CONTENTS.

Page
[INTRODUCTION.]
Systematic History of Infidelity,[2-3]
Best Method of refuting Rationalism,[3-4]
Rationalism not an unmixed Evil,[4-6]
Definitions of Rationalism:
Wegscheider,[8]
Stäudlin,[11]
Hahn,[12]
Rose,[13]
Bretschneider,[14]
McCaul,[16]
Saintes,[19]
Lecky,[22]
Classes of Rationalists,[24-26]
Causes of the success of Rationalism,[26-32]
Four Considerations in Reference to Rationalism,[32-35]
[CHAPTER I.]
CONTROVERSIAL PERIOD SUCCEEDING THE REFORMATION.
Causes of the Controversial Spirit,[38]
The Controversies described,[39], [40]
George Calixtus,[40-45]
Jacob Boehme,[46-49]
John Arndt,[49-51]
John Gerhard,[51-53]
John Valentine Andreä,[53-55]
[CHAPTER II.]
RELIGIOUS CONDITION OF THE PROTESTANT CHURCH AT THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA.
Description of the Thirty Years' War,[56-59]
Religious Decline of the Church,[59-61]
Neglect of Children,[62-65]
Defects of Theological Literature,[66-68]
Low State of Theological Instruction,[68], [69]
Imperfect Preaching of the Time,[69-73]
Immorality of the Clergy and Theological Professors,[73-77]
Religious Indifference of the Upper Classes,[77-80]
[CHAPTER III.]
PIETISM AND ITS MISSION.
Philosophy of the Period,[82]
Improvement dependent on Individuals,[84], [85]
What Pietism proposed to do,[85-88]
Principles of Pietism,[88], [89]
Philip Jacob Spener, the Founder of Pietism,[89-93]
University of Halle,[93]
Augustus Hermann Francke,[93-95]
The Orphan House at Halle,[95-97]
Influence of the University of Halle,[97], [98]
Arnold and Thomasius,[98], [99]
New Generation of Professors in Halle,[99], [100]
Cause of the Decline of Pietism,[102]
[CHAPTER IV.]
THE POPULAR PHILOSOPHY OF WOLFF.—SKEPTICAL TENDENCIES FROM ABROAD.
Leibnitz, Founder of the Wolffian Philosophy,[103], [104]
Wolff and the Popular Philosophy,[104-111]
The School of Wolff,[111]
Töllner,[112]
English Deism in Germany,[113-117]
English Deism in France[117], [118]
Voltaire and Frederic the Great,[119-123]
Frederic's Regret at Skepticism in Prussia,[123], [124]
[CHAPTER V.]
SEMLER AND THE DESTRUCTIVE SCHOOL.—1750-1810.
Influence of Foreign Skepticism on the German Church,[125], [126]
Semler and the Accommodation-Theory,[126-131]
Semler's Private Life,[135-137]
Influence of Semler's destructive Criticism,[137], [138]
Edelmann,[138], [139]
Bahrdt,—his Writings, and depraved Character,[139-143]
[CHAPTER VI.]
CONTRIBUTIONS OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY.
Prevalence of Semler's Opinions,[144], [145]
Mental Activity of the Times,[145]
Adherents to the Accommodation-Theory,[147], [148]
Literary Agencies:
Nicolai's Universal German Library,[147], [148]
Rationalistic Spirit in Berlin,[148]
Wolfenbüttel Fragments,[149-156]
Philosophical Agencies:
Kant and his System,[156-162]
Service rendered by Kant,[162]
Jacobi,[162], [163]
Fichte,[163]
Schelling,[164]
Hegel,[164], [165]
Grouping of the Philosophical Schools,[165-167]
[CHAPTER VII.]
THE REIGN OF THE WEIMAR CIRCLE.—REVOLUTION IN EDUCATION AND HYMNOLOGY.
Harmony of the prevalent philosophical Systems,[169]
Karl August of Weimar and his literary Circle,[169-171]
John Gottfried Herder,[171-179]
Schiller,[179-182]
Goethe,[182], [183]
Deleterious Change in Education,[184]
Basedow, and his Philanthropium,[184-187]
Campe and Salzmann,[187], [188]
Rationalistic Elementary Books,[189-193]
Alteration of the German Hymns,[194], [195]
Decline of Church Music,[195]
Inability of Orthodox Theologians to resist Rationalism,[195], [196]
[CHAPTER VIII.]
DOCTRINES OF RATIONALISM IN THE DAY OF ITS STRENGTH.
