These were all governed by legates of Cæsar, commonly chosen from the ranks of the senate, with the title of proprætor. They held office for as long as Cæsar desired, and were provided with a staff, chosen by him, of trained financiers. In addition to these, other districts under prefects were gradually accumulated:
- Egypt.
- Mœsia and Triballia.
- Alpes Cottiæ.
- Alpes Maritimæ.
And others again under procurators:
- Judæa (after A.D. 6).
- Rhætia.
- Noricum.
Further, there were a large number of “allied” or “client” kingdoms and republics:
| Thrace. | Abitene. |
| Pontus with Bosphorus. | Emesa. |
| Judæa (till A.D. 6). | Galilæa and Peræa. |
| Commagene. | Nabatæa. |
| Cappadocia. | Batanæa. |
| Armenia. | Mauretania. |
| Arabia. |
And the allied states:
- Lycia.
- Athens, Sparta, Rhodes, and other Greek cities.
In his own provinces Cæsar was supreme in all things; he had the right of making peace, war, and alliance, without consulting the senate. Though he governed through legates or procurators, the Roman law had always granted a right of appeal from a lower magistrate to his superior. This was the source of Paul’s “appeal unto Cæsar” from the procurator of Judæa. In the senatorial provinces his imperium, which had been specially defined as “superior” (maius), gave him precedence when he was actually present. And we have many cases of his interference in senatorial provinces. Cæsar’s legates, such as Agrippa, Tiberius, and Gaius, constantly act as overlords in Asia, though a decree of the senate is required for this. We hear of Augustus founding colonies in Sicily. Moreover, the princeps had sole authority over the army, and for any military operations it would be necessary to borrow troops of him.