The Evolution of States

by J. M. Robertson

[1238] As early as 1641 the Manchester woollen industry is noted as flourishing. Early in the next century it had immensely increased. Schulze-Gävernitz, as cited, pp. 26, 27.

[1239] Mandeville, Fable of the Bees, Remarks Q and Y.

[1240] "That narrow and foolish woman." Hallam, Constitutional History, iii, 124, note. Cp. Buckle, i, 419: "a foolish and ignorant woman."

[1241] "It seems rather a humiliating proof of the sway which the feeblest prince enjoys even in a limited monarchy, that the fortunes of Europe should have been changed by nothing more noble than the insolence of one waiting-woman and the cunning of another. It is true that this was effected by throwing the weight of the Crown into the scale of a powerful faction; yet the house of Bourbon would probably not have reigned beyond the Pyrenees but for Sarah and Abigail at Queen Anne's toilet" (Hallam, iii, 210).

[1242] A work in course of preparation.

[1243] "Then as to all this activity, so many movements of all things celestial and all things earthly, turning without ceasing, only to return forever there whence they set forth, I can divine no use and no fruition" (Leopardi's Nocturnal Song of a Nomad Shepherd in Asia).

---

INDEX

Aargau, [338], [346], [349]
Abbott, Dr. E., [37], [106] n.
Abderrahmān I, [154]
---- III, [153]
Abdy, Prof., [201], [373]
Abortion in Greece, [102], [117]
Abyssinia, [179]
Academy, the French, [444] n., [445]
Achaian League, [51]
Adams and Cunningham, [331], [351] n.
Adrian IV, [235]
Æschines, [50]
Æschylus, [136]
Aetius, [96], [185]
Ætolian League, [51]
Ager publicus, [77]
Agis, [51], [104]
Agrarian distress, [403]-5
Agriculture, [88];
Egyptian, [56];
Roman, [76], [79], [82] sq., [94];
Greek, [99], [108], [117];
Feudal, [202];
Italian, [221];
Dutch, [328];
English, [88], [348] n., [403];
Scandinavian, [270], [283];
Swiss, [347], [348]
Alaric, [185]
Alba Longa, [14]
Alboin, [188], [194]
Albuquerque, [358]
Alcibiades, [46], [50]
Alcuin, [189]
Alexander the Great, empire of, [111]
---- of Parma, [307], [309], [310]
Alexandria, [133], [134]
Alfonso de Sousa, [362]
Alfred, [370] n., [375]
Algiers, French. [57] n., [156]-7, [177]
Alkman, [132]
Allen, C.-F., [264] n.
Almohades, the, [155]
Almoravides, the, [155]
Althusius, [441]
Alva, [308]
Amalfi, [194], [204]
Ambrose, [194]
Amphictyonic Councils, [53]
Amsterdam, [315];
bank of, [324]
Anabaptism, [306], [307]
Anarchism, [424]
Anastasius, [96] n.
Anaxagoras, [46]
Anglo-Saxons, [275], [369]-76
Anne, [468]
Anskar, [267]
Antioch, [133]
Antonines, [89], [113], [117], [166], [167]
Antony, franchise policy of, [4] n.
Antwerp, [308], [310], [311], [313]
Anund Jakob, [267], [272]
Anytus, [50]
Appenzell, [337], [338], [344], [347]
Apuleius, [167]
Aquinas, Thomas, [118] n., [212], [235], [440]
Arab character, [146] sq.
Architecture, [150], [151], [192], [205], [220]
Arianism, [97], [168]
Aribert, [206]
Ariosto, [230]
Aristocracy, Roman, [17], [21], [22] sq., [29]-30, [78];
and culture, [62], [166];
and politics, [70];
Greek, [42], [49], [98], [109];
Feudal, [200], [202], [209];
Italian, [236], [245], [255];
English, [288], [376], [379], [385], [390] sq., [396], [403], [410];
Dutch, [306];
Scandinavian, [275], [276], [277], [281];
Portuguese, [355];
Swiss, [336], [348];
French, [391], [415] n., [461]
Aristotle, [50], [127], [448] sq.;
on militarism, [45];
on slavery, [98], [133] n.;
on Sparta, [101] n.;
on population, [102];
on education, [126];
and Aquinas, [212]
Aristophanes, [50], [135]
Armada, [308], [311], [314], [399], [408]
Arminianism, [310]
Arnold of Brescia, [235], [246]
Arnold, M., [434]
Arnold, W.T., [78]
Artaxerxes, [113]
Art, evocation of, [63], [122], [134], [150], [159], [220], [327], [409];
in Athens, [48]-49, [106];
in medieval Italy, [220]-21, [225];
in Holland, [327];
in Portugal, [359];
in England, [409]
Arteveldt, J. van, [299]
Ashley, Prof., [379] n., [394]
[Asia Minor], [55], [123]
Associations, religious, [113], [115]

