of Yavero and Urubamba rivers, lat. 12° 10′, Fig. [8].
Yunguyo, town, southern Peru, lat. 16° 20′, long. 69° 10′.
Yuyato, river, lat. 12° 5′, Fig. [8].

INDEX

[A], [B], [C], [D], [E], [F], [G], [H], [I], [J], [K], [L], [M], [N], [O], [P], [Q], [R], [S], [T], [U], [V], [W], [Y]

Abancay, [32], [62], [64], [78], [92], [93], [181], [189], [221], [243];
suppressing a revolution, [89-91];
temperature curve (diagr.), opp. p. [180]
Abancay basin, [154]
Abancay to Camaná cross-section map, work, observation and statistics, [315]
Abra Tocate, [73], [80], [81];
topography and vegetation from (ill.), opp. p. [19]
Abra de Malaga, [276]
Acosta, [205]
Adams, G. I., [255]
Agriculture, [74-76], [152]
Aguardiente, [74]. See Brandy
Alcohol, [5], [6]
Alluvial fans, [60-63], [70], [270]
Alluvial fill, [270-273];
view in Majes Valley (ill.), opp. p. [230]
Alpacas, [5], [52]
Alto de los Huesos (ill.), opp. p. [7]
Amazon basin, Humboldt’s dream of conquest, [33-35];
Indian tribes, [36]
Amazonia, [20], [26]
Ancachs, [171]
Andahuaylas, [89]
Andrews, A, C., [295]
Angulo, Philippi, [317]
Anta, [187], [189], [190]
Anta basin, [62], [108], [197];
geology, [250];
view looking north from hill near Anta (ill.), opp. p. [184]
Antabamba, [52], [53], [95], [96], [99], [101], [189], [197], [243], [303], [316];
Governor, [95-99], [100-101];
Lieutenant Governor, [96-99], [101];
sketch section, [243]
Antabamba Canyon, view across (ill.), opp. p. [106]
Antabamba Quadrangle, [316], opp. p. [282] (topog. sheet)
Antabamba region, geologic sketch map and section, [245]
Antabamba Valley, [96]
“Antis,” [39]
Aplao, [106], [115], [116], [181], [226], [231], [255], [256], [257], [273], [318];
composite structure section (diagr.), [259];
temperature curve (diagr.), [181]
Aplao Quadrangle (topog. sheet), opp. p. [120]
Appendix A, [315]
Appendix B, [321]
Appendix C, [324]
Apurimac, [51], [57], [60], [94], [153], [154];
crossing at Pasaje (ills.), opp. p. [91];
regional diagram of canyoned country, [58]
Apurimac Canyon, [189];
cloud belt (ill.), opp. p. [150]
Arequipa, [52], [89], [92], [117], [120], [137], [284];
glacial features near (sketches), [280]
Argentina, [93]
Arica, [130], [132], [198]
Arma, [67], [189], [212-214]
Arrieros, Pampa de, [280]
Asymmetrical peaks (ill.), opp. p. [281]
Asymmetry, [305-313];
cross-section of ridge (diagr.), [306];
postglacial volcano (diagr.), [306]
Auquibamba, [93]
Avalanches, [290]
Bailey, S. I., [284]
Bandits, [95]
Basins, [60], [154];
regional diagram, [61];
climatic cross-section (diagr.), [62]
Batholith, Vilcapampa, [215-224]
Belaunde brothers, [116]
Bergschrunds, [294-305]
Bingham, Hiram, ix, [104], [157]
Block diagram of physiography of Andes, [186]
Boatmen, Indian, [13]
Bogotá, Cordillera of, [205]
Bolivia, [93], [176], [190], [193], [195], [240], [241], [249], [322];
snowline, [275-277]
Bolivian boundary, [68]
Border valleys of the Eastern Andes, [68-87]
Borneo, [206]
Bowman, Isaiah, [8], [316]
Brandy, [74], [75], [76], [82-83]
Bravo, José, [245]
Bumstead, A. H., ix
Cacao, [74], [83]
Cacti, [150];
arboreal (ill.), opp. p. [90]
Calchaquí Valley, [250]
Callao, [118];
cloudiness (with diagr.), [133];
temperature (with diagr.), [126-129];
wind roses (diagrs.), [128]
Camaná, [21], [112], [115], [116], [117], [118], [140-141], [147], [181], [225], [226], [227], [266], [318];
coastal Tertiary, [253], [254];
plain of, [229];
temperature curve (diagr.), [181]
Camaná Quadrangle (topog. sheet), opp. p. [114]
Camaná Valley, [257]
Camaná-Vitor region, [117]
Camino del Peñon, [110]
Camisea, [36]
Camp [13], [100], [180], [181];
temperature curve (diagr.), [180]
Campas, [37]
Canals for bringing water, [59], [60], [155];
projected, Maritime Cordillera (diagr.), [118]
Cantas, [115], [116], [226], [253], [257], [273], [318]
Canyon walls (ills.), opp. p. [218]
Canyoned country, regional diagram, [58];
valley climates (diagr.), [59]
Canyons, [60], [72], [73], [197], [219];
