[438] Duruy, Hist. de France, ed. 1880, i, 440–41; Gebhart, Orig. de la Renais. pp. 2, 19, 24–29, 32–35, 41–50; Le Clerc and Renan, Hist. Litt. de la France au XIVe Siècle, i, 4; ii, 123; Littré, Études, as cited, pp. 424–29. [↑]
[439] Duruy, i, 409 sq., 449; Gebhart, pp. 35–41; Morin, Origines de la Démocratie: La France au moyen âge, 3e édit. 1865, p. 304 sq. [↑]
[440] Cp. Michelet, Hist. de France, vii, Renaissance, Introd. § ii. Between the thirteenth and the fifteenth centuries, he insists, “le jour baisse horriblement.” [↑]
[441] Ozanam, Dante, 6e édit. pp. 47, 78, 108–10. [↑]
[442] Littré, Études, as cited, pp. 411–13. [↑]
[443] Le Clerc, as cited, p. 259; Gebhart, pp. 48–49. [↑]
[444] Sir James F. Stephen, Horæ Sabbaticæ, 1892, i, 42. [↑]
[445] The Italians said of the French Pope Clement VI (1342–52) that he had small religion. M. Villani, Cronica, iii, 43 (ed. 1554). [↑]
[446] Cp. Dr. T. Arnold, Lect. on Mod. Hist. 4th ed. pp. 111–18; Buckle, 3 vol. ed. i, 326–27 (1-vol. ed. p. 185); Stephen, as cited, i, 121. “It is hardly too much to say that Comines’s whole mind was haunted at all times and at every point by a belief in an invisible and immensely powerful and artful man whom he called God” (last cited). [↑]