The Grandeur That Was Rome: a survey of Roman culture and civilisation

by J. C. Stobart

[187]
Hasdrubal, [50], [52]
Head, Barclay, on Roman coins, [154]
Heating of houses, [280]
Heliopolis. See Ba’albek
“Helladarch,” [202]
Hellenism, [10], [72], [74]
Helvetians, the, [94], [111]
Heraclea, [46]
Herculaneum, [297]
Hercules, the Farnese, [156]
Hercules, Temple of, [250]
Hermann. See Arminius
Hermodorus, [153]
Herod Antipas, [206]
Herod the Great, [184], [198], [205], [206]
Herodes Atticus, [284]
Hesiod, [234]
Hexameter, the Latin, [78], [232]
Hiberi, [307]
Hiero of Syracuse, [23], [51], [61]
Hildesheim, [249]
Hippocrates, [290]
Hirpinus, [280]
Hispania Bætica, [193]
Hispania. See Spain
Historians, [138], [150], [305]
Historical reliefs (sculpture), [248]
History, the arts and politics in, [231]
History, early Roman, worthlessness of, [24],
Tacitus and Roman history, [253], [289],
lack of interest, [288]
Holland, North, [216]
Holy of Holies, [207]
Homer’s Odyssey translated, [74]
Honoria, [314]
Horace quoted on the past of Rome, [7];
Latinity of, [9],
on Hannibal, [52];
his health, [136],
on the Portus Julius, [187];
and the Parthians, [197], [199],
and Arabia Felix, [204];
on the conquest of Britain, [209],
educated in Greece, [237],
and Cæsarism, [237];
Satires, [237],
lyrical odes, [237];
drama, [238],
Odes, [238];
Century Hymn, [238],
Secular Games, [238],
celebrates Augustus, [239],
pictures the life of Rome, [239];
losses in the Civil War, [243],
and satire, [289]
Horatii, [24]
Horatius and the saving of Rome, [19], [33]
Hortensius, [138]
Houses, [134], [135], [152], [296]
Humanitarianism, [303]
Huns, the, [214], [314]
Iceni, the, [260]
Ictinus, [295]
Idealism in Greek art, [158]
Ides of March, [36], [126]
Idistavisus, [219], [263]
Illyria, [48]
Illyrian War, [166],
revolt, [217]
Illyricum, [193], [312]
Imagines, [156], [158]
Immortality, [303]
Imperator, [183]
Imperial administration centralised, [278],
junior colleagues to Cæsar, [276],
imperial succession, [306]
Imperium, [31]
India, trade with, [204],
Greek art, [247]
Informers. See “Delation”
Inquisitions, [301]
Inscriptions from Pompeii, [285]
International law, [298]
Intrigue, [224], [229]
Ionic columns, [154]
Ireland, [261]
“Irene,” [169]
Irish, Gallic Celts and the, compared, [115]
Isis, [39], [139], [203];
priests of, [282]
Isthmian games, [55]
Italian “allies” and the franchise, [102]
Italians, citizen rights for, [88-89]
Italian, the modern, and the ancient Roman compared, [13]
Italy, divisions of, [12],
invasions, [15],
Civil War, [106],
under Augustus, [196];
colonies in, [196],
a province, [278], [312];
and the barbarians, [314]
Ivories, Byzantine, [316]
James, Wm., on war, [54]
Janus, [38], [154], [166]
Jerome and Lucretius, [142]
Jerusalem, Cæsar and, [123],
under Augustus and the Herods, [205], [206], [207],
destruction of, [268]
Jesus Christ, [205], [206]
Jewellery, [297]
Jewish law, [207];
religion, [207]
Jews in the Roman provinces, [200], [208],
under Augustus, [205-207],
under the Empire, [267-269]
See also Judæa
John, St., and Philo, [300]
Johnson, Dr., and Latin, [8]
Juba, King, [122], [123], [208]
Judæa, province, [194],
under Augustus, [205-207];
government and conquest, [267], [268]
Judaism, [300]
Jugurtha, [84], [91-93]
Julia (daughter of Augustus), [175], [227], [228], [229], [230]
Julia (the younger), Ovid and, [241], [242]
Julian Alps, [220]
Julian laws, [226]
Julianus, Salvius, [299]
Julii, the, [72]
Julius Nicanor, [201]
Juno, [39]
Jupiter, [38], [39], [79], [139], [240], [307]
Jupiter Capitolinus, Temple of, [152], [153], [269], [282]
Jupiter, Temple of, in Mount Zion, [269]
Jurisprudentes, [298]
Jus fetiale, [298];
jus gentium, [298],
jus naturæ, [298]
Justice, [270], [272]
Justinian, [299], [315]
Juvenal and emperors, [11], [138], [163], [242], [278],
Latin of, [287];
and satire, [289];
and ethics, [303]
Kent, [150]
King, the, [41]
Kingship, early, [19]
Knuckle-bones, [229]
Labienus, [121], [123]
Labour, free, and slavery, [71]
Lacedæmon, [201]
Lacerna, [280]
Lacinian Promontory, the, [45]
