[1065] As to the change in English feeling between 1580, when the Catholic missionaries were widely welcomed, and the years after 1588, see The Dynamics of Religion, by "M.W. Wiseman" (J.M. R.). Cp. Gardiner, History of England, 1603-42, ed. 1893, i, 15: "Every threat uttered by a Spanish ambassador rallied to the national government hundreds who in quieter times would have looked with little satisfaction on the changed ceremonies of the Elizabethan Church."
[1066] Cp. Motley, History of the United Netherlands, 1867, i, 391 sq.
[1067] In his Introduction to the Study of English History (1881) Prof. Gardiner, through a dozen pages, discusses the action of Elizabeth's government solely in terms of her personality, never once mentioning her advisers. On this line he reaches the proposition that "the homage, absurd as it came to be, which was paid to the imaginary beauties of the royal person was in the main only an expression of the consciousness that peace and justice, the punishment of wickedness and vice, and the maintenance of good order and virtue, came primarily from the queen and secondarily from the Church." One is moved to suggest that the nonsense in question was not so bottomless as it is here virtually made out.
[1068] "There was no truth nor honesty in anything she said" (Bishop Creighton, Queen Elizabeth, p. 60; cp. pp. 76, 91, 112, 181, 216, 228-31).
[1069] Her practice of leaving her truest servants to bear their own outlays in her service, begun with Cecil (Creighton, p. 63), was copied from Charles V and Philip II, but was carried farther by her than ever by them. All the while she heaped gifts on her favourites.
[1070] E.g., Mr. Gibbins's Industrial History of England, pp. 84-89, 105. The point of view seems to have been set up by Cobbett's History of the Reformation.
[1071] Cp. Ashley, Introd. to Economic History, ii, 312-15.
[1072] Cp. More's Utopia, bk. i (Arber's ed. p. 41; Morley's, p. 64); and Bacon's History of Henry VII, Bohn ed. p. 369. More expressly charges certain Abbots with a share in the process of eviction.
[1073] Cp. Green, ch. vi, § 3. Green goes on to speak of the earlier Statutes of Labourers as setting up the "terrible heritage of a pauper class" (p. 286, also p. 250). This is a fresh error of the same sort as that above dealt with. A pauper class was inevitable, whatever laws were made.
[1074] Bishop Stubbs puts it (iii, 283) that the increase of commerce during the Wars of the Roses was "to some extent a refuge for exhausted families, and a safety-valve for energies shut out of their proper sphere." The proposition in this form is obscure.