Majes River (ill.), opp. p. [230];
topographic conditions before formation of deep canyons in Maritime Cordillera (ill.), opp. p. [184]
Caraveli, climate data, [134-136];
wind roses (diagrs.), [136]
Carboniferous fossils, [323]
Carboniferous strata, [241-247];
hypothetical distribution of land and sea (diagr.), [246]
Cashibos, [37]
Catacaos, [119]
Cattle tracks (ill.), opp. p. [226]
Caucho, [29]
Caylloma, [164], [165]
Caypi, [316]
Central Ranges, asymmetrical peaks (ill.), opp. p. [281];
glacial features with lateral moraines (ill.), opp. p. [269];
glacial topography between Lambrama and Antabamba (ill.), opp. p. [280];
steep cirque walls (ill.), opp. p. [286]
Cerro Azul, [118]
Cerro de Tunari, [176]
Chachani, [280], [284]
Chanchamayo, [77]
Character. See Human character
Chaupimayu Valley, [77]
Chicha, [86]
Chile, [130], [132], [193], [260]
Chili River, [120]
Chili Valley, opp. p. [7] (ill.), [117]
Chimborazo, [281]
Chinche, [271], [272]
Chira River, depth diagram, [119], [120]
Chirumbia, [12]
Choclococha, Lake, [120]
Chonta Campas, [37]
Choqquequirau, [154]
Choquetira, [66], [67], [211];
bowldery fill below, [269];
glacial features, [206-207]
Choquetira Valley, moraine, (ill.), opp. p. [208]
Chosica, [136], [137];
cloudiness (diagr.), [138]
Chuño, [57]
Chuntaguirus, [41]
Chuquibamba, [54], [72], [107], [110], [111], [112], [115], [116], [273], [317-319];
sediments, [258]
Chuquibambilla, [53], [189], [220], [221], [222], [236], [243];
alluvial fill (diagr.), [272];
Carboniferous, [244];
fossils, [323]
Chuquito pass, crossing (ill.), opp. p. [7];
glacial trough (ill.), opp. p. [205]
Cirque walls, steep (ill.), opp. p. [286]
Cirques, [294-305];
development (diagr.), [300];
development, further stages (diagr.), [301];
mode of formation (diagr.), [297]
Clarke, J. M., [321]
Clearing in forest (ill.), opp. p. [25]
Climate, coast, [125-147];
eastern border, [147-153];
Inter-Andean valleys, [153-155];
see also Meteorological records
Climatic belts, [121-122];
map, [123]
Climatology, [121-156]
Cliza, [276]
Cloud-banners, [16]
Cloud belt, [143], opp. p. [150] (ill.)
Cloudiness, [132];
Callao (with diagr.), [133];
desert station near Caraveli (diagrs.), [137];
Machu Picchu, [160];
Santa Lucia (diagr.), [169]
Clouds, Inter-Andean Valley, [155];
Santa Ana (ill.), opp. p. [180];
Santa Lucia, [168];
types on eastern border of Andes (diagrs.), [148];
see also Fog
Coast Range, [111], [113], [114], [116], [118], [225-232];
climate, [122-147];
direction, [267];
diagram to show progressive lowering of saturation temperature in a desert, [127];
geology, [258];
view between Mollendo and Arequipa in June (ill.), opp. p. [226];
wet and dry seasons (diagrs.), [132]
Coastal belt, map of irrigated and irrigable land, [113]
Coastal desert, [110-120];
regional diagram of physical relations, [112];
see also Deserts
Coastal planter, [6]
Coastal region, topographic and climatic provinces (diagr.), [125]
Coastal terraces, [225-232]
Coca, [74], [77], [82-83]
Coca seed beds (ill.), opp. p. [74]
Cochabamba, [93];
temperature (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. [178];
weather data, [176-178]
Cochabamba Indians, [276]
Colombia, [205]
Colorada, Pampa de, [114], [317]
Colpani, [72], [215], [216], [222], [223];
from ice to sugar cane (ill.), opp. p. [3]
Comanchian fossils, [323]
Cómas, [155]
Compañia Gomera de Mainique, [29], [31], [32]
Concession plan, [29]
Conibos, [44]
Contador, [84-85]
Copacavana, [176]
Cordilleras, [4], [6], [20], [197]
Coribeni, [15]
Corn, [57], [59], [62]
Coropuna, [109], [110], [112], [202], [253], [317], [319];
elevation, [317];
glaciation, [307];
snowline, [283-285]
Coropuna expedition, [104]
Coropuna Quadrangle, [197], opp. p. [188] (topog. sheet), [319]
Corralpata, [51], [59]
Cosos, [231]
Cotabambas, [78]
Cotahuasi, [4], [5], [52], [54], [60], [97], [101], [103], [104], [180], [197], [199], [316], [317];
alluvial fill, [272];