Laconia, Northern, [201]
Lahn, river, [264]
Lampridius, [305]
Land as property, [34],
land speculation, [67], [131],
neglect of the, [85],
Tiberius Gracchus and, [87],
Gaius Gracchus and, [88],
Marius and, [95],
Licinian land law, [86],
land-tax in Gaul, [190],
land system of Gaul, [211]
Langobardi See Lombards
Lares, [37]
Latin, use of, [9],
culture, [9],
eclipse of Latin studies, [9]
Latin festival, [38]
Latin League, the, [25], [26], [27]
Latin period, the (literature), [146]
“Latin right,” [299]
Latin and Teutonic races, contest between, [213]
Latinism, [8]
Latium, Plain of, [25]
Law, Roman devotion to, [33],
early Roman, [41-43],
in Gaul, [211],
Julian laws, [225-226],
under the Empire, [297-299],
a legacy to the world, [315]
Legates, [193]
Legion, composition of a, [98], [172]
Legionaries, the, [98]
Legiones (Leon), [221]
Lemures, [37]
Leon, [221]
Lepidus, [128], [163]
Lesbia, [143]
Levies for army, [97]
Lex, the, [179]
Lex Claudia, [67]
Liberty, love of, [33],
religious, [270]
Libraries, [168], [243], [283]
Licinian laws, [86]
Licinius (tax-gatherer in Gaul), [191], [212]
Licinius Macer (annalist), [150]
Lictors, [30], [282]
Ligurian cavalry, [98]
Lilybæum, [46]
Limes Trans-Rhenanus, [264],
Rhætian, [264]
Linz, [264]
Lippe, [216]
Literature, early Roman, [34],
beginnings of, [75];
of the Republic, [142-151],
in Rome under Augustus, [231],
patrons, [232],
the State and, [241], [243],
golden age of (“Augustan”), [242],
popularity of, under the Empire, [286],
and tyranny, [287],
its eclipse, [287],
freedom of, [289],
lack of originality, [291]
Livia Drusilla, [227], [228]
Livia, house of, [296]
Livii, the, [72]
Livius Andronicus, [74]
Livy and the foundation of Rome, [17],
and political equality, [30];
as historian, [150], [151],
freedom accorded to, [232];
and Tacitus compared, [289]
Loans, [131]
Local government in Roman provinces, [61]
Logos, the Divine, [300]
Lombards, [213], [217]
London (Londinium), [260], [282]
London, modern, Roman architecture in, [251]
Longinus, [94]
Lorch, [264]
Lucan, Latinity of, [9],
and Spain, [220], [290],
and republicanism, [242], [273],
the Pharsalia, [288]
Lucca, conference at, [119]
Lucceius, [145]
Lucian, [290]
Lucilius, [237]
Lucius, [228]
Lucretia, [33]
Lucretius and Epicurean philosophy, [139],
quoted, [140], [141],
as poet, [141], [142], [243],
a free poet, [232],
Vergil’s use of, [236]
Lucrine Lake, [186]
Lucullus, [153]
Lucullus, gardens of, [255]
Ludians, [307]
Lugdunensis, [210]
Lugdunum (Lyons), [210], [211], [262], [282]
Lupercalia, [125]
Lusitania, [221]
Lutetia, [211]
Luxury, [72], [134], [136]
Lycaonia, [193]
Lycia, [194]
Lyons See Lugdunum
Lytton, Lord, [279]
Maas, the, [263]
Macedonia, [56], [59], [61], [193], [202], [312]
Macedonian War, Second, [54]
Macedonian War, Third, [65]
Macrobius, [133]
Mæcenas, Octavian’s agent at Rome, [129], [165],
his rank, [181],
a poet, [232],
and literary patronage, [233],
and Vergil, [234],
and Horace, [237], [239]
Magistracy, the, [41], [72],
magistracies, [278]
Magistrates, [30], [32], [62], [179], [181], [190], [311]
Magnesia, [56]
Mainz, [216], [219], [263]
Maison Cairée, [251]
Mamurra, [135]
Manes, [37]
Manilius (tribune), [109]
Maniples, battle formation, [29], [97];
number of men, [98]
Mantua, Vergil and, [233], [234]
Marble, [188]
Marbod, King, [217], [219]
Marcellus, nephew of Augustus, [166];
probable successor to Augustus, [175];
married to Julia, [227];
death, [228],
in Vergil, [235]
Marcellus opposed to Cæsar, [118], [120]
Marcellus, Theatre of, [251], [293]
Marcomanni, [217]
Marcomannia, [309]
Marcus, [164]
Marius, Gaius, and reform, [90],
chosen as officer against Jugurtha, [93];
elected consul, [93],
commands the army in Africa, [93],
re-elected consul, [94],
chief magistrate of the state, [94];
defeats the Teutons and Cimbri, [94],
and the land, [95],
and the senate, [95],
and a professional army, [96],
massacre by, and death, [104],
Cæsar and, [109]
Marius the younger, [105]
Mark Antony. See Antony
Marriage, [80],
marriage laws, [226]
Mars, [36]
Mars, priests of See Salii
Mars the Avenger, [198],
