List of tools.The implements of scribes and illuminators. The following is a list of the principal tools and materials required by the illuminator of manuscripts, including those which have been already described[[284]].

Pens, pencils and chalk of various sorts, as described above.

Brushes made of minever, badger and other kinds of hair.

Grinding-slabs and rubbers of porphyry or other hard stone, and a bronze mortar.

Sharp penknife and palette knife.

Rulers, and a metal ruling-pen.

Dividers to prick out the guiding-lines of the text.

Scissors for shaping the gold leaf.

Burnishers, stamps, and stili for ornamenting the gold.

Small horns to hold black and red ink; see fig. [53] on page [209].