fossils, [322];
geologic sketch maps and cross-section, [247];
rug weaver (ill.), opp. p. [68];
snowline above, [282-283];
temperature curve (diagr.), [180];
view (ill.), opp. p. [57]
Cotahuasi Canyon, [247], [248], [316]
Cotahuasi Quadrangle (topog. sheet), opp. p. [192]
Cotahuasi Valley, geology, [258]
Cotton, [76], [116], [117]
Crest lines, asymmetrical, [305-313]
Cretaceous formations, [247-251]
Cretaceous fossils, [323]
Crucero Alto, [188]
Cuzco, [8], [10], [21], [52], [62], [63], [92], [102], [107], [193], [197];
railroad to Santa Ana, [69-70];
snow, [276];
view (ill.), opp. p. [66]
Cuzco basin, [61], [62], [154], [251];
slopes at outlet (diagr.), [185]
Deformations. See Intrusions
Derby, Orville, [322]
Desaguadero Valley, [193]
Deserts, cloudiness (diagrs.), [137];
rain, [138-140];
sea-breeze in, [132];
tropical forest, [36-37];
wind roses (diagrs.), [136]
Diagrams. See Regional diagrams
Dikes, [223]
Drunkenness, [103], [105-106], [108]
Dry valleys, [114-115]
Dunes, [114], [254];
Majes Valley, [262-267];
movement, [132];
superimposed (diagrs.), [265]
Duque, Señor, [78]
Eastern Andes, [204-224];
regional diagram, [22]
Eastern border, climate, [147-153]
Eastern valley planter, [3]
Eastern valleys, [68-87];
climate cross-section (diagr.), [79]
Echarati, [10], [77], [78], [80], [82];
plantation scene (ill.), opp. p. [75]
Ecuador volcanoes, [281]
Epiphyte (ill.), opp. p. [78]
Erdis, E. C., [158]
Erosion, [192-195], [210], [211], [305];
see also Glacial erosion; Nivation
Erving, Dr. W. G., [13], [101], [316], [317]
Faena Indians, [75], [83-87]
Feasts and fairs, [175-176]
Ferries, [147]
Fig tree (ill.), opp. p. [75]
Floods, [151]
Fog, [132], [139], [143];
conditions along coast from Camaná to Mollendo, [144-145];
see also Clouds
Forest dweller, [1]
Forest Indians. See Machigangas
Forests, clearing (ill.), opp. p. [25];
dense ground cover, trees, epiphytes, and parasites (ill.), opp. p. [155];
moss-draped trees (ill.), opp. p. [24];
mountain, [148-153];
mule trail (ill.), opp. p. [18];
tropical, near Pabellon (ill.), opp. p. [150];
tropical vegetation (ill.), opp. p. [18];
type at Sahuayaco (ill.), opp. p. [90]
Fossils, [245], [321];
list of, by geologic periods and localities, [321]
Frankland, [278], [309]
Frost line, [56-57]
Garua, [132]
Geographical basis of revolutions and of human character, [88-109]
Geologic dates, [195-196];

Majes Valley, [258], [261];
west coast fault, [248-249]
Geologic development. See Physiographic and geologic development
Gilbert, G. K., [300], [302], [305]
Glacial deposits, [268]
Glacial erosion, Central Andes, [305-313];
composite sketch of general conditions, [312];
graphic representation of amount during glacial period, [311]
Glacial features, [274-313];
Arequipa (sketches), [280];
Central Ranges; lateral moraines (ill.), opp. p. [269];
eastern slopes of Cordillera Vilcapampa (map), [210]
Glacial retreat, [208-214]
Glacial sculpture, heart of the Cordillera Vilcapampa (map), [212];
southwestern flank of Cordillera Vilcapampa (map), [207]
Glacial topography between Lambrama and Antabamba (ill.), opp. p. [280];
Maritime Cordillera, north of divide on 73d meridian (ill.), opp. p. [281]
Glacial trough, view near Chuquito pass (ill.), opp. p. [208]
Glaciation, [64], [271];
Sierra Nevada, [305];
Vilcapampa, [204-214];
Western Andes, [202]
Glaciers, Panta Mountain (ill.), opp. p. [287];
view (ill.), opp. p. [205]
Gomara, [34]
Gonzales, Señor, [78]
Government, bad, [95]
Gran Pajonal, [37]
Granite, [215-224];
see also Intrusions
Grass (ill.), opp. p. [154]
Gregory, J. W., [205]
Hacendado, [55], [60]
Haciendas, [78], [83], [86]
Hann, J., [126], [176], [278]
Hendriksen, Kai, [98], [315]
Hettner, [205]
Hevea, [29]
Highest habitations in the world, [52], [96];
regional diagram of, [50];
stone hut (ill.), opp. p. [48]
Highland shepherd, [4]
Highlands, [46]
Hobbs, W. H., [286], [287]
Horses, [66], opp. p. [91] (ill.)