Desolate Condition of the Church,[197], [198]
Rationalism without a Common System,[198], [199]
Opinions of the Rationalists:
Religion,[199]
Existence of God,[199], [200]
Doctrine of Inspiration,[200-202]
Credibility of the Scriptures,[203-206]
Fall of Man,[206], [207]
Miracles,[207-211]
Prophecy,[211-214]
Person of Christ,[214-218]
[CHAPTER IX.]
RENOVATION INAUGURATED BY SCHLEIERMACHER.
Protestant Germany at the Commencement of the Nineteenth Century,[220-222]
Fichte, and his Popular Appeal,[222-224]
Schleiermacher,[224-229]
The Romantic School,[230]
Ecclesiastical Reconstruction inaugurated by Frederic William III.,[230], [231]
The Union of the Lutheran and Reformed Churches,[231], [232]
Claus Harms—his 95 Theses,[232-236]
[CHAPTER X.]
RELATIONS OF RATIONALISM AND SUPERNATURALISM.—1810-1835.
The Task before the New Church,[237]
Rationalism strengthened by Röhr and Wegscheider,[238]
The terms, Rationalism and Supernaturalism,[239]
Tittmann,[239], [240]
Tzschirner,[240]
Schott,[241]
Schleiermacher's System of Doctrines,[241-244]
Effect of Schleiermacher's Teaching,[245], [246]
De Wette,[246-249]
Neander,[249-253]
His personal Appearance,[253-254]
[CHAPTER XI.]
THE REACTION PRODUCED BY STRAUSS' LIFE OF JESUS.—1835-1848.
Hyper-criticism of the Rationalists,[255], [256]
Influence of Schleiermacher and Hegel,[256], [257]
The threefold Division of the Hegelian School,[257], [258]
David Frederic Strauss, and his Life of Jesus,[258-269]
Replies to the Life of Jesus:
Harless,[271]
Hoffman,[271]
Neander,[272]
Ullmann,[273]
Schweizer,[273]
Wilke,[273]
Schaller,[273]
Dorner,[273], [274]
Literature occasioned by Strauss' Life of Jesus,[274], [275]
Strauss' New Life of Jesus for the People,[275-278]
The Tübingen School, conducted by Ferdinand Christian Baur,[278-280]
The Influence of the French Revolution,[280], [281]
Strauss' System of Doctrine,[281], [282]
Feuerbach,[282]
The Halle Year-Books,[282], [283]
The "Friends of Light,"[283], [284]
The "Free Congregations,"[284], [285]
Rationalistic Leaders of the Revolution of 1848,[285], [286]
Their Failure, and its Cause,[286], [287]
[CHAPTER XII.]
THE EVANGELICAL SCHOOL: ITS OPINIONS AND PRESENT PROSPECTS.
The Mediation Theologians, or Evangelical School, grouped:
Ullmann,[288], [289]
Dorner,[289-292]
Tholuck,[292-295]
Lange,[295], [296]
Twesten,[297]
Nitzsch,[297-299]
Rothe,[299-303]
Schenkel—his recent Adoption of Rationalism,[303-305]
Hengstenberg,[305-307]
Theological Journals,[307]
Improved Theological Instruction,[307-310]
[CHAPTER XIII.]
PRACTICAL MOVEMENTS INDICATING NEW LIFE.
Charities of German Protestantism,[311]
Relation of Philanthropy to Religious Life,[312]
John Falk,[312-316]
Theodore Fliedner,[316-318]
Evangelical Church Diet,[318-323]
Immanuel Wichern,[324-329]
Louis Harms,[329], [330]
The Gustavus Adolphus Union,[330], [331]
[CHAPTER XIV.]
HOLLAND: THEOLOGY AND RELIGION FROM THE SYNOD OF DORT TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE PRESENT CENTURY.
Former Political Influence of Holland,[332], [333]
Rise of Rationalism in Holland,[333]
Influence of the Synod of Dort,[334]
Corruption of Ethics,[335]
Low state of Homiletic Literature,[335], [336]
Cocceius,[336-339]
Vœtius,[339], [340]
Controversy between the Cocceians and Vœtians,[340-343]
Favorable Influence of the Huguenot Immigrants,[343], [344]
Popular Acquaintance with Theology,[345], [346]
Bekker,[347], [348]
Roell,[348], [349]
Van Os,[349]
Influence of English Deism,[350-353]
Influence of French Skepticism,[353], [354]
Napoleon Bonaparte's domination,[354], [355]
[CHAPTER XV.]