Temple of, [252]
Mars’ woodpeckers, [38]
Marsians, [13], [28]
Martial, [220], [278], [289]
Martyrdoms of Christians, [301]
Masinissa, [57], [208]
Mater Matuta, shrine of, [152], [250]
Materialism and religion, [139]
Mau, Prof., [296]
Mauretania, [194], [208], [269]
Mausoleum, friezes of the, [246]
Maxentius, [302]
Maximin the Thracian, [179], [306]
Media Atropatene, [199]
Medicine, [290]
Mediomatrici, the, [212]
Mediterranean fleet, [186]
Mediterranean, Roman command of the, [56]
Mediterranean worship, prehistoric, [38]
Melville, G. J. W., [279]
Memmius, [92]
Menander, [76]
Mercury, [39]
Merida, [221]
Mesopotamia, [107], [267]
Messalina, [138], [224], [255]
Messalla, M. Valerius, [233], [240]
Messengers, imperial, [196]
Messiah, the, [269]
“Messianic Eclogue,” Vergil’s, [160]
Messina, [47], [209]
Metaphysics, [300]
Metaurtus, River, [52]
Metellus family, [75]
Metellus, Q, [92], [95], [153]
Metellus, Q Cæcilius, [226]
Metz, [212]
Meyer, Dr. Edouard, [171]
Michael Angelo, [244], [251]
Milan, Edict of, [302], [313]
Militarism, [302]
Military despotism, [183]
Military service under Gaius Gracchus, [88],
under the Republic, [96-97],
Roman citizens and, [184],
Italians and, [196],
Jews exempt, [268];
barbarians and, [311]
Milo, [119]
Milvian Bridge, [313]
Minden, [219]
Minerals, [188]
Minerva, [39], [79]

Mines, [117], [131], [221],
in Gaul, [212]
Mint at Lyons, [211]
Misenum, [186]
Mithradates, King of Pontus, [60], [103],
massacre by, [65],
duration of war against, [107],
defeated by Pompeius, [109],
portrait on coin, [158]
Mithradatic War, [103]
Mithraism, [201], [299], [308]
Modena, [163]
Mœsia, [194], [220], [265]
Mogontiacum (Mainz), [263]
Moles Hadriani, [294]
Mommsen, Theodor, on Greece and Rome, [10];
on Roman religion, [40],
on Roman luxury, [72],
on Cæsar, [112],
on the Gauls, [115],
on Augustus, [198]
Monaco, monument to Augustus at, [220]
Monarchy, Cæsar and, [124],
hereditary, [175],
Augustus and the, [183],
growth of, [277]
Money, [313]
Monotheism, [207], [303]
Morality, [79], [136], [138]
Morocco See Mauretania
Mosaics, [158], [247], [296], [316]
Moselle, the, [215]
Mucianus, [274]
Mule and tent money, [190]
Mummius, [155], [247]
Munda, [123]
Municipal government, [284]
Municipal life, [195]
Municipal senators, [311]
Municipia, [28]
Mural painting, [152]
Music in schools, [286]
Musonius Rufus, [302]
Mysia. See Mœsia
Mythology, early Roman, [36], [37], [38].
See also Religion
Nabatæa, [194]
Nævius, [75]
Naples, [134], [251], [296]
Naples, Bay of, [283]
Narbonne, [210]
Narcissus, [256]
Nations, wandering of the, [309]
Natural law, [298]
Nature-worship, [240]
Navy, [48], [186], [187]
Neolithic culture, [14]
Nepos, [150]
Nero,
Suetonius on, [162], [256], [306],
unpopular, [177];
Petronius satirises, [242];
the historians and, [254],
his Golden House, [256],
murders, [256],
attempts upon his mother’s life, [257],
story of his death, [257];
posthumous honours, [259],
and the Jews, [268];
accession, [272],
administration, [272-273],
his fall, [273],
entertainments, [279],
tyranny, [287];
and Seneca, [291],
Greek curio-hunting, [293],
Christian persecution, [301]
Nero, Claudius, [227]
Nero, colossus of, [282]
Nerva, [179], [275], [276], [289]
Nicolaus, [206]
Nicomedia, [312]
Nicopolis, [202]
Nile, the, [204]
Ninth Legion, [122], [260]
Niobe, [241]
Nismes, Temple of, [251]
Nobility, [223], [224]
Nola, [106]
Nomads, Northern, [197]
Noricum, [194], [220]
Northern descents on the Mediterranean peoples, [213]
Numa, [19]
Numantia, [85]
Numidia, [92], [208]
Numidian cavalry, [52], [98]
Nymphs, [37]
Ocean, the, [210], [213], [217]
Octavia, [126], [129], [138], [175], [224], [228], [235]
Octavius, (tribune), [87]
Octavius, Octavian. See Augustus
Odenathus, [307]
Odoacer, [314]
Officialism See Bureaucracy
Oil, free, [308]
Olympia, [201]
Olympian mythology, [207], [240]
Omens, [32], [139]
Opimius, L., [92]
Ops Consiva, [37], [38]
Oratory, [144], [147], [148]
Orestes (sculpture), [249]
Oriens, [312]
Ornament in sculpture, [249],
painted, [297]
Orodes, [200]
Osiris, [203]
Ostia, [12], [27], [255]
