FOOTNOTES:
[1] For all locations mentioned see maps accompanying the text or Appendix C.
[2] The Cashibos of the Pachitea are the tribe for whom the Piros besought Herndon to produce “some great and infectious disease” which could be carried up the river and let loose amongst them (Herndon, Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, Washington. 1854, Vol. 1, p. 196). This would-be artfulness suggests itself as something of a match against the cunning of the Cashibos whom rumor reports to imitate the sounds of the forest animals with such skill as to betray into their hands the hunters of other tribes (see von Tschudi, Travels in Peru During the Years 1838-1842, translated from the German by Thomasina Ross, New York, 1849, p. 404).
[3] The early chronicles contain several references to Antisuyu and the Antis. Garcilaso de la Vega’s description of the Inca conquests in Antisuyu are well known (Royal Commentaries of the Yncas, Book 4, Chapters 16 and 17, Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 1st Ser., No. 41, 1869 and Book 7, Chapters 13 and 14, No. 45, 1871). Salcamayhua who also chronicles these conquests relates a legend concerning the tribute payers of the eastern valleys. On one occasion, he says, three hundred Antis came laden with gold from Opatari. Their arrival at Cuzco was coincident with a killing frost that ruined all the crops of the basin whence the three hundred fortunates were ordered with their gold to the top of the high hill of Pachatucsa (Pachatusun) and there buried with it (An Account of the Antiquities of Peru, Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 1st Ser., No. 48, 1873).
[4] Notice of a Journey to the Northward and also to the Northeastward of Cuzco. Royal Geog. Soc. Journ., Vol. 6, 1836, pp. 174-186.
[5] Walle states (Le Pérou Economique, Paris, 1907, p. 297) that the Conibos, a tribe of the Ucayali, make annual correrias or raids during the months of July, August, and September, that is during the season of low water. Over seven hundred canoes are said to participate and the captives secured are sold to rubber exploiters, who, indeed, frequently aid in the organization of the raids.
[6] Distances are not taken from the map but from the trail.
[7] Compare with Raimondi’s description of Quiches on the left bank of the Marañon at an elevation of 9,885 feet (3,013 m.): “the few small springs scarcely suffice for the little patches of alfalfa and other sowings have to depend on the precarious rains.... Every drop of water is carefully guarded and from each spring a series of well-like basins descending in staircase fashion make the most of the scant supply.” (El Departamento de Ancachs, Lima, 1873.)
[8] Daily Cons. and Trade Report, June 10, 1914, No. 135, and Commerce Reports, March 20, 1916, No. 66.
[9] Reference to the figures in this chapter will show great variation in the level of the timber line depending upon insolation as controlled by slope exposure and upon moisture directly as controlled largely by exposure to winds. In some places these controls counteract each other; in other places they promote each other’s effects. The topographic and climatic cross-sections and regional diagrams elsewhere in this book also emphasize the patchiness of much of the woodland and scrub, some noteworthy examples occurring in the chapter on the Eastern Andes. Two of the most remarkable cases are the patch of woodland at 14,500 feet (4,420 m.) just under the hanging glacier of Soiroccocha, and the other the quenigo scrub on the lava plateau above Chuquibamba at 13,000 feet (3,960 m.). The strong compression of climatic zones in the Urubamba Valley below Santa Ana brings into sharp contrast the grassy ridge slopes facing the sun and the forested slopes that have a high proportion of shade. [54] represents the general distribution but the details are far more complicated. See also Figs. 53A and 53B. (See Coropuna Quadrangle.)