Chap. XIII—[The Rise of Modern Freethought] (continued)

§ 4.[England. Persecution and executions under HenryVIII, Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth. Charges of atheism. Lilly’spolemic. Reginald Scot on witchcraft. The Family of Love. Hamond,Lewes, Kett. Apologetic literature. Influence of Machiavelli.Nashe’s polemic. Marlowe, Raleigh, Harriott, Kyd. Protests ofPilkington and Hooker. Polemic of Bishop Morton. Shakespeare. The dramagenerally. Executions under James. Bacon. Suckling]1
§ 5.[Popular Thought in Europe. Callidius. Flade.Wier. Coornhert. Grotius. Gorlæus. Zwicker. Koerbagh. Beverland.Socinianism. The case of Spain. Cervantes]32
§ 6.[Scientific Thought. Copernicus. Giordano Bruno.Vanini. Galileo. The Aristotelian strife. Vives. Ramus. Descartes.Gassendi]41

Chap. XIV—[British Freethought in the Seventeenth Century]

§ 1.[Lord Herbert of Cherbury. Hobbes. Selden]69
§ 2.[The popular ferment: attempted suppression of heresy byParliament. Lawrence Clarkson. The Levellers and Toleration. Forms ofunbelief. The term “rationalist.” Propaganda againstatheism. Culverwel. The Polemic of Henry More. Freethought at theRestoration. The case of Biddle. The protests of Howe, Stillingfleet,and Baxter. Freethought in Scotland. The argument of Mackenzie. EnglishApologetics of Casaubon, Ingelo, Temple, Wilkins, Tillotson, Cudworth,Boyle, and others. Martin Clifford. Emergence of Deism. Avowals ofArchdeacon Parker, Sherlock, and South. Dryden. Discussion on miracles.Charles Blount. Leslie’s polemic. Growth of apologeticliterature. Toland. The Licensing Act]75
§ 3.[Literary, scientific, and academic developments. SirThomas Browne. Jeremy Taylor. John Spencer. Joseph Glanvill.Cartesianism. Glisson. Influence of Gassendi. Resistance to Copernicantheory. Lord Falkland. Colonel Fry. Locke. Bury. Temple. The Marquis ofHalifax. Newton. Unitarianism. Penn. Firmin. Latitudinarianism.Tillotson. Dr. T. Burnet. Dr. B. Connor. John Craig. The“rationalists”]100

Chap. XV—[French and Dutch Freethought in the Seventeenth Century]

1.[Influence ofMontaigne and Charron. Gui Patin. Naudé. La Mothe leVayer]117
2.[CatholicPyrrhonism]120
3.[Descartes’sinfluence. Boileau. Jesuit and royal hostility]121
4.[Vogue offreethinking. Malherbe. Joan Fontanier. Théophile de Viau.Claude Petit. Corneille. Molière]122
5.[Cyrano deBergerac]123
6.[Pascal’sskepticism. Religious quarrels]124
7.[Huet’sskepticism]126
8.[Cartesianism.Malebranche]128
9.[Buffier.Scientific movements]130
10.[Richard Simon.La Peyrère]131
11.[Dutch thought.Louis Meyer. Cartesian heresy]132
12.[Spinoza]133
13.[Biblicalcriticism. Spinozism. Deurhoff. B. Bekker]137
14.[Bayle]139
15.[Developments inFrance. The polemic of Abbadie. Persecution of Protestants.Fontenelle]141
16.[St. Evremond.Regnard. La Bruyère. Spread of skepticism. Fanaticism atcourt]143

Chap. XVI—[British Freethought in the Eighteenth Century]

