[731] Cp. Torrens M'Cullagh, Industrial History, ii, 22, 33; Motley, p. 18. The Counts of Holland seem to have led the way in encouraging towns and population. But Baldwin III of Flanders (circa 960) seems to have established yearly fairs free of tolls (De Witt, Mémoires, French tr., ed. 1709. part i, ch. viii, p. 34).
[732] Compare the so-called Memoirs of John de Witt, French ed. (3e) 1709, ch. iii, p. 18; Petty, Essays in Political Arithmetic, ed. 1699, p. 178; Torrens M'Cullagh, as cited, ii, 26, 113-15, 270-71; M'Culloch, Treatises, p. 350. English corn was frequently exported to the Low Countries, as against imported textiles, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and early in the fifteenth (Macpherson, Annals of Commerce, i, 561, 644).
[733] Keymor, Observations on the Dutch Fishing about the year 1601, reprinted in The Phœnix, 1707, i, 223, 225; Temple, Observations upon the United Provinces, cc. iii, vi (1814 ed. of Works, i, 127, 163).
[734] Cp. De Witt, pp. 15, 16; Torrens M'Cullagh, Industrial History, ii, 36, 37, 46, 59; Grattan, Netherlands, p. 18; Blok, as above cited.
[735] As to the earlier development of the Flemish cities, cp. Blok, Geschiedenis, as cited, ii, 3; Eng. tr. i, 252; A. Wauters, Les libertés communales, Bruxelles, 1878, p. 746 and passim.
[736] Motley, Rise of the Dutch Republic, i, p. 15.
[737] See the charter of Middelburg in 1217, quoted by Motley, p. 19, and by Davies, i, 65.
[738] Davies, History of Holland, i, 26.
[739] Cp. David, Manuel, p. 217; Wauters, Les libertés communales, pp. 36, 287; Van Kampen, Geschichte der Niederlande, i, 141, 142.
[740] M'Cullagh, ii, 42.