Chap. XVIII—[German Freethought in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries]

1.[Moral Declineunder Lutheranism. Freethought before the Thirty Years’ War.Orthodox polemic. The movement of Matthias Knutzen]294
2.[Influence ofSpinoza. Stosch. Output of apologetics]297
3.[Leibnitz]298
4.[Pietism. Orthodoxhostility. Spread of Rationalism]300
5.[Thomasius]302
6.[Dippel]304
7.[T. L.Lau]305
8.[Wolff]305
9.[Freemasonry andfreethinking. J. L. Schmidt. Martin Knutzen]306
10.[J. C.Edelmann]307
11.[AbbotJerusalem]308
12.[English andFrench influences. The scientific movement. Orthodox science. Haller.Rapid spread of rationalism]309
13.[Frederick theGreat]312
14.[Mauvillon.Nicolai. Riem. Schade. Basedow. Eberhard. Steinbart. Spalding.Teller]315
15.[Semler.Töllner. Academic rationalism]318
16.[Bahrdt]320
17.[MosesMendelssohn. Lessing. Reimarus] 322
18.[Vogue of deism.Wieland. Cases of Isenbiehl and Steinbuhler. A secret society. Clericalrationalism. Schulz. The edict of Frederick William II. Persistence ofskepticism. The Marokkanische Briefe. Mauvillon.Herder]329
19.[Goethe]333
20.[Schiller]336
21.[Kant]337
22.[Influence ofKant. The sequel. Hamann. Chr. A. Crusius. Platner. Beausobre theyounger]345
23.[Fichte.Philosophic strifes]349
24.[Rationalism andconservatism in both camps]350
25.[Austria.Jahn. Joseph II. Beethoven]351

Chap. XIX—[Freethought in the Remaining European States]

§ 1.[Holland. Elizabeth Wolff. Leenhof. Booms.Influence of Bayle. Passerano. Lack of native freethoughtliterature]352
§ 2.[The Scandinavian States.]
1.[Course of theReformation. Subsequent wars. Retrogression in Denmark]354
2.[Holberg’sNicolas Klimius]355
3.[Sweden. QueenChristina]357
4.[Swedenborg]358
5.[Upper-classindifference. Gustavus III. Kjellgren and Bellman. Torild.Retrogression in Sweden]359
6.[Revival ofthought in Denmark. Struensee. Mary Wollstonecraft’ssurvey]361
§ 3.[The Slavonic States.]
1.[Poland.Liszinski]362
2.[Russia. Nikon.Peter the Great. Kantemir. Catherine]363
§ 4.[Italy.]
1.[Decline underSpanish Rule. Naples]365
2.[Vico]365
3.[Subsequentscientific thought. General revival of freethought under Frenchinfluence]367
4.[Beccaria.Algarotti. Filangieri. Galiani. Genovesi. Alfieri. Bettinelli. Dandolo.Giannone. Algarotti and the Popes. The scientific revival. Progress andreaction in Tuscany. Effects of the French Revolution]368
§ 5.[Spain and Portugal.]
1.[Progress underBourbon rule in Spain. Aranda. D’Alba]372
2.[Tyranny of theInquisition. Aranda. Olavidès]373
3.[Duke ofAlmodobar. D’Azara. Ricla]373
4.[The case ofSamaniego]374
5.[Bails.Cagnuelo. Centeno]375
6.[Faxardo.Iriarte]375
7.[Ista.Salas]376
8.[Reaction afterCharles III]376
9.[Portugal. Pombal]377
§ 6.[Switzerland.]
Socinianism and its sequelæ.The Turrettini. Geneva and Rousseau. Burlamaqui. Spread of deism378

Chap. XX—[Early Freethought in the United States]

1.[Deism of therevolutionary statesmen]381
2.[First traces ofunbelief. Franklin]381
3.[Jefferson. JohnAdams. Washington]382
4.[ThomasPaine]383
5.[Paine’streatment in America]384
6.[Palmer. Houston.Deism and Unitarianism]385

Chap. XXI.—[Freethought in the Nineteenth Century]