§ 1.[Toland. Blasphemy Law. Strifes among believers.Cudworth. Bishops Browne and Berkeley. Heresy in the Church. TheSchools of Newton, Leibnitz, and Clarke. Hutchinson. Halley. Provincialdeism. Saunderson. Simson. Literary orthodoxy. Addison. Steele.Berkeley. Swift. New deism. Shaftesbury. Trenchard. Unitarianism.Asgill. Coward. Dodwell. Whiston]147
§ 2.[Anthony Collins. Bentley’s attack. Mandeville.Woolston. Middleton. Deism at Oxford. Tindal. Middleton andWaterland]154
§ 3.[Unitarianism: its spread among Presbyterians. Chubb.Hall. Elwall]159
§ 4.[Berkeley’s polemic. Lady Mary Montagu. Pope.Deism and Atheism. Coward. Strutt]162
§ 5.[Parvish. Influence of Spinoza]167
§ 6.[William Pitt. Morgan. Annet. Dodwell theYounger]169
§ 7.[The work achieved by deism. The social situation.Recent disparagements and German testimony]170
§ 8.[Arrest of English science. Hale. Burnet. Whiston.Woodward. Effects of Imperialism. Contrast with France. Themathematicians]176
§ 9.[Supposed “decay” of deism. Butler. WilliamLaw. Hume]179
§ 10.[Freethought in Scotland. Execution of Thomas Aikenhead.Confiscation of innovating books. Legislation against deism.Anstruther’s and Halyburton’s polemic. Strife][over creeds. JohnJohnstone. William Dudgeon. Hutcheson. Leechman. Forbes. Miller. Kames.Smith. Ferguson. Church riots]181
§ 11.[Freethought in Ireland. Lord Molesworth. ArchbishopSynge. Bishop Clayton]188
§ 12.[Situation in England in 1750. Richardson’slament. Middleton. Deism among the clergy. Sykes. The deisticevolution]190
§ 13.[Materialism. La Mettrie. Shifting of the social centre:socio-political forces. Gray’s avowal. Hume’s estimate.Goldsmith’s. The later deism. Bolingbroke]194
§ 14.[Diderot’s diagnosis. Influence of Voltaire.Chatterton. Low state of popular culture. Prosecutions of poorfreethinkers. Jacob Ilive. Peter Annet. Later deistic literature.Unitarianism. Evanson. Tomkyns. Watts. Lardner. Priestley. Toulmin. D.Williams]198
§ 15.[Gibbon. Spread of unbelief. The creed of the youngerPitt. Fox. Geology. Hutton. Cowper’s and Paley’scomplaints. Erasmus Darwin. Mary Wollstonecraft]203
§ 16.[Burns and Scotland]208
§ 17.[Panic and reaction after the French Revolution. Newaristocratic orthodoxy. Thomas Paine. New democraticfreethought]209

Chap. XVII—[French Freethought in the Eighteenth Century]

1.[Boulainvilliers.Strifes in the Church. Fénelon and Ramsay. Fanaticism at court.New freethinking. Gilbert. Tyssot de Patot. Deslandes. Persecution ofProtestants]213
2.[Output ofapologetics]214
3.[The politicalsituation]216
4.[Huard andHuet]216
5.[Montesquieu]217
6.[JeanMeslier]219
7.[Freethinkingpriests. Pleas for toleration. Boindin]221
8.[Voltaire]222
9.[Errors as to thecourse of development]224
10.[Voltaire’scharacter and influence]229
11.[Progress oftolerance. Marie Huber. Resistance of bigotry. De Prades. The Encyclopédie. Fontenelle as censor]233
12.[Chronologicaloutline of the literary movement]236
13.[New politics.The less famous freethinkers: Burigny; Fontenelle; De Brosses; Meister;Vauvenargues; Mirabaud; Fréret]244
14.[N.-A. Boulanger.Dumarsais. Prémontval. Solidity of much of the Frenchproduct]246
15.[Generalanonymity of the freethinkers. The orthodox defence]250
16.[The prominentfreethinkers. Rousseau]253
17.[Astruc]256
18.[Freethought inthe Académie. Beginnings in classical research. Emergence ofanti-clericalism. D’Argenson’s notes] 257
19.[The affair ofPompignan]258
20.[Marmontel’s Bélisaire]259
21.[The scientificmovement: La Mettrie]260
22.[Study of Nature.Fontenelle. Lenglet du Fresnoy. De Maillet’s Telliamed. Mirabaud. Resistance of Voltaire to the new ideas.Switzerland. Buffon and the Church]262
23.[Maupertuis.Diderot. Condillac. Robinet. Helvétius]264
24.[Diderot’sdoctrines and influence]267
25.[D’Alembertand d’Holbach]271
26.[Freethought andthe Revolution]273
27.[The conventionalmyth and the facts. Necker. Abbé Grégoire. The argumentof Michelet. The legend of the Goddess of Reason. Sacrilege in theEnglish and French Revolutions. Hébert. Danton. Chaumette.Clootz. The atheist Salaville]274
28.[Religious andpolitical forces of revolt. The polemic of Rivarol]280
29.[The politicalcausation. Rebellion in the ages of faith]281
30.[The polemic ofMallet du Pan. Saner views of Barante. Freethinkers and orthodox ineach political camp. Mably. Voltaire. D’Holbach. Rousseau.Diderot. Orthodoxy of the mass. The thesis of Chamfort]284
31.[The reign ofpersecution]289
32.[Orthodox loversof tolerance]291
33.[Napoleon]292