HOLLAND CONTINUED: THE NEW THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS, AND THE GREAT CONTROVERSY NOW PENDING BETWEEN ORTHODOXY AND RATIONALISM.
The Political Subjugation of Holland,[356]
Inactivity of Orthodoxy,[356], [357]
Rupture produced by the New Hymn-Book,[357], [358]
The Revival and the Secession:
Bilderdyk, Da Costa, Capadose, Groen Van Prinsterer,[359-361]
De Cock, the Leader of the Secession,[362], [363]
Failure of the Secession,[363], [364]
The Groningen School:[364]
Its Characteristic,[364]
Hofstede de Groot, and Pareau,[365], [366]
Doctrines of the Groningens,[366], [367]
The School of Leyden:[367]
Scholten,[368-371]
The School of Empirical-Modern Theology:
Opzoomer,[371]
Pierson,[371-374]
Doctrines of this School,[374], [375]
The Ethical Irenical School:[375]
Chantepie de la Saussaye,[375-377]
Van Oosterzee,[377-379]
The Present Crisis and its Causes,[381-383]
Increase of Evangelizing Agencies,[383-385]
[CHAPTER XVI.]
FRANCE: RATIONALISM IN THE PROTESTANT CHURCH—THE CRITICAL SCHOOL.
Present Activity of Religious Thought in France,[386], [387]
Coldness of Orthodoxy at the Commencement of the Nineteenth Century,[387], [388]
Influence of Wesleyan Missionaries,[388], [389]
Cartesianism and the Positive Philosophy,[390]
Light French Literature,[391]
The Critical School of Theology:[391-394]
Réville,[394-396]
Scherer,[396-400]
Larroque,[400]
Rougemont,[400], [401]
Colani[401], [402]
Pecaut,[402], [403]
Grotz,[403]
Renan, and his Life of Jesus,[403-406]
A. Coquerel, jr.,[406-409]
Influence of French Skepticism upon the Young,[409], [410]
[CHAPTER XVII.]
FRANCE CONTINUED: EVANGELICAL THEOLOGY OPPOSING RATIONALISM.
Agencies Opposing Rationalism,[411]
De Pressensé,[411-416]
Guizot,[416-419]
Success of the Evangelical School,[419-421]
Improvement of the French Protestant Church,[422], [423]
Charitable and Evangelizing Societies,[423], [424]
[CHAPTER XVIII.]
SWITZERLAND: ORTHODOXY IN GENEVA, AND THE NEW SPECULATIVE RATIONALISM IN ZÜRICH.
Prostration of the Swiss Church at the Commencement of the Nineteenth Century,[425], [426]
Neglect of Theological Instruction,[426], [427]
The Theological Academy in Geneva,[428]
The Evangelical Dissenting Church,[428]
Gaussen,[428], [429]
Vinet,[429]
Present Religious Condition of Geneva,[429], [430]
Lectures in the Genevan Theological Academy,[431], [432]
Religious Declension of Zürich,[432]
Zürich the Centre of Swiss Rationalism:[433-435]
The Speculative Rationalism:
The Holy Scriptures,[435]
Christ,[435-437]
Sin,[438]
Faith,[438], [439]
German Switzerland influenced by German Theology,[439]
[CHAPTER XIX.]
ENGLAND: THE SOIL PREPARED FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF RATIONALISM.
English Deism and German Rationalism Contrasted,[440]
Literature of England in the Eighteenth Century,[440], [441]
The Writers of that Period,[441]
Influence of the French Spirit,[441], [442]
Bolingbroke,[442], [443]
Hume,[444-447]
Gibbon,[447], [448]
The moral Prostration of the Church,[448-450]
Influence of the Wesleyan Movement,[450-452]
[CHAPTER XX.]
ENGLAND CONTINUED: PHILOSOPHICAL AND LITERARY RATIONALISM.—COLERIDGE AND CARLYLE.
Compensations of History,[453]
Rise of a Disposition in England to consult German Theology and Philosophy,[453], [454]
Philosophical Rationalism:
Samuel Taylor Coleridge,[455-462]
Julius Charles Hare,[462-465]
F. D. Maurice,[465-468]
Charles Kingsley,[468-471]
Literary Rationalism:
Influence of Philosophy on Literature,[472]
Thomas Carlyle,[473-477]
The Westminster Review,[477-480]
Necessity of active Protestantism,[480]
[CHAPTER XXI.]
ENGLAND CONTINUED: CRITICAL RATIONALISM—JOWETT, THE ESSAYS AND REVIEWS, AND COLENSO.