[The Reaction. Tone in England. Clericalism inItaly and Spain. Movement in France and Germany]386
[The Forces of Renascence. Internationalmovement. Summary of critical forces. Developments of science. Lines ofresistance]389
Section 1.—[Popular Propaganda and Culture]
1.[Democracy.Paine. Translations from the French]391
2.[Huttman.Houston. Wedderburn]393
3.[Pietistpersecution. Richard Carlile. John Clarke. Robert Taylor. CharlesSouthwell. G. J. Holyoake. Women helpers]393
4.[Hetherington.Operation of blasphemy law]395
5.[RobertOwen]395
6.[The reign ofbigotry. Influence of Gibbon]398
7.[CharlesBradlaugh and Secularism. Imprisonment of G. W. Foote. Treatment ofBradlaugh by Parliament. Resultant energy of secularist attack]399
8.[New literarydevelopments. Lecky. Conway. Winwood Reade. Spencer. Arnold. Mill.Clifford. Stephen. Amberley. New apologetics]402
9.[Freethought inFrance. Social schemes. Fourier. Saint-Simon. Comte. Duruy andSainte-Beuve]404
10.[Bigotry inSpain. Popular freethought in Catholic countries. Journalism]406
11.[Fluctuationsin Germany. Persistence of religious liberalism. Marx and Socialism.Official orthodoxy]409
12.[TheScandinavian States and Russia]412
13.[“Free-religious” societies]413
14.[Unitarianismin England and America]414
15.[Clericalrationalism in Protestant countries. Switzerland. Holland. Dutch SouthAfrica]415
16.[Developmentsin Sweden]417
17.[The UnitedStates. Ingersoll. Lincoln. Stephen Douglas. Frederick Douglass.Academic persecution. Changes of front]419
Section 2.—[Biblical Criticism]
1.[Rationalism inGermany. The Schleiermacher reaction: its heretical character. Orthodoxhostility]420
2.[Progress inboth camps. Strauss’s critical syncretism]423
3.[Criticism ofthe Fourth Gospel]425
4.[Strauss’sachievement]425
5.[Officialreaction]426
6.[Fresh advance.Schwegler. Bruno Bauer]426
7.[Strauss’ssecond Life of Jesus. His politics. His Voltaire andOld and New Faith. His total influence]428
8.[Fluctuatingprogress of criticism. Important issues passed-by. Nork. Ghillany.Daumer. Ewerbeck. Colenso. Kuenen. Kalisch. Wellhausen]431
9.[New Testamentcriticism. Baur. Zeller. Van Manen]434
10.[Falling-off inGerman candidates for the ministry as in congregations. Officialorthodox pressures]435
11.[Attack anddefence in England. The Tractarian reaction. Progress of criticism.Hennell. The United States: Parker. English publicists: F. W. Newman;R. W. Mackay; W. R. Greg. Translations. E. P. Meredith; Thomas Scott;W. R. Cassels]437
12.[New Testamentcriticism in France. Renan and Havet]439
Section 3.—[Poetry and General Literature]
1.[The Frenchliterary reaction. Chateaubriand]440
2.[Predominance offreethought in later belles lettres]441
3.[Béranger. De Musset. Victor Hugo. Leconte de Lisle.The critics. The reactionists]442
4.[Poetry inEngland. Shelley. Coleridge. The romantic movement. Scott. Byron.Keats]443
5.[CharlesLamb]445
6.[Carlyle. Mill.Froude]447
7.[Orthodoxy andconformity. Bain’s view of Carlyle, Macaulay, and Lyell]448
8.[The literaryinfluence. Ruskin. Arnold. Intellectual preponderance ofrationalism]450
9.[English fictionfrom Miss Edgeworth to the present time]451
10.[RichardJefferies]452
11.[Poetry sinceShelley]452
12.[Americanbelles lettres]453
13.[Leopardi.Carducci. Kleist. Heine]454
14.[Russianbelles lettres]456
15.[TheScandinavian States]457
Section 4.—[The Natural Sciences]
1.[Progress incosmology. Laplace and modern astronomy. Orthodox resistance.Leslie] 457
2.[Physiology inFrance. Cabanis]459
3.[Physiology inEngland. Lawrence. Morgan]461
4.[Geology afterHutton. Hugh Miller. Baden Powell]462
5.[Darwin]464
6.[RobertChambers]464
7.[Orthodoxresistance. General advance]465
8.[Triumph ofevolutionism. Spencer. Clifford. Huxley]466
Section 5.—[The Sociological Sciences]
1.[Eighteenth-century sociology. Salverte. Charles Comte.Auguste Comte]468
2.[Progress inEngland. Orthodoxy of Hallam. Carlyle. Grote. Thirlwall. Long]468
3.[Sociologyproper. Orthodox hostility]469
4.[Mythology andanthropology. Tylor. Spencer. Avebury. Frazer]470
Section 6.—[Philosophy and Ethics]
1.[Fichte.Schelling. Hegel]471
2.[Germany afterHegel. Schopenhauer. Hartmann]474
3.[Feuerbach.Stirner]475
4.[ArnoldRuge]478
5.[Büchner]478
6.[Philosophy inFrance. Maine de Biran. Cousin. Jouffroy]479
7.[Movement ofLamennais]480
8.[Comte andComtism]483
9.[Philosophy inBritain. Bentham. James Mill. Grote. Political rationalism]484
10.[Hamilton.Mansel. Spencer]485
11.[Semi-rationalism in the churches]487
12.[J. S.Mill]489
Section 7.—[Modern Jewry]
Jewish influence in philosophysince Spinoza. Modern balance of tendencies489
Section 8.—[The Oriental Civilizations]
Asiatic intellectual life. Japan.Discussions on Japanese psychosis. Fukuzawa. The recent Cult of theEmperor. China. India. Turkey. Greece490

[Conclusion] 499

[Index] 503