[448] Buckle, ii, 133 (1-vol. ed. p. 361); Hallam, Middle Ages, iii, 395–96. Religious ceremonies were attached to the initiation of knights in the 13th century. Seignobos, Hist. de la Civilisation, ii, 15. [↑]
[449] Duruy, i, 368, 373–74. Cp. J. Jolly, Philippe le Bel, 1869, l. iii, ch. iv, p. 249. It is to be remembered that Philippe had for years been sorely pressed for money to retrieve his military disasters. See H. Hervieu, Recherches sur les premiers états généraux, 1879, pp. 89 sq., 99 sq. He used his ill-gotten gains to restore the currency, which he had debased. Id. pp. 101–102. [↑]
[450] Hauréau, Hist. de la philos. scolastique, Ptie II, vol. ii, 359–60. [↑]
[451] Poole, Illustrations, p. 265. Cp. Villari, Life and Times of Machiavelli, ii, 64–67; Tullo Massarani, Studii di politica e di storia, 2a ed. 1899, pp. 112–13; Neander, Ch. Hist. Eng. tr. 1855, ix, 33. [↑]
[452] Poole, pp. 266–76. Cp. Hardwick, Church History, Middle Age, 1853, pp. 346–47. [↑]
[453] Ueberweg, i, 461–62. [↑]
[454] “His (Occam’s) philosophy is that of centuries later.” (Milman, Latin Christianity, ix, 148. Cp. pp. 150–51.) [↑]
[455] Cp. Hardwick, p. 377, and Rettberg, as there cited. [↑]
[456] Milman, Latin Christianity, ix, 75–76; Mosheim, 14 C. pt. ii, ch. iii, § 5. As to his religious bigotry, see Milman, p. 142, notes. [↑]
[457] Ueberweg, i, 460–64; cp. Poole, Illustrations, pp. 275–81. [↑]