Huadquiña, [70], [71], [72], [75], [82], [86], [219];
hacienda (ill.), opp. p. [73];
terraces, [272]
Huadquirca, [243]
Huaipo, Lake, [250], [251]
Huallaga basin, [153]
Huambo, [243]
Huancarama, [64], [87], [189], [243], [303];
view (ill.), opp. p. [106]
Huancarqui, [257]
Huari, [176]
Huascatay, [189], [242], [243];
Carboniferous, [244];
fossils, [322]
Huasco basin, [275]
Huaynacotas, [103], [316];
terraced valley slope (ill.), opp. p. [56];
terraced valley slopes (ill.), opp. p. [199]
Huichihua, [278]; alluvial fill (diagr.), [272];
(ill.), opp. p. [67]
Human character, geographic basis, [88-109]
Humboldt, [33-35], [286]
Humboldt Current, [126], [143]
Huts, [103];
highest in Peru (ill.), opp. p. [48];
shepherds’, [47], [48], [52], [55]
Ica Valley, [120];
irrigated and irrigable land (diagr.), [118]
Ice erosion. See Glacial erosion
Incahuasi, [51], [155], [285]
Incas, [39], [44], [46], [62], [63], [68], [77], [109], [175]
Incharate, [78]
Indian boatmen, [13]
Indians, as laborers, [26-28], [31-32];
basin type, [63-64];
forest, see Machigangas;
life and tastes, [107-108];
mountain, [46-67], [101-102];
plateau, [40-41], [44-45], [100], [106-109];
troops, [90], [91];
wrongs, [14], [102]
Ingomwimbi, [206]
Instruments, surveying, [315]
Inter-Andean valleys, climate, [153-155]
Intermont basin. See Basins
Intrusions, deformations north of Lambrama (diagr.), [243];
deformative effects on limestone strata near Chuquibambilla (diagr.), [221];
lower Urubamba Valley (geologic sketch map), [237];
overthrust folds in detail near Chuquibambilla (diagr.), [222];
principles, [217-219]
Intrusions, Vilcapampa, deformative effects near Puquiura (diagr.), [216];
relation of granite to schist near Colpani (with diagr.), [216]
Iquique, wind roses (diagrs.), [131]
Irrigation, [72], [76], [80], [82];
coastal belt (map), [113];
coastal desert, [119-120];
Ica Valley (diagr.), [118]
Islay, Pampa de, [114]
Italians, [18], [81]
Jaguey, [254], [255], [318]
Jesuits, [68]
Johnson, W. D., [213], [295], [296], [299], [300]
Kenia, Mt., [206], [274]
Kerbey, Major, [8], [10]
Kibo, [206], [274]
Kilimandjaro, [205], [206]
Kinibalu, [206]
Krüger, Herr, [157]
Labor, [26-28], [31-32], [42-43], [74-75], [83-84]
La Cumbre Quadrangle, [197], [202], opp. p. [202] (topog. sheet)
La Joya, [132], [133];
cloudiness (diagr.), [134];
temperature curves (diagr.), [134];
wind roses (diagrs.), [135]
Lambrama, [90], [92], [285], [316];
camp near (ill.), opp. p. [6]
Lambrama Quadrangle (topog. sheet), opp. p. [304]
Lambrama Valley, deformation types (diagr.), [243]
Land and sea, Carboniferous hypothetical distribution compared with present (diagr.), [246]
Landscape, [183-198]
Lanius, P. B., [13]
La Paz, [93], [109], [276], [321]
La Sama, [12], [13], [40]
Las Lomas, [318]
Lava flows, [199]
Lava plateau, [197], [199], [307-308];
regional diagram of physical conditions, [55];
summit above Cotahuasi (ill.), opp. p. [204]
Lavas, volume, [201]
Lima, [92], [93], [118], [137], [138];
cloud, [132], [143];
temperature, [126]
Limestone, sketch to show deformed, [243]
Little, J. P., [135], [157]
Llica, [275]
Lower Cretaceous fossils, [323]
Lower Devonian fossils, [321]
Machigangas, [10], [11], [12], [14], [18], [19], [31], [36-45], [81];
ornaments and fabrics (ill.), opp. p. [27];
trading with (ill.), opp. p. [26]
Machu Picchu, [72], [220];
weather data (with diagr.), [158-160]
Madeira-Mamoré railroad, [33]
Madre de Dios, [1], [2], [33]
Majes River, [147], [225], [227], [266], [267];
Canyon (ill.), opp. p. [230]
Majes Valley, [106], [111], [116], [117], [120], [226], [227], [229-231], [318];