Otho, [273]
Ovid, Latinity of, [9];
and Augustus, [169],
and the defeat of Parthia, [199],
and the gods, [225],
an immoral writer, [240];
and the loves of the gods, [240],
and nature-worship, [240];
typical of the civilisation of his day, [241],
as a barrister, [241],
banishment, [242];
and the younger Julia, [242];
his character, [242]
Oysters, Lucrine, [187]
Pacuvius, [76], [138]
Pagan-Christian rites, [304]
Painting (art), [152], [296]
Pais, Prof. Ettore, [42]
Palatine Hill, [25], [280]
Palatine, the, [168]
Palazzo dei Conservatori, [294]
Pales (god), [36]
Palestine, [268]
Palmyra, [282], [295], [306], [307], [308]
Pamphylia, [193]
Pannonia, [193], [220]
Pannonian and Illyrian revolt, [184], [217]
Pantheon, the, [251], [294]
Paphlagonia, [193]
Parilia, [36]
Paris, [211]
Parisii, the, [211]
Parthenon frieze, [249]
Parthia, [247], [266], [267], [269]
Parthians, the, [107], [125], [129], [197-200], [259]
Party system started by the Gracchi, [90]
Pasiteles, [155]
Passports, [196]
“Patavinity,” [151]
Patras, [202]
Patriarchal system, [25], [26]
Patricians, [14], [25], [30], [43], [167], [272], [314]
Patriciate, the, [224]
Patriotism, [231]
Patronage in literature, [232]
Patrons of art, [246], [247]
Patronus, or champion, [176], [195]
Paul, St., [207], [300],
appeal to Cæsar, [194]
Paulinus, Suetonius, [260]
Pausanias, [290]
“Pax,” [166]
Pax Augusta, [209]
Pax Julia (Beja), [221]
Pax Romana, [61], [186]
Peace under Augustus, [166],
Augustan Altar of Peace (“Tellus Group”), [244], [245], [248], [251];
in the Antonine age, [303],
and defence, [309]
Pelignians, [13]
Penates, [37]
Pensions for soldiers, [99], [185]
People, the, [179]
Peræa, [194]
Pergamum, [55],
Attalids of, [246]
Pericles, [157]
Perseus, [56]
Persians, [307]
Perspective in sculpture, [248]
Pertinax, [306]
Perugia, [129], [196]
Perusine War, [227]
Peter, St., [300]
Petronius Arbiter, [138], [242], [278], [279]
Petronius the legate, [205]
Pharisaism, [207]
Pharisees, the, [269]
Pharsalus, Battle of, [121]
Philemon, [76]
Philip of Macedon, [50], [54]
Philip the Arabian, bust of, [292]
Philippi, Battles of, [128]
Philistine coast towns, [205]
Philistinism in Roman art, [246]
Philo Judæus, [290], [300]
Philomela, [241]
Philosophy, [139], [279], [286], [290], [299], [300]
Phœbe, [230]
Phraates, [198], [200]
Phrygian corybants, [139]
Piacenza, [53]
Piazza, [252]
Piety, [235]
Pilate, Pontius, [206]
Pile-dwellings, [14]
Pilum, the, [98]
Piracy, [59], [106], [108]
Pisidia, [193]
Piso C. Calpurnius, [80]
Piso (consul with Augustus), [174]
Placidia, Empress, [315]
Plague, the, [290], [307]
Plantation system of slaves, [71]
Platæa, [201]
Plautius Silvanus, Aulus, [259]
Plautus, [76], [77], [138]
Plebeians, [14], [25], [30], [43]
Plebiscite, the, [174], [179]
Plebs, secession of the, [30]
Pliny (the elder) and Etruscan art, [20],
art critic, [249];
as compiler, [290]
Pliny (the younger), history in, [195], [278],
and the emperors, [242],
condition of Italy, [196],
letters, [270];
benevolence, [283],
and schools, [286],
and reading, [287],
and toleration, [301]
Plutarch, [290]
Poetry of the Republic, [142],
of the Augustan age, [233-243],
of the Empire, [288-289]
Polemo, [200]
Police, [182], [186]
Political system, reform of, and the Gracchi, [89]
Pollio, Asinius, [160], [168], [232], [234]
Polybius, [66], [150]
Polycarp, [300]
Polygnotus, [296]
Pompeian law, [120]
Pompeii, [134], [195], [283], [285], [296], [297]
Pompeius, Gneius, the Great, and new provinces, [60];
and the monarchy, [100],
supporter of Sulla, [105], [108],
ally of Crassus, [108],
ruler of the sea, [109];
puts down piracy, [109],
defeats Mithradates, [109],
and Cæsar, [114], [119];
political incapacity, [118],
sole consul, [119],
flies before Cæsar, [121];
murdered, [122],
and the walls of Jerusalem, [123],
his wealth, [132],
Vergil and, [288]
Pompeius, Sextus, a pirate, [123],
joined by “patriots,” [128],
defeat of, [129],
his allies against Augustus, [164],
and Sicily, [209];
reconciliation with Augustus, [226]
Pomponius Mela, [290]
Pont du Gard, [294]
Pontifex maximus, [32].
