[977] Cp. Rio-Branco, Esquisse, as cited, p. 151.
[978] F.J. de Santa-Anna Nery, "Travail servile et travail libre," in vol. Brésil en 1889, pp. 205, 206; E. da Silva-Prado, "Immigration," ch. xvi of same compilation, pp. 489, 490.
[979] Rio-Branco, p. 186, note.
[980] From 1857 to 1871, the fifteen years preceding the process of emancipation, the total immigration was only 170,000. From 1873 to 1887 it amounted to 400,000, and it has since much increased. Cp. Santa-Anna Nery, as cited, p. 212; and E. da Silva-Prado, "Immigration" as cited, pp. 489-91.
[981] It is interesting to note that whereas he was, for a king, an accomplished and enlightened philosopher, of the theistic school of Coleridge, the revolutionist movement was made by the Brazilian school of Positivists. It would be hard to find a revolution in which both sides stood at so high an intellectual level.
[982] See, in Brésil en 1889, the remarks of M. da Silva-Prado, p. 559.
[983] See the section (ch. iii) on "Climatologie," by Henri Morize, in Brésil en 1889; in particular the section on "Immigration" (ch. xvi) by E. da Silva-Prado, pp. 503-505.
[984] See, in the same volume, the section (ch. xviii) on "L'Art," by da Silva-Prado. He shows that "Le Brésilien a la préoccupation de la beauté" (p. 556).
[985] The probabilities appear to be specially in favour of music, to which the native races and the negroes alike show a great predilection (id. pp. 545, 546). As M. da Silva-Prado urges, what is needed is a systematic home-instruction, as liberally carried out as was Pedro's policy of sending promising students of the arts to Europe. Thus far, though education is good, books have been relatively scarce because of their dearness. Here again the United States had an immense preliminary advantage in their ability to reproduce at low prices the works of English authors, paying nothing to the writers; a state of things which subsisted long after the States had produced great writers of their own.
[986] In Portugal, "by a law enacted in 1844, primary education is compulsory; but only a small fraction of the children of the lower classes really attend school" (Statesman's Year-Book). In Brazil there has been great educational progress in recent years; and in 1911 a decree was issued for the reform of the school system, a Board of Education being established with control over all the schools. Education is still non-compulsory.