[1055] Busch, England unter den Tudors, i, 250-65. Edward had actually traded extensively on his own account, freighting ships to the Mediterranean with tin, wool, and cloth Green, p. 287; Henry, History of Great Britain, ed. 1823, xii, 309, 315-16; Act 4 Hen. VII, c. 10; Hall's Chronicle, under Henry VII.
[1056] Green, p. 295.
[1057] "Something like a fifth of the actual land in the kingdom was ... transferred from the holding of the Church to that of nobles and gentry" (Green, ch. vii, § 1, p. 342).
[1058] Cp. E. Armstrong, Introduction to Martin Hume's Spain, 1898, pp. 13, 19, 29; Prescott, History of Ferdinand and Isabella, pt. i, ch. vi, end; Hallam, Middle Ages, iii, 331.
[1059] See Stubbs, iii, 626-28, as to the extent to which ability to read was spread among the common people. As to the general effect on mental life see the vigorous though uncritical panegyric of Hazlitt, Lectures on the Literature of the Age of Elizabeth, ed. 1870, pp. 12-17.
[1060] As to the democratic element in Calvinism, which develops from Lollardism, see the interesting remarks of Buckle, 3-vol. ed. ii, 339; 1-vol. ed. p. 481. Prof. Gardiner sums up (Introduction to the Study of English History, pp. 97, 98) "that as soon as Lollardism ceased to be fostered by the indignation of the labouring class against its oppressors, it dwindled away." Compare the conclusions of Prof. Thorold Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages, p. 272, and see above, p. 390. Prof. Rogers (p. 273) traces the success of the Reformation in the Eastern counties to the long work of Lollardism there. In the same district lay the chief strength of the Rebellion. Compare his Economic Interpretation of History, pp. 79-91.
[1061] Gardiner, History of England, 1603-42, ed. 1893, i, 45.
[1062] Cp. Pulszky, The Theory of Law and Civil Society, p. 206. "Theocracy in itself, being the hierarchical rule of a priestly class, is but a species of aristocracy." And see Buckle's chapter, "An Examination of the Scotch Intellect during the Seventeenth Century" (3-vol. ed. iii, 211, 212; 1-vol. ed. pp. 752-53; and notes 36, 37, 38) for the express claims of the Scotch clergy to give out "the whole counsel of God."
[1063] Dr. Gardiner writes:—"Nor was it indifference alone which kept these powerful men aloof; they had an instinctive feeling that the system to which they owed their high position was doomed, and that it was from the influence which the preachers were acquiring that immediate danger was to be apprehended to their own position" (last cit.). One is at a loss to infer how the historian can know of or prove the existence of such an instinct.
[1064] In her partialities she was fully as ill-judging as Mary of Scotland. To the eye of the Spanish ambassador Dudley was "heartless, spiritless, treacherous, and false" (Bishop Creighton, Queen Elizabeth, ed. 1899, p. 65). Essex in turn was a furious fool.