See also Cæsar
Pontus, [60], [193], [194], [200], [312]
Poor children, Pliny’s benefaction for, [283]
Pope, the, [315]
Population, decline of, [313]
Populus Romanus, [174], [177], [179]
Pork, free, [308]
Portraiture, Etruscan, [152],
dread of, [156],
under the Republic, [156-157],
under Augustus, [248-250],
under the Empire, [292]
Portugal, [221]
Portus Julius, [187]
Post, [196]
Postumus, [306]
Pottery, Etruscan, [20],
Gallic, [114],
Aretine, [159]
“Præfects, Prætorian,” [312]
Præneste, [251], [296]
Prætor peregrinus, [298]
Prætor urbanus, [298]
Prætorian guard, the, Augustus and, [172],
dominates politics, [175],
commanded by prefects, [182],
its strength, [182], [185],
murder Caligula and choose Claudius, [271],
choose Nero, [272];
and the succession, [273], [306],
Vespasian and, [274],
lawyers as prefects, [309]
Prætonum, [206]
Prætors, [30], [31], [41], [63], [181], [182], [193], [299]
Prasina Factio, [280]
Praxiteles, [155]
Prefects, of the Fleet, [187];
of the City, [182],
of the Guard, [182],
of Egypt, [203], [204]
President of the state, [134]
Press censorship, [163], [289]
Prices, Edict of, [310]
Priests, colleges of, [32],
and the law, [41];
and dining, [133];
High Priests, [201]
Primus, M., [177]
“Princeps,” [171],
origin of the principate, [177],
Augustus and the office, [180]
“Princes,” [124]
“Princes of the Youth,” [181]
Principate, the, [177], [270]
Principes, the, [29]
Priscus, Helvidius, [300]
Prisoners, Roman, as slaves, [197]
Probus, [179], [308]
Proconsuls, [193]
Procurators, [194]
Proletariat, the, [132].
See also Populus Propertius and the Parthians, [199],
and Mæcenas, [233],
as poet, [239-240];
loss of patrimony, [243]
Property-tax, [189],
in Gaul, [190]
Proprætors, [194]
Provence, [210]
Provinces, early, [58];
acquisition and government, [59-65],
local autonomy, [61],
corruption, [64],
self-supporting and profitable, [188],
taxes, [190];
of the Roman world, [193],
under the senate, [193],
Cæsar’s provinces, [193],
lists of provinces, [193-194],
under Diocletian, [312].
See also the names of provinces as Spain, Gaul, Africa
Provincia, [59]
Prudishness, [80]
Ptolemy, alliance with, [47]
“Publican and sinner,” [64]
Publicans (Publicani), [64], [207]
Punic War, First, [48],
Second, [49],

Third, [57]
Pupienus, [306]
Puteoli, [134]
Pyrrhic War, [44]
Pyrrhus, [45], [51]
Quæstors, [66], [133], [188]
Quintilian, [220], [290]
Quintus Curtius, [33]
Quintus Fabius, [51]
[ “Race-suicide,” ][138]
Raphael, [244]
Rates, [196]
Raudine Plain, [94]
Ravenna, [187], [315]
Reading, [287]
Realism in Roman art, [157], [248], [249]
Red Sea, [204]
Regensburg, [264]
Religion, early Roman, [32], [35],
and Greek mythology, [35], [39],
gods, 36 et seq.,
its nature, [39],
business nature of, [40],
becomes cosmopolitan and debased, [79],
State religion under the Republic, [133],
formal and political, [138],
formulæ, [139];
materialism and the State religion, [139];
superstition and rites, [139],
Augustus and, [201],
of Gaul, [211],
and art, [248],
and architecture, [251],
Claudius and, [272],
in schools, [286],
and international law, [298],
under the Empire, [299],
Christianity, [299]
Religions, conflict of, [299]
Religious liberty under Trajan, [301]
Remi, the, [212]
Renaissance, Roman art and the, [244], [251]
Republic, the, causes for its end, [100]
Republican civilisation, later, [130]
Republican constitution, [31]
Republicanism, Diocletian and, [311]
Revenue, public, [192]
Rex, [125]
Rhætia, [194], [220]
Rhætian limes, [264]
Rheims, [210], [212]
“Rhetoric,” [286]
Rhine, the, Cæsar’s expeditions, [117];
flotillas, [187],
Augustus crosses, [212], [216],
as frontier, [215], [218], [263];
Rhine legions, [219], [263],
Limes Trans-Rhenanus, [264];
invasions of barbarians, [306], [314]
Rhodes, [55], [132], [194], [247]
Rich and poor under the Republic, [132]
Ricimer the Suevian, [314]
Ridgeway, Prof. Wm., [2], [14]
Riegl, Alois, [244]
Rimini, [196]
Roads, Italy, [196],
France, [211],
imperial, [278]
Robigus, [37]
Roman Church, ritual, &c. of the, [303],
a legacy of Rome, [315]
Roman conquests, 44 et seq.
