[1025] As to what traffic actually took place in the Dark Ages, cp. Heyd, Histoire du commerce de Levant, Fr. tr. 1886, i, 94-99.
[1026] Cox, The Crusades, p. 146.
[1027] Pignotti, History of Tuscany, Eng. trans. 1823, iii, 256-62.
[1028] Hist. de la Civ. en France, ed. 13e, iii, 6e leçon.
[1029] Down even to the points of chastity and "training."
[1030] This is now pretty generally recognised. Among recent writers compare Green, Short History, ch. iv, § 3; Pearson, as last cited, p. 220; Gardiner, Student's History of England, p. 235; and Introduction to the Study of English History, p. 91. See also Buckle, 3-vol. ed. ii, 133; 1-vol. ed. p. 362. The sentimental view is still extravagantly expressed by Ducoudray, Histoire sommaire de la civilisation, 1886.
[1031] Pignotti, as cited, iii, 279; G. Villani, Cronica, xii, 54-56.
[1032] Cp. Thierry, Histoire de la Conquête, iv, 210. As Thierry notes (p. 247), John Ball's English is much less Gallicised than that which became the literary tongue.
[1033] "Depuis les dominateurs de l'Orient jusqu'aux maîtres de Rome asservie ... quiconque détient la liberté d'autrui dans la servitude, perd la sienne...." (Morin, Origines de la démocratie, pp. 137-38).
[1034] Cp. Busch, England unter den Tudors, 1892, i, 6.