alluvial fill, [273];
date of formation, [258], [261];
desert coast (ill.), opp. p. [110];
dunes, [262-267];
erosion and uplift, [261];
lower and upper sandstones (ill.), opp. p. [250];
sediments, [255];
snowline, [283];
steep walls and alluvial fill (ill.), opp. p. [230];
structural details near Aplao (sketch section), [255];
structural details on south wall near Cantas (sketch section), [257];
structural relations at Aplao (field sketch), [256];
Tertiary deposits, [253-254];
wind, [130];
view below Cantas (ill.), opp. p. [110];
view down canyon (ill.), opp. p. [144]
Malaria, [14], [38]
Marañon, [41], [59]
Marcoy, [79]
Marine terrace at Mollendo (ill.), opp. p. [226]
Maritime Cordillera, [52], [199-203], [233];
asymmetry of ridges, [308-309];
glacial features, [307];
glacial topography north of divide on 73d meridian (ill.), opp. p. [281];
pre-volcanic topography, [200];
post-glacial volcano, asymmetrical (diagr.), [306];
regional diagrams, [50], [52];
test of explanation of cirques, [303];
volcanoes, tuffs, lava flows (ill.), opp. p. [204];
western border rocks (geologic section), [257];
see also Lava plateau
Matara, [99], [316]
Matthes, F. E., [286], [287], [289]
Mature slopes, [185-193]; between Ollantaytambo and Urubamba (ill.), opp. p. [185];
dissected, north of Anta (ill.), opp. p. [185]
Mawenzi, [206]
Meanders, [16], [17]
Médanos, [114]
Mendoza, Padre, [11]
Mer de Glace, [203]
Meteorological records, [157-181]
Mexican revolutions, [93]
Middendorf, [143]
Miller, General, [41], [78], [147]
Minchin, [241]
Misti, El, opp. p. [7] (ill.), [284]
Molina, Christoval de, [175]
Mollendo, [93], [105], [117];
cloud belt, [143];
cloudiness (diagr.), [134];
coastal terraces, [225];
humidity, [133];
marine terrace (ill.), opp. p. [226];
profile of coastal terraces (diagr.), [227];
temperature curves (diagr.), [134];
wind roses (diagrs.), [129]
Mollendo-Arequipa railroad, [117]
Mollendo rubber, [32]
Montaña, [148], [149], [153]
Moquegua, [117];
geologic relations (diagr.), [255]
Moraines, [207], [210-211];
Choquetira Valley (ill.), opp. p. [208];
view (ill.), opp. p. [208]
Morales, Señor, [11]
Morococha, temperature (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. [172];
weather data (with diagrs.), [171-176]
Morococha Mining Co., [157], [171]
Morro de Arica, [132]
Moss, large ground. See Yareta
Moss-draped trees (ill.), opp. p. [24]
Mountain-side trail (ill.), opp. p. [78]
Mountains, tropical, as climate registers, [206]
Mulanquiato, [10], [18], [19]
Mule trail (ill.), opp. p. [18]
Mules, [23], [24], [94], opp. p. [91] (ill.)
Névé, [286-305]
Niño, El, [137-138]
Nivation, [285-294];
“pocked” surface (ill.), opp. p. [286]
Northeastern border, topographic and structural section (diagr.), [241]
Occobamba Valley, [79]
Ocean currents of adjacent waters, [121-122] (map), [123]
Ollantaytambo, [70], [73], [75], [250], [271];
terraced valley floor (ill.), opp. p. [56]
d’Orbigny, [322]
Oruro, [93]
Pabellon, [80], [82], opp. p. [150]
Pacasmayo, Carboniferous land plants, [245]
Pachitea, [37], [38]
Pacific Ocean basin, [248]
Paleozoic strata (ill.), opp. p. [198]
Palma carmona, [29]
Palmer, H. S., [250]
Paltaybamba, opp. p. [74]
Pampacolca, [109]
Pampaconas, [69], [211], [213], [215];
rounded slopes near Vilcabamba (ill.), opp. p. [72];
Carboniferous, [244];
fossils, [322];
snow action, [291]
Pampaconas River, [316]
Pampas, [114], [198];
climate data, [134-136]
Pampas, river, [189]
Panta, mt., [214];
view, with glacier system (ill.), opp. p. [287]
Pará rubber, [32]
Pasaje, [51], [57], [59], [60], [236], [238], [240], [241], [243];