Roman Empire under Augustus, greatness of the, [221]
Roman Government, the, and Christianity, [300-301]
Roman history, views of, [3], [4], [5],
historians and, [4], [7], [8],
worthlessness of much early history, [23],
Greek influence in manufacturing, [24],
unreliability of, before 390 B.C., [24],
chronological summary, [317-324]
Roman Peace, the, [61], [186]
Roman society, viciousness of, in the age of conquest, [80]
Roman suzerainty, [56];
annexations, [56],
provinces, [58];
government, [61]
Roman Wall, the (Britain), [261]
Romans, origin of the, [13];
early Romans as warriors, [26];
conquests by, [28];
the early Romans, [32],
the Roman character [33], [43];
virtues, [33],
accomplishments, [34],
religion, [35],
agriculture, [36],
law, [41],
a fighting people, [54]
“Rome and Augustus,” cult of, [201]
Rome and Greece, resemblances between, [1],
Greek influence, [6], [7], [11].
See also Art, Literature
Rome, and the making of Europe, [5];
as a city-state, [6],
its greatness, [10];
origin of, [16],
under the Etruscans, [17],
Etruscan princes expelled, [23];
and the Latin plain, [12],
and the control of the Mediterranean, [13],
the Seven Kings of, [19],
legends and early traditions, [17],
the earliest city, [25],
political equality, [30],
constitution, [30],
the imperial city, [65];
wealth, [65],
taxation, [66],
finance, [66],
the populace, [68],
corn-supply, [69],
slavery, [70],
equality, [71],
luxury, [72],
civilisation, [72],
Greek influence, [73], [74], [81];
causes of degeneracy, [80],
individual domination, [83],
end of the Republic, [118],
and Cæsar, [123],
wealth and social conditions under the Republic, [132],
unhealthy, [135],
social life, [136],
streets, [152];
improvements under Augustus, [167],
magistracy, [182],
city prefect, [182],
reform of, by Augustus, [223],
regeneration of Roman society, [225], [231];
patriotism, [231],
Horace and, [239];
and art, [243],
rebuilding, [244], [248]
architecture, [250];
the weakness of the Empire [271],
riches and loss of power, [278],
life of the city described by satirists, [278],
imperial Rome, [278],
amusements, [279],
advanced civilisation, [280],
its splendours, [280],
buildings and peoples, [282],
as a place of abode, [296],
the Eternal City, [304],
Aurelian Wall, [307]
Romulus and Remus, [17]
Romulus, hut of, [153]
Roofing, [250]
Roumania (Dacia), [265]
Roxolani, [307]
Rubicon, the, [120]
Russia, [197], [213]
Saalburg, [264]
Saale, the, [216]
Sabines, [13]
Sacred Mount, [30]
Sacred Way, [282]
Sacrifices, human, [40], [211]
Sadducees, [269]
Saguntum, [49]
St. Angelo, Castle of, [294]
St. Bernard Pass, [220]
Saints, Christian, [304]
Salamis, [201]
Salaries of officials, [190]
Salii, [34], [39]
Salinator, M. Livius, [74]
Sallust, [150]
Salt, free, [308]
Saltus, Teutoburgiensis, [218]
Salvage brigade, [131]
Samaria, [205]
Samnite Wars, [13], [28], [44],
rebellion, [105]
Sanhedrin, [207]
Saracens, [307]
Saragossa, [221]
Sarcophagi, [247]
Sardinia, [48], [53], [59], [61], [193]
Sarmatia, province, [309],
Sarmatian cavalry, [266];
captive Sarmatians, [307]
Sarmatians, the, and Ovid, [243]
Sarmizegethusa, [266]
Satires, [237]
Saturn, [38],
Temple of, [251]
Saturninus, [95]
Saxons, [213], [309]
Scævola, [33], [84]
Scapula, Ostorius, [260]
Scaurus, [91], [92], [94]
Sceptre of ivory, the, [22]
Schoolmasters, [286]
Schools See Education
Scipio Africanus, [52], [53], [58]
Scipios, the, [76], [83], [123]
Scopas, [155], [250]
Scotland, [261]
Scribonia, [226], [227]
Sculpture of the Republic, [155-157],
revival of, [200],
the Greeks and Roman sculpture, [245],
copies and imitations, [291];
busts, [292],
bas-reliefs, [292];
narrative on columns, [292]
Sea-power, the Romans and, [187]
Sebaste (Samaria), [205]
Secession of the Plebs, the, [30]
Secular games, [238]
Sejanus, [271]
Semitic question, the, [268]
Sena, victory of, [75]
Senate, the, beginnings, [25];
wisdom of, [28];
its constitution, [31];