Assyria, [135]
Aston, Sir A., [428]
Astronomy, [149], [150], [151]
Athaulf, [186]
Athens, variety of stock in, [16];
social problem in, [40], [107];
reforms of Solon in, [40] sq., [99];
morals in, [47]-48, [50];
superstition and ignorance in, [45] sq.;
art and letters in, [48]-49, [106], [124];
imports of, [84];
commerce of, [99];
buildings of, [105];
silver mines of, [105]-6;
citizenship of, [124];
retrogression of, [134]
Attila, [185], [191]
Attraction and repulsion in politics, [5]-7, [23], [28], [202], [207], [210], [257] sq., [299], [369], [377], [386], [460];
modes of, [70]
Augustine, [34], [118] n., [168], [261]
Augustus, [81], [83], [164]
Australian aborigines, [128]
Aurelian, [87] n., [184], [185]
Autocracy. See [Despotism] and [Tyranny]
Avitus, St., [187]
Babylonia, [68]
Bacchic mysteries, [164]
Bacon, [461]
Bagaudæ, the, [175]
Bagehot, cited, [23] n., [57] n.
Bain, R.N., [264] n., [277] n.
Balfour, A.J., [72] n., [171] sq., [180] n.
Ball, John, [390]
Banking, [218], [435]
Barante, [292]
Barneveldt, [310], [318]
Barros, [359]
Basle, [338], [344], [346], [348]
Bayle, [326]
Beaconsfield, [72]
Becker, cited, [9]
Becket, [377]
"Beggars," Confederacy of, [306]
Beghards, [305]
Behn, Aphra, [442] n.
Belgium, [260], [307]
Belisarius, [96], [184], [191], [194]
Bent, J.T., [181]
Bentham, [449]
Berbers, [154] n., [155]
Berlin, University of, [139]
Berne, [336], [337], [338], [343], [344], [345], [346], [349]
Bertrand, A., cited, [64]
Bibliolatry, [152], [154], [157], [396], [405], [410]
Bijns, Anna, [326]
Bikélas, cited, [143], [144]
Bishops and Italian cities, [198], [206]
Black Death, [380], [384], [386], [387], [388]
Blackstone, [449]
Blake, [420]
Blok, P.J., [292], [296]
Blossius of Cumæ, [81]
Boccaccio, [226]
Bodin, [449]
Boeckh, [37], [41], [107], [108], [109]
Boissier, cited, [159] n., [162]
Bolingbroke, [437]
Bologna, [205], [208], [211], [212]
Bordier, [334], [335]
Borghini, [217]
Borgia, Cesare, [233], [253]
Botta, cited, [229] n.
Boulting, [195] n., [196], [202] n.
Boyle, [447] n.
Brazil, [317], [361]-68;
population in, [362];
prospects of, [366]-67
Brethren of the Common Lot, [305]
Bribery in Rome, [22]
Britain, economic basis of, [59], [79]
Browning, O., [181]
Bruce, [308]
Bruges, [297]
Brun, [336]
Brunehild, [186]
Brussels, [297]
Brutus, [79]
Bryce, cited, [4], [58], [189] n., [199], [201]
Buchanan, [441]
Buckingham, [415]
Buckle, on national character, [1] n., [4];
on Montesquieu, [28] n.;
on food and life conditions, [55];
on Spanish fanaticism, [155], [304];
on climate and civilisation, [361];
on Magna Carta, [392];
on Delolme, [392];
on Divine Right, [440] n.;
on Anne, [468] n.
Bullion delusion, [80], [464] sq.
Burckhardt, [182];
as sociologist, [36];
on Greek happiness, [47];
on Sparta, [130];
on Spain and Italy, [230], [233] n.
Burghley, [400], [406], [407]
Burke, [453]
---- U.R., cited, [119], [169], [191], [192]
Burnet, [438], [439]
Burrows, Prof., [123]
Bursian, C., [65]
Burton, Hill, [11], [414] n., [456]
Bury, [38];
on Roman Empire, [34] n.;
on Solon, [43];
on Christian disunion, [97] n.;
on Heraclius, [116] n.;
on Greek Art, [122] n.;
on the Dorians, [130]-31;
on Byzantine superstition, [145] n.;
on Roman currency, [175] n.
Busch, [392] n.
Butler, W.F., [181], [196], [197] n., [206], [211]
Byzantium, [34], [93], [95], [96], [114] sq., [143] sq., [152], [186]
Cade, Jack, [388], [406]