Relation of the Bible to Christianity,[481]
Critical Rationalism:
Professor Jowett,[481]
The "Essays and Reviews,"[482-497]
Judicial Proceedings against the Writers of that Work,[497-499]
Criticism of Bishop Colenso,[499-503]
Judicial Proceedings against Colenso,[503-505]
[CHAPTER XXII.]
ENGLAND CONTINUED: SURVEY OF CHURCH PARTIES.
Unity of the Church of England,[507]
The Evangelical and Sacramentalist Parties,[507]
The Low Church:
Cambridge University,[508]
Activity of the Founders of the Low Church,[508], [509]
Missionary Zeal,[509], [510]
Parties in the Low Church,[510]
The High Church:
Rise of the Tractarian Movement,[511], [512]
Doctrines of the High Church,[512-515]
Service rendered by the High Church,[515]
John H. Newman,[516], [517]
Francis William Newman,[517-519]
The First Broad Church:
Indefiniteness of Creed,[519], [520]
Thomas Arnold,[520-523]
Arthur P. Stanley,[523-529]
Doctrines of the First Broad Church,[529], [530]
The Second Broad Church:
Difference between the First and Second Broad Churches,[530], [531]
Classification of Church Parties,[531], [532]
Skepticism in various Sects,[532], [533]
[CHAPTER XXIII.]
THE UNITED STATES: THE UNITARIAN CHURCH.—THE UNIVERSALISTS.
Novelty in American History,[534]
Separation of Church and State,[534-536]
Relations between the Old World and the United States,[536], [537]
The Unitarian Church:
The Venerable Stoddard,[537], [538]
Jonathan Edwards,[538]
The Half-Way Covenant,[538]
James Freeman,[538], [539]
Early Unitarian Publications,[539], [540]
Unitarianism in Harvard University,[540]
Andover Theological Seminary,[540], [541]
Controversy between Channing and Worcester,[541]
William Ellery Channing,[541-544]
The Unitarian Creed,[544-553]
The Christian Examiner,[553]
The Young Men's Christian Union,[553-558]
The Unitarian National Convention,[558-560]
Present state of the Unitarian Church,[560]
Universalism:
Rise in America,[560], [561]
Doctrines of Universalism,[561], [562]
Present state of Universalism,[562], [563]
[CHAPTER XXIV.]
THE UNITED STATES CONTINUED: THEODORE PARKER AND HIS SCHOOL.
Early Attachment of the Unitarians to the Doctrine of Miracles,[564]
Theodore Parker:
His Personal History,[564], [565]
His Course toward Orthodoxy,[566]
His Opinions,[566-571]
Influence of American Skepticism,[571], [572]
Frothingham's juvenile Work,[572], [573]
"Liberal Christianity,"[573-575]
Duty of the American Church,[575], [576]
[CHAPTER XXV.]
INDIRECT SERVICE OF SKEPTICISM—PRESENT OUTLOOK.
Great Success the Result of strong Opposition,[577-579]
Biblical Study indirectly benefited by the Attacks of Rationalism,[580], [581]
Improvement of Church History,[581-583]
Estimate of the Life of Christ,[583-586]
The Evangelical Church:
Necessity of an impartial View of Science,[586], [587]
The proper Way to combat Skepticism,[587], [588]
Unity a Requisite of Success,[588], [589]
[APPENDIX.]
Literature of Rationalism:
Germany, Holland, Switzerland,[590-595]
Rationalistic Periodicals in Germany,[595]
France,[595-598]
Rationalistic Periodicals in France,[598]
Great Britain and the United States,[599-606]
Literature of Unitarianism and Universalism:[606-609]
Unitarian Periodicals,[609]
Universalist Periodicals,[609-610]
[Index],[611-623]

HISTORY OF RATIONALISM.

INTRODUCTION.

RATIONALISM DEFINED—ITS CHARACTER AS A SKEPTICAL DEVELOPMENT.

Rationalism is the most recent, but not the least violent and insidious, of all the developments of skepticism. We purpose to show its historical position, and to present, as faithfully as possible, its antagonism to evangelical Christianity. The guardians of the interests of the church cannot excuse themselves from effort toward the eradication of this error by saying that it is one which will soon decay by the force of its natural autumn. Posterity will not hesitate to charge us with gross negligence if we fail to appreciate the magnitude of Rationalism, and only deal with it as the growth of a day. We have half conquered an enemy when we have gained a full knowledge of his strength.