Common Names of Chemical Substances.
| Common Names. | Chemical Names. |
| Aqua fortis | Nitric acid. |
| Aqua regia | Nitro-hydrochloric acid. |
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| Blue vitriol | Sulphate of copper. |
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| Cream of tartar | Bi-tartrate of potassium. |
| Calomel | Chloride of mercury. |
| Chalk | Carbonate of calcium. |
| Caustic potash | Hydrate of potassium |
| Chloroform | Chloride of formyl. |
| Common salt | Chloride of sodium. |
| Copperas, or green vitriol | Sulphate of iron. |
| Corrosive sublimate | Bi-chloride of mercury. |
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| Dry alum | Sulphate of aluminium and potassium. |
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| Epsom salts | Sulphate of magnesium. |
| Ethiops mineral | Black sulphide of mercury. |
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| Galena | Sulphide of lead. |
| Glauber’s salt | Sulphate of sodium. |
| Glucose | Grape sugar. |
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| Iron pyrites | Bi-sulphide of iron. |
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| Jeweller’s putty | Oxide of tin. |
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| King’s yellow | Sulphide of arsenic. |
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| Laughing gas | Protoxide of nitrogen. |
| Lime | Oxide of calcium. |
| Lunar caustic | Nitrate of silver. |
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| Mosaic gold | Bi-sulphide of tin. |
| Muriate of lime | Chloride of calcium. |
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| Nitre, or saltpetre | Nitrate of potash. |
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| Oil of vitriol | Sulphuric acid. |
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| Potash | Oxide of potassium. |
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| Realgar | Sulphide of arsenic. |
| Red lead | Oxide of lead. |
| Rust of iron | Oxide of iron. |
| | |
| Sal ammoniac | Chloride of ammonia. |
| Salt of tartar | Carbonate of potassium. |
| Slacked lime | Hydrate of calcium. |
| Soda | Oxide of sodium. |
| Spirits of hartshorn | Ammonia. |
| Spirits of salt | Hydrochloric acid. |
| Stucco, or plaster of Paris | Sulphate of lime. |
| Sugar of lead | Acetate of lead. |
| | |
| Verdigris | Basic acetate of copper. |
| Vermilion | Sulphide of mercury. |
| Vinegar | Acetic acid (diluted). |
| Volatile alkali | Ammonia. |
| | |
| Water | Oxide of hydrogen. |
| White precipitate | Ammoniated mercury. |
| White vitriol | Sulphate of zinc. |
Thermometer.
The following are the formulæ for the conversion of degrees of one scale to those of another:—
| Centigrade° × 9 + 32 = Fahr.° | | Fahr.° - 32 × 4 = Réaumur°. |
| 5 | | 9 |
| Réaumur° × 9 + 32 = Fahr.° | | Centigrade° × 4 = Réaumur°. |
| 4 | | 5 |
| Fahr.° - 32 × 5 = Cent.° | | Réaumur° × 5 = Centigrade°. |
| 9 | | 4 |
Freezing, Fusing, and Boiling Points.
| Substances. | Réaumur. | | Centigrade. | | Fahrenheit. |
| Bromine freezes at | -17·6° | = | -22° | = | -7·6° |
| Oil, Anise ” ” | 8 | = | 10 | = | 50 |
| Oil, Olive ” ” | 8 | = | 10 | = | 50 |
| Oil, Rose ” ” | 12 | = | 15 | = | 60 |
| Quicksilver ” ” | -31·5 | = | -39·4 | = | -39° |
| Water ” ” | 0 | = | 0 | = | 32° |
| Bismuth metal fuses at | 211 | = | 264 | = | 507° |
| Copper ” ” | 963 | = | 1204 | = | 2200 |
| Gold ” ” | 963 | = | 1204 | = | 2200 |
| Iodine ” ” | 95·6 | = | 107° | = | 224·6° |
| Iron ” ” | 1230 | = | 1538 | = | 2800 |
| Lead ” ” | 260 | = | 325 | = | 617 |
| Potassium ” ” | 50° | = | 62·5° | = | 144·5° |
| Silver ” ” | 530 | = | 537·70 | = | 1000 |
| Sodium ” ” | 76·5° | = | 95·6 | = | 204° |
| Steel melts at a lower | | | | | |
| temperature than malleable | | | | | |
| iron | - | | - | | - |
| Sulphur fuses at | 54 | = | 120 | = | 248° |
| Tin ” ” | 189·6° | = | 237 | = | 459° |
| Zinc ” ” | 329·6° | = | 412 | = | 773° |
| Alcohol boils at | 59·5° | = | 74·4 | = | 173·1 |
| Bromine ” ” | 46·4 | = | 58 | = | 136 |
| Ether ” ” | 28·4 | = | 35·5 | = | 96 |
| Iodine ” ” | 140 | = | 175 | = | 347 |
| Quicksilver ” ” | 288 | = | 360 | = | 680 |
| Water ” ” | 80 | = | 100 | = | 212 |
Heat Values of Fuels.