Cæsar, franchise policy of, [4] n.;
revenue policy of, [73];
policy of doles of, [82];
policy in Campania of, [91];
and Corinth, [110]
Calderon, [359], [413]
Calvin, [301], [343], [344], [398], [435]
Calvinism, [306], [310], [326], [344], [396] n., [398]
Camden, [398], [407]
Camoens, [359]
Cantù, [181]
Capitalism, in antiquity, [86], [104], [108];
in Florence, [218], [248] sq.;
in Holland, [316], [318], [324];
in America, [365];
in England, [393], [403], [434]-35, [462]
Caracalla, [4], [175]
Carlyle, [264] n., [419], [429]-30
Carmagnola, [249]
Carrel, A., [436] n., [437] n., [444] n.
Carthage, [28] n., [30], [86]
Castruccio Castracani, [243], [255]
Cathari, [220]
Cato, [32]
Cats, [307], [326]
Catullus, [165], [166]
Celibacy, Sacerdotal, [235]
Celts, [187], [190], [192], [258], [279], [375], [378]
Chancery, Court of, [432]
Chapman, [412],

[413]
Charlemagne, [188], [189], [191], [192], [267], [295]
Charles I of England, [410], [414] sq., [426], [443]
---- II of England, [319], [320], [437], [438], [442], [443], [451]
---- III of Spain, [363]
---- IV, [246]
---- V, [300], [301], [302], [304], [309] n., [311]
Charleton, W., [444] n.
Chasles, Ph., cited, [74]
Chastity, barbaric, [184]
Chaucer, [384], [386]
Chemistry, [149], [150]
Chievres, [302]
Child, Sir J., [316], [458], [462], [463] n., [464], [467]
Chilperic, [186]
China, polity of, [56], [57], [59]-60, [67], [73], [180], [260];
secret societies of, [26] n.
Chinese and Europeans, repulsions of, [6]
Chivalier, [294] n.
Chivalry, [383]
Christian II, [276]
---- III, [277]
Christianity, conditions of success of, [27], [114]-15, [165];
effects of, [28];
and progress, [34]-5, [179], [205], [272], [431];
and Roman Empire, [95], [96], [97], [265];
and heresy, [97], [115], [168], [300], [303], [344];
spread of, [112], [114]-15;
and infanticide, [117]-18;
and slavery, [118] sq., [214] sq., [372]-73;
and culture, [142], [144], [168], [280];
and Islam, [149], [157];
in Gaul, [167];
and morals, [186], [210], [272], [431], [434];
and Italian disunion, [210];
in Scandinavia, [265] sq., [272], [274];
and fish eating, [293];
in modern Holland and Belgium, [307];
strife of sects in, [422]
Chrysostom, [118]
Church in politics, [96], [145], [152], [168]-69, [198], [203], [206], [210], [223], [234], [235], [265], [274], [377], [391]
Cicero, on Roman politics, [20]-21;
on manumission, [215]
Cimabue, [220]
Cincinnatus, [12], [19]
City States, [29], [38] sq., [52], [53], [124], [179], [198], [202] sq., [209] sq., [286] sq., [295]
Civilisation and superstition, [46];
modern, roots of, [169]
Civilisations, primary and secondary, [55] sq.
Clans, Highland, [11], [67]
Clarendon, [437], [451]
Class degradation, effects of, [62], [68], [372];
relations in England, [376], [379];
as political factor, [70]
Classes, strife of, in Rome, [17] sq.;
in Greece, [38], [45];
in Florence, [229] sq.;
in Flanders, [296]-97;
in Switzerland, [336], [350];
in England, [393]-94, [405]
Claudian, [167]
Claudius II, [185]
Clémenceau, [271]
Cleomenes, [51], [104]
Clientes, Roman, [11]
Climate and race, [193], [361]
Cloacæ, the Roman, [14]
Clothaire, [186]
Clovis, [187]