Carboniferous, [244];
crossing the Apurimac (ills.), opp. p. [91]
Paschinger, [274]
Pastures, [141], [187];
Alpine (ill.), opp. p. [58]
Paucartambo, [42], [77]
Paucartambo River. See Yavero River
Payta, [225]
Penck, A., [205]
Peonage, [25], [27], [28]
Pereira, Señor, [10], [18]
Perene, [155]
Physiographic and geologic development, [233-273]
Physiographic evidence, value, [193-195]
Physiographic principles, [217]
Physiography, [183-186];
Southern Peru, summary, [197-198]
Pichu-Pichu, [284]
Piedmont accumulations, [260]
Pilcopata, [36]
Piñi-piñi, [36]
Pisco, [130];
Carboniferous land plants, [247]
Piura, [119]
Piura River, depth diagram, [119], [120]
Piura Valley, [48]
Place names, key to, [324]
Plantations, [86];
see also Haciendas
Planter, coastal, [6]
Planters, valley, [3], [75], [76]
Plateau Indians, [40-41], [44-45], [100], [106-109]
Plateaus, [196-197]
Pleistocene deposits, [267-273]
Pomareni, [19]
Pongo de Mainique, [8], [9], [11], [15-20], [40], [71], [179], [239], [241], [242], [273];
canoe in rapid above (ill.), opp. p. [11];
Carboniferous, [244];
dugout in rapids below (ill.), opp. p. [2];
fossils, [322];
temperature curve (diagr.), [178];
upper entrance (ill.), opp. p. [10];
vegetation, clearing, and rubber station (ill.), opp. p. [2]
Poopó, [195]
Potato field (ill.), opp p. [67]
Potatoes, [57], [59], [62]
Potosí, [249]
Precipitation. See Rain
Profiles, composition of slopes and profiles (diagr.), [191]
Pucamoco, [78]
Pucapacures, [42]
Puerto Mainique, [29], [30]
Punas, [6], [197]
Puquiura, [67], [87], [211], [216], [236], [238], [239], [243], [277];
Carboniferous, [244];
composition of slopes (ill.), opp. p. [198]
Puqura, [250]
Quebradas,

[145], [155]
Quechuas, [44], [45], [77], [83]
Quenigo, [285]
Quilca, [105], [117], [226], [266]
Quillabamba, opp. p. [74]
Quillagua, [260]
Railroads, [74], [75], [76], [93], [101-102], [149];
Bolivia, [93];
Cuzco to Santa Ana, [69-70]
Raimondi, [77], [78], [109], [110], [135], [155], [170], [316]
Rain, [115], [119], [120], [122], [124-125];
coast region seasonal variation, [131-137];
eastern border of Andes, belts (diagrs.), [148];
effect of heavy, [138-140];
effect of sea-breeze, [131-132];
heaviest, [147-148];
Morococha (with diagrs.), [173-176];
periodic variations, [137];
Santa Lucia (with diagrs.), [164-166];
unequal distribution in western Peru, [145-147]
Regional diagrams, [50];
index map, [23];
note on, [51]
Regions of Peru, [1], [7]
Reiss, [205], [208]
Revolutions, geographic basis, [88-109]
Rhone glacier, [205]
Rice, [76]
Robledo, L. M., [9], [30], opp. p. [78]
Rock belts, outline sketch along 73d meridian, [235]
Rocks, Maritime Cordillera, pampas and Coast Range structural relations (sketch section), [254];
Maritime Cordillera, western border (geologic section), [257];
Moquegua, structural relations (diagr.), [255];
Urubamba Valley, succession (diagr.), [249]
Rosalina, [8], [9], [10], [11], [37], [42], [71], [73], [80], [82], [153], [237]
Rubber, [18];
price, [32], [33]
Rubber forests, [22-35]
Rubber gatherers, Italian, [18], [81]
Rubber plant (ill.), opp. p. [75]
Rubber trees, [152]
Rueda, José, [78]
Rug weaver (ill.), opp. p. [68]
Rumbold, W. R., [321]
Russell, I. C., [205]
Ruwenzori, [206], [274]
Sacramento, Pampa del, [37]
Sahuayaco, [77], [78], [80], [83], [179];
forests (ills.), opp. p. [90];
temperature curve (diagr.), [178]
Salamanca, [54], [56], [105], [106], [180], [181];
forest, [285];
temperature curve (diagr.), [180];
terraced hill slopes (ill.), opp. p. [58];
view (ill.), opp. p. [107]
Salaverry, [119]
Salcantay, [64], [72], opp. p. [3] (ill.)
