The Evolution of States

by J. M. Robertson

[518] Nys. Researches in the History of Economics, Eng. trans. 1899, p. 61.

[519] Id. p. 59.

[520] Cp. Pignotti, Hist. of Tuscany, Eng. trans. 1823, iii, 256; Hallam, Middle Ages, 11th ed. iii, 328, 332. It is clear that the polarity of the magnet was known long before the practical use of it in the compass.

[521] Hallam, iii, 441; Pignotti, iii, 256-58.

[522] Sismondi, Républiques, i, 384, 385.

[523] Pignotti, iii, 262-64; Dante, Paradiso, xv, 116.

[524] Pignotti, iii, 265.

[525] "The citizens (900-1200) allowed themselves no other use of their riches than that of defending or embellishing their country" (Sismondi, Short History, p. 23).

[526] Butler, The Communes of Lombardy, pp. 58-70.

[527] Id. p. 71.