and Pyrrhus, [46],
aristocracy and government, [72];
weakness under late Republic, [82];
the Gracchi and, [86], [89], [90];
and the Jugurthan War, [91];
and Marius, [95],
under Augustus, [167], [169], [175-179], [224],
position and powers under the Empire, [179];
military affairs, [184];
under Vespasian, [274];
under Domitian and later emperors, [275],
supplanted by Diocletian, [312]
Senators forbidden foreign commerce, [67], [132];
as landowners, [67], [132],
flee from Cæsar, [121];
tax farmers, [132];
hereditary, [132], [134]
Seneca the younger and Nero, [272], [290], [291];
ethics of, [303]
Senecas, the, Spaniards, [220], [290]
Senones, the, [212]
Sens, [212]
Serapis, [139]
Sergi, G., on the Mediterranean race, [2]
Sertorius, [105], [107]
Sestertius, [34]
Severi, the, [311]
Severus, Alexander, [306], [311]
Severus, Septimius, [306]
Seviri, Augustales, [196]
Shakespeare and Cæsar, [112]
Shapur, the Persian King, [306]
Sheep, [36], [70]
Shepherds, [71]
Ships, [131]
Shophets, [49]
Shows, public, [137]
Sicily, Pyrrhus and, [46];
the Romans and, [47], [51], [52],
acquisition of, [59], [60], [61],
corn-supply of, [190],
a province, [193],
colonies in, [195],
its history, [208-209]
Sidon, [247]
Sienckiewicz, Henryk, [279]
Siesta, the, [136]
Silanus, [94]
Silius, [255]
Silius Italicus, [287], [288]
Silures, the, [260]
Silver coinage, [34], [154]
Sirmio, [143], [296]
Slavery of early Rome, [70],
and immorality, [79],
Roman society and, [279]
Slaves, Sardinian, [53],
risings among, [106];
Gallic conquest and, [117],
training and use of, [131];
under Augustus, [181];
body-guard, [182], [184],
and the fleet, [187];
tax on sales, [190],
Greek slaves and art, [247]
Slavs, [214]
Social conditions under the Republic, [132]
Social laws, [226]
Social war, [102]
Society under the Republic, [132],
regeneration of, by Augustus, [225];
under the Empire, [279],
grades of, [284]
Soldiers. See Army
Soldiers, tribune of the, [133]
Solon, [19]
Solon’s code, [42]
Soudan, the, [204], [205]
Spain, Hamilcar Barca and, [49];
Roman army in, [51],
Scipio reconquers, [52],
ceded by Carthage, [53],
a province, [59],
incessant warfare, [61],
defeat of Sertorius, [105], [107],
Cæsar and, [121],
Augustus and, [169], [172], [193],
civilised, [209],
Augustus and an outbreak in, [210],
under Augustus, [220-221],
diocese, [312],
the Vandals and, [314]
Spalato, [316]
Spanish army, revolt of the, against Nero, [258]
Sparta, [194], [201]
Spartacus the gladiator, [106]
Statius, [288]
Statues, [243], [291],
portraits, [156]
Stephanus, [156], [249]
Sternness, early Roman, [33]
“Stipendiary” states, [60]
Stirlingshire, [262]
Stoic republicanism, [123], [275]
Stoicism, [139], [207], [231], [300], [302]
Strabo, [195], [202], [290]
Strong, Mrs. A., and Roman art, [157], [244], [292], [294]
“Structor,” [137]
Strzygowski, Josef, [249]
Suabia, [216]
Succession, imperial, [229], [251]
Suetonius and the early Empire, [4],
on Cæsar, [113];
as historian, [162], [275],
and the cowardice of Augustus, [182];
quoted on military science, [184];
on the tastes of Augustus, [252];
on Nero, [256], [259],
studious, [287];
freedom allowed to, [289]
Suevi, the, [215], [307], [309]
Sulla, L. Cornelius, makes Cisalpine Gaul a province, [59];
officer to Marius, [93],
succeeds Marius, [101];
his character, [101],
master of Rome, [103], [105],
and the Mithradatic War, [104],
returns to Rome and defeats the Samnites, [105];
death, [105],
and the columns of the Temple of Olympian Zeus, [153];
failure of, [223]
Sulla, Faustus, [123]
Sulpicius, Rufus, [103]
Sumptuary laws, [226]
Sungod, the, [295], [306]
Surrentum, [251]
Swabians, [213]
Switzerland, [220]
Sword, the Roman, [98]
Sygambri, [216]
Syracuse, [209]
Syria, [60], [169], [200], [267], [273]
Syrian War, [65]
Tabularium, the, [153]
Tacitus and the imperial régime, [4], [11], [242], [273],

and Augustus, [162], [163], [187],
and the Senate, [179],
