The Chemical Elements, their Symbols, Equivalents, and Specific Gravities.
| Name. | Symbol. | Atomic Weight. | Specific Gravity. |
|---|
| Aluminium | Al | 27·5 | 2·56 |
| Antimony | Sb | 122·0 | 6·70 |
| Arsenic | As | 75·0 | 5·7 |
| Barium | Ba | 137·0 | 4·00 |
| Bismuth | Bi | 210·0 | 9·7 |
| Boron | B | 11·0 | 2·63 |
| Bromine | Br | 80·0 | 5·54 |
| Cadmium | Cd | 112·0 | 8·60 |
| Caesium | Cs | 133·0 | 1·88 |
| Calcium | Ca | 40·0 | 1·58 |
| Carbon | C | 12·0 | 3·50 |
| Cerium | Ce | 92·0 | 6·68 |
| Chlorine | Cl | 35·5 | 2·45 |
| Chromium | Cr | 52·5 | 6·81 |
| Cobalt | Co | 58·8 | 7·7 |
| Columbium | Cb | 184·8 | 6·00 |
| Copper | Cu | 63·5 | 8·96 |
| Didymium | Di | 96·0 | 6·54 |
| Erbium | E | 112·6 | — |
| Fluorine | F | 19·0 | 1·32 |
| Gallium | Ga | 69·9 | 5·9 |
| Glucinum | Gl | 9·5 | 2·1 |
| Gold (Aurum) | Au | 196·7 | 19·3 |
| Hydrogen | H | 1·0 | 0·069 |
| Indium | In | 113·4 | 7·4 |
| Iodine | I | 127·0 | 4·94 |
| Iridium | Ir | 198·0 | 21·15 |
| Iron (Ferrum) | Fe | 56·0 | 7·79 |
| Lanthanum | La | 90·2 | 11·37 |
| Lead (Plumbum) | Pb | 207·0 | 11·44 |
| Lithium | Li | 7·0 | 0·59 |
| Magnesium | Mg | 24·0 | 1·75 |
| Manganese | Mn | 55·0 | 8·01 |
| Mercury (Hydrargyrum) | Hg | 200·0 | 13·59 |
| Molybdenum | Mb | 96·0 | 8·60 |
| Nickel | Ni | 58·8 | 8·60 |
| Niobium | Nb | 94·0 | 6·27 |
| Nitrogen | N | 14·0 | 0·972 |
| Osmium | Os | 199·0 | 21·40 |
| Oxygen | O | 16·0 | 1·105 |
| Palladium | Pd | 106·5 | 11·60 |
| Phosphorus | P | 31·0 | 1·83 |
| Platinum | Pt | 197·4 | 21·53 |
| Potassium (Kalium) | K | 39·0 | 0·865 |
| Rhodium | Rh | 104·3 | 12·1 |
| Rubidium | Rb | 85·4 | 1·52 |
| Ruthenium | Ru | 104·4 | 11·4 |
| Selenium | Se | 79·5 | 4·78 |
| Silicon | Si | 28·0 | 2·49 |
| Silver (Argentum) | Ag | 108·0 | 10·5 |
| Sodium (Natrium) | Na | 23·0 | 0·972 |
| Strontium | Sr | 87·6 | 2·54 |
| Sulphur | S | 32·0 | 2·05 |
| Tantalium | Ta | 182·0 | 10·78 |
| Tellurium | Te | 129·0 | 6·02 |
| Thallium | Tl | 204·0 | 11·91 |
| Thorium | Th | 115·7 | 7·8 |
| Tin (Stannum) | Sn | 118·0 | 7·28 |
| Titanium | Ti | 50·0 | 4·3 |
| Tungsten (Wolfram) | W | 184·0 | 7·5 |
| Uranium | U | 120·0 | 18·4 |
| Vanadium | V | 51·3 | 5·50 |
| Yttrium | Y | 61·7 | — |
| Zinc | Zn | 65·0 | 7·14 |
| Zirconium | Zr | 89·5 | 4·15 |
The figures indicating the proportions by weight in which the elements unite with one another are called the combining or atomic weights, because they represent the relative weights of the atoms of the different elements. Since hydrogen is the lightest element, it is taken as the standard, and its combining or atomic weight = 1.
To find the proportional parts by weight of the elements of any substance whose chemical formula is known:
Rule.—Multiply together the equivalent and the exponent of each element of the compound; the product will be the proportion by weight of that element in the substance.
Example:—Find the proportional weights of the elements of Alcohol C₂H₆O.
| Carbon C₂ | = | equivalent | 12 | × | exponent | 2 | = | 24 |
| Hydrogen H₆ | = | ” | 1 | × | ” | 6 | = | 6 |
| Oxygen O | = | ” | 16 | × | ” | 1 | = | 16 |
Of every 46 lb. of Alcohol, 6 lb. will be H; 16, O; 24, C.
To find the proportions by volume, divide by the specific gravity.