The Evolution of States

by J. M. Robertson

[741] De Witt (i.e. Delacourt), however, gives the priority to Flanders (Mémoires, as cited, pt. i. ch. viii, p. 34).

[742] The majority of the serfs seem to have been freed about 1230; and by 1300 the chiefs of the gilds were "more powerful than the nobles" (Grattan, p. 35; cp. p. 38, and Blok, as before cited).

[743] Cp. David, Manuel, pp. 78-88.

[744] De Witt, as cited, pp. 34, 35; M'Cullagh, p. 66; Grattan, p. 38.

[745] David, Manuel, pp. 142, 143; Grattan, p. 38.

[746] David, pp. 154-57.

[747] De Witt, p. 35; M'Cullagh, p. 67.

[748] David, Manuel, p. 158.

[749] Id. p. 107.

[750] Grattan. p. 43.