the Germania, [214],
and Livia, [228],
and historians, [253];
and Britain, [260],
the satire of, [275],
the “silver Latin” of, [287],
and the history of his own times, [288],
as prose writer and historian, [289], [290]
Tacitus, Claudius (Emperor), [308]
Tanagra, [201]
Tarentum, [45]
Tarquin, [24]
Tarquins, the, [19]
Tarraco, [221]
Tarraconensis, [221]
Tarshish, [49]
Tartars, [214], [309]
Tax-farming, [132], [191]
Tax-gatherers, [191]
Taxes (stipendium) from provincial territories, [64],
freedom from (tributum), [188], [189];
in kind, [190];
indirect, [196],
under the Empire, [270], [276],
collection of, [273];
increase of, [311],
exemption of certain classes, [311],
Constantine’s burden of, [313]
Teachers, [286]
“Tellus Group,” the, [244], [250]
Temple, the, Jerusalem, [268]
Temples, [67], [152], [166], [168], [196], [243], [250], [251], [280], [282], [294]
Temples to Augustus, [201]
Tenth Legion, the, [123], [150], [269]
Terence, [76], [77], [138]
Terentia, [138]
Terentius Lucanus, senator, [76]
Terminus, [37]
Terra-cotta ornaments, Etruscan, [21], [22]
“Terramare” civilisation, [14]
Tertullian, [316]
Tetricus, [308]
Teutonic and Latin races, contrast between, [213], [214].
See also Germany
Teutons, the, invasion by, [93],
defeated by Marius, [94]
Thamugadi, [283]
Thapsus, [123]
Theatre of Marcellus, [251]
Theatres, [75]
Theatrical performances, [137]
Thebes, [202]
Theocritus, [144], [233]
Theodosius, [313]
Thespiæ, [201]
Thessalonica, [202]
Third Legion, [283]
Thrace, [194], [197], [312]
Thrasea, Pætus, [273], [300]
Thurii, [106]
Thusnelda, [219]
Tiber, the River, [12],
and navigation, [17], [187],
offerings to the, [40]
Tiberius, Suetonius on, [162], [306],
in the triumph of Augustus, [166];
suppresses the comitia, [174];
nominated to succeed Augustus, [175], [229],
as general, [184];
overlord in Asia, [195];
and Germany, [216], [263],
his mother Livia, [227];
banishment, [228];
rivals, [228];
triumphs, [239],
character, [253];
and enlargement of the Empire, [259];
government, [271],
retirement, [271],
and “delation,” [272];
junior and Rome, [235-236],
loss of patrimony, [236], [243],
position, [288],
and epic poetry, [288]
Verres, [209]
Verulamium, [260]
Vespasian and press censorship, [163],
in Britain, [259],
and Germany, [264],
and Mœsia, [265],
subdues Palestine, [268],
becomes Cæsar, [274],
origin, [274],
government, [274],
Rome under, [279],
and Pliny the elder, [287];
art under, [293]
Vesta, [38],
Temple of, [152]
Vestals, state, [38]
Vetera Castra (Xanten), [216], [219], [263]
Via Appia. See Appian Way
Via Claudia, [263]
Vicars, [312]
Vice, [133], [138]
Villa Albani, [293]
“Villanova” period, [14]
Villas, [251], [295]
Viminacium, [266]
Vindex, [257], [262]
Vipsania, [227]
Virginia, [33]
Viriathus, [84]
Virtue, Roman, [33], [80]
Visigoths, [314]
Vitellius, [262], [273], [289]
Vitruvius, [290]
Voluptas, [139]
Vopiscus, [307]
Wales, [260]
Walls, Roman, [261], [262]
War and culture, [73]
Warfare, annals of, in history, [306]
Watchmen, [186]
Wax images, [156], [248]
Wealth under the Republic, [131]
Weser, the, [216], [219]
Wickhoff, Franz, and Roman art, [157], [244], [293]
Wiesbaden (Aquæ Mattiacæ), [264]
Wine, [136]
Wolf, the, as totem, [19],
the mother wolf, [38]
Women, influence of, [223],
wickedness of, under the Empire, [254]
World-state, the, [278], [308]
Worth, [264]
Xanten. See Vetera Castra
York, [261]
Zacchæus, [207]
Zama, [53]
Zealots, the, [268]
Zela, [123]
Zeno the Stoic, [300]
Zenobia, Queen, [306], [307], [308]
Zeus, Olympian, Temple of, [153]
Zeuxis, [296]
Zion, Temple of Jupiter on, [269]
Zuyder Zee canal, [216]

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] Is there aught which ruinous Time does not impair? Our fathers, a generation worse than our grandsires, begat us, a race more evil, soon to produce offspring more wicked still. (Odes, III. vi. 45-8.)

[2] Plates 1, 2, 3, 8, and 70.

[3] Plate 2.

[4] Plate 4.