San Geronimo, [276]
Sand. See Dunes
“Sandy matico” (ill.), opp. p. [90]
San Gabriel, Hacienda, [316]
Santa Ana, [69], [72], [78], [79], [80], [82], [93], [153], [179], [237];
clouds (ill.), opp. p. [180];
temperature curve (diagr.), [178]
Santa Ana Valley, [10], [82]
Santa Lucia, temperature ranges (diagrs.), insert opp. p. [162];
unusual weather conditions, [169-170];
weather data (with diagrs.), [161-171]
Santo Anato, [40], [42], [82], [179];
temperature curve (diagr.), [178]
Schists and Silurian slates, [236-241]
Schrund. See Bergschrunds
Schrundline, [300-305]
Schuchert, Chas., [321]
Sea and land. See Land and sea
Sea-breeze, [129-132]
Shepherd, highland, [4]
Shepherds, country of, [46-67]
Shirineiri, [36], [38]
Sierra Nevada, [305]
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, [205]
Sievers, W., [143], [176], [205], [263]
Sihuas, Pampa de, [114], [198]
Sillilica, Cordillera, [190], [260]
Sillilica Pass, [275]
Silurian fossils, [321]
Silurian slates, [236-241]
Sintulini rapids, [19]
Sirialo, [8], [15]
Slave raiders, [14]
Slavery, [24], [25]
Slopes, composition at Puquiura (ill.), opp. p. [198];
composition of slopes and profiles (diagr.), [191];
smooth grassy (ill.), opp. p. [79];
see also Mature slopes
Smallpox, [14], [38]
Snow, [212];
drifting, [278];
fields on summit of Cordillera Vilcapampa (ill.), opp. p. [268]
Snow erosion. See Nivation
Snow motion, curve of (diagr.), [293];
law of variation, [291]
Snowline, [52], [53], [66], [122], [148], [203], [205-206], [274-285];
canting (with diagr.), [279];
determination, [282];
difference in degree of canting (diagr.), [281];
glacial period, [282];
view of canted, Cordillera Vilcapampa (ill.), opp. p. [280]
Snowstorm, [170]
Soiroccocha, [64], [72], [214];
view (ill.), opp. p. [154]
Solimana, [4], [202], [317];
glaciation, [307]
Soray, [64]
Sotospampa, [243]
South Pacific Ocean, [125]
Spanish Conquest, [62], [63], [77]
Spruce (botanist), [153]
Steinmann, [249], [276]
Streams, Coast Range, [145-147];
physiography, [192];
see also Water
Structure. See Rocks
Stübel, [209]
Sucre, [93]
Sugar, [73], [74], [75], [76], [82-83], [92]
Sullana, [119]
Survey methods employed in topographic sheets, [315]
Tablazo de Ica, [198]
Tarai. See Urubamba Valley
Tarapacá, Desert of, [260]
Tarapoto, [153]
Taurisma, [317];
geologic sketch map and cross-section, [248]
Taylor, Capt. A., [126], [128]
Temperature, Abancay curve (diagr.), opp. p. [180];
Callao (with diagr.), [126-129];
Cochabamba, [176-178];
Cochabamba (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. [178];
curves at various points along 73d meridian, [178-181];
La Joya curves (diagr.), [134];
Mollendo curves (diagr.), [134];
Morococha, [171-173];
Morococha (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. [172];
progressive lowering of saturation, in a desert (diagr.), [127];
Santa Lucia, [161-164];
Santa Lucia (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. [162]
Tempests, [169-170]
Terraces, coastal, [225-232];
physical history and physiographic development (with diagrs.), [228-230];
profile at Mollendo (diagr.), [227]
Terraces, hill slopes (ill.), opp. p. [58]
Terraces, marine (ill.), opp. p. [226]
Terraces, valley (ills.), opp. p. [56], opp. p. [57], opp. p. [66];
Huaynacotas (ill.), opp. p. [199]
Terral, [130]
Tertiary deposits, [249], [251-267];
coastal, [253]
Ticumpinea, [36], [38], [251]
Tierra blanca, [254], [266]
Timber line, [69], [71], [79], [148]
Timpia, [36], [38], [252];
canoe at mouth (ill.), opp. p. [19]
Titicaca, [161], [176], [195], [321]
Titicaca basin, [107]
Titicaca-Poopó basin, [251]
Tocate. See Abra Tocate
Tola bush (ill.), opp. p. [6]
Tono, [36]
Topographic and climatic cross-section (diagr.), opp. p. [144]
Topographic and structural section of northeastern border of Andes (diagr.), [241]
Topographic map of the Andes between Abancay and the Pacific Coast at Camaná, insert opp. p. [312]
Topographic profiles across typical valleys (diagrs.), [189]
Topographic regions, [121-122];
map, [123]
Topographic sheets, survey method employed, [315];
list of, with page references, xi
Topographical outfit, [315]
Torontoy, [10], [70], [71], [72], [82], [158], [220]
Torontoy Canyon, [272], opp. p. [3] (ill.);
cliff (ill.), opp. p. [10]
Trail (mountain-side) (ill.), opp. p. [78]
Transportation, [73-74], [93], [152];
rains and, [142]
Trees, [150];
see also Forests
Tucapelle (ship), [117]
Tucker, H. L., ix
Tumbez, [119]
Tunari peaks, [276]
Ucayali, [42], [44]
Uplift, recent, [190]
Upper Carboniferous fossils, [322]
Urubamba, [1], [41], [42], [62], [187];
village, [70], [73]
Urubamba River, [72];
fossils, [322];
physiographic observations, [252-253];
rapids and canyons, [8-21];
shelter hut (ill.), opp. p. [11]
Urubamba Valley, [72], [153], [238];
alluvial fans, [270];
alluvial fill, [272-273];
below Paltaybamba (ill.), opp. p. [74];
canyon walls (ill.), opp. p. [218];
dissected alluvial fans (sketch), [271];
floor from Tarai (ill.), opp. p. [70];
from ice to sugar cane (ill.), opp. p. [3];
geologic sketch map of the lower, [237];
line of unconformity of geologic structure (ill.), opp. p. [250];
rocks, [250];
rocks, succession (diagr.), [249];
sketch map, [9];
slopes and alluvial deposits between Ollantaytambo and Torontoy (ill.), opp. p. [269];
temperature curves (diagrs.), [178-179];
terraced valley slopes and floor (ill.), opp. p. [66];
vegetation, distribution (ill.), opp. p. [79];
view below Santa Ana (ill.), opp. p. [155];
wheat and bread, [71]
Valdivia, Señor, [161]
Vallenar, [49]
Valley climates in canyoned region (diagr.), [59]
Valley planters. See Planters
Valley profiles, abnormal, [305-313]
Valleys, eastern;
see Border valleys of the Eastern Andes;
see also Dry valleys, Inter-Andean valleys;
topographic profiles across, typical in Southern Peru (diagrs.), [189]
Vegetation, [141];
belts (map), [123];
distribution in Urubamba Valley (ill.), opp. p. [79];
shrubbery, mixed with grass (ill.), opp. p. [154];
Tocate pass (ill.), opp. p. [19];
see also Forests
Vicuña, [54]
Vilcabamba, [66];
rounded slopes (ill.), opp. p. [72]
Vilcabamba pueblo, [211], [277], [296]
Vilcabamba Valley, [189]
Vilcanota knot, [276]
Vilcanota Valley, alluvial fill, [272]
Vilcapampa, Cordillera, [15], [16], [22], [51], [53], [64], [66], [67], [197], [204-224], [233];
batholith and topographic effects, [215-224];
canted snowline (ill.), opp. p. [280];
climatic barrier, [73];
composite geologic section (diagr.), [215];
glacial features, [204-214];
glaciers, [304];
highest pass, crossing (ill.), opp. p. [7];
regional diagram, [65];
regional diagram of the eastern aspect, [68];
schrundline, [302];
snow movement, [287-289];
snow fields on summit (ill.), opp. p. [268];
snow peaks (ill.), opp. p. [72];
snowline, [277], [279];
southwestern aspect (ill.), opp. p. [205];
summit view (ill.), opp. p. [205]
Vilcapampa Province, [77]
Vilcapampa Valley, bowldery fill, [269]
Vilque, [176]
Violle, [309]
Virazon, [130]
Vitor, Pampa de, [114], [318]
Vitor River, [92], [117], [226], [266], [267]
Volcanic country, [199]
Volcanic flows, geologic sketch, [244]
Volcanoes, glacial erosion, [311];
post-glacial, [306-307];
recessed southern slopes (ill.), opp. p. [287];
snowline, [281];
typical form, [310];
views (ills.), opp. p. [204]
Von Boeck, [176]
Vulcanism, [199];
see also Volcanoes
Ward, R. De C., [126], [143]
Water, [59], [60], [116], [139];
projected canal from Atlantic to Pacific slope of the
Maritime Cordillera (diagr.), [118];
streams of coastal desert, intermittent and perennial, diagrams of depth, [119]
Water skippers, [17]
Watkins, Mr., [317], [318]
Weather. See Meteorological records
Western Andes, [199-203]
Whymper, [205]
Wind belts, [122];
map, [123]
Wind roses, Callao (diagrs.), [128];
Caraveli (diagrs.), [136];
Iquique (diagrs.), [131];
La Joya (diagrs.), [135];
Machu Picchu (diagrs.), [159];
Mollendo (diagrs.), [129];
Santa Lucia (diagrs.), [167];
summer and winter of 1911-1913 (diagrs.), [130]
Winds, [114], [116];
directions at Machu Picchu, [158-159];
geologic action, [262-267];
prevailing, [125];
Santa Lucia (with diagrs.), [166-168];
trade, [122], [124];
sea-breeze, [129-132]
Wine, [116], [117]
Wolf, [205]
Yanahuara pass, [170]
Yanatili, [41], [42], [44];
slopes at junction with Urubamba River (ill.), opp. p. [79]
Yareta (ill.), opp. p. [6]
Yavero, [30], [31], [36], [38], [42], [179];
temperature curve (diagr.), [178]
Yavero (Paucartambo) River, rubber station (ill.), opp. p. [24]
Yuca, growing (ill.), opp. p. [75]
Yunguyo, [176]
Yuyato, [36], [38]