Coal civilisations, [79], [88], [365], [366]
Coinage, alleged debasement of, by Solon, [41];
Roman debasement of, [175];
Papal debasement of, [223];
debasement of, by Henry VIII, [397].
See [currency]
Colbert, [140], [315], [445], [446], [461], [464], [465]
Cologne, [288]
Colonies, Greek, [39], [48], [100];
and culture, [63] n.;
Roman, [86];
Scandinavian, [271];
Dutch, [312]
Comines, [391]
Comitia, Roman, [9] sq.
Commerce, Roman, [76]-7, [80];
Athenian, [99], [108];
Greek, under Roman Empire, [113];
Byzantine, [117];
Italian, [211], [218]-19, [221], [256], [383];
Danish, [273];
Norwegian, [284];
Medieval, [288];
Dutch, [297], [310] sq.;
Portuguese, [357] sq.;
Anglo-Saxon, [370];
English, [380], [393], [404], [459];
Irish, [453];
Spanish, [461];
and civilisation, [70], [99], [104], [109], [113], [205], [211], [221], [287], [315], [457], [458];
and war, [297], [460]
Compass, the, [205]
Competition of societies, [58], [70]
Comte, A., [2] n., [4]
Conrad the Salic, [203]
Conradin, [241]
Conservatism and isolation, [56], [144];
Chinese, [60];
Egyptian, [125];
and militarism, [132]-33;
English, [424]
Constantine, [27] n., [114], [117], [215]
Constantinople, evolution of, [116] sq.
Consuls and Italian cities, [198], [203], [207]
Corinth, [105], [110], [131] n.
Corporations, religious, [160], [235], [377]
Cox, Sir G., cited, [66], [161]
Creed politics, [405], [415], [424]
Creighton, Bishop, [401] n.
Cremona, [216]
Crete, polity of, [59] n., [131]-32, [133]
Crichton and Wheaton, [264] n., [272], [273], [275]
Cromer, Lord, discussed, [177] sq.
Cromwell, Oliver, 318, 417-21, 424-33, 453;
Richard, [436];
Thomas, [395]
Crusades, effects of, [69];
and slavery, [214], [296];
and civilisation, [383]
Culture, Greek, [46] sq.;
and the sexes, [61];
importance of diffusion of, [62]
Culture-contacts, effects of, [57], [63];
conditions of success of, [57], [58];
and Greek civilisation, [64], [122];
in Christendom, [69], [150];
in Japan, [69], [70];
in modern Europe, [138] sq.;
and Saracen civilisation, [146];
and Roman civilisation, [158], [163], [164];
and post-Roman civilisation, [189], [193];
and medieval Italy, [211], [219], [254];
and England, [212] n.;
and Scandinavia, [279];
and Holland, [326];
and Renaissance, [340];
and England, [375]
Cunningham, Dr., on Greek civilisation, [36], [129];
on Roman expansion, [67];
on Roman wars, [76] n., [78] n.;
on Roman decline, [93]-4;
on Athenian expenditure, [106] n.;
on Greeks and Phœnicians, [129], [150];
on Black Death, [388];
on the Tudors, [402];
on Puritanism, [433];
on the mercantile system, [466]
Curiæ, the Roman, [8] sq., [203]
[Currency], Roman, [80], [175];
Byzantine, [96];
Dutch, [311]
Curtius, E., [130]
Cybele, cult of, [163]
Dahn, F., cited, [188] n.
Danby, [442]
Dändliker, [331], [339] n.
Dante, [213], [217], [226], [233], [240] n.
Daremberg, Dr., cited, [147]-48
Darien Company, [456]
Daru, [255] n.
D'Aubigné, [430]-31
David, J., [292]
Davies, [291]
Davis, Sir J., [67]
---- H.W. C., [378]
"Death," political, [33]-4, [59]
Decay, social, [22], [25], [32], [59], [69], [170] sq.;
socio-physiological, [186];
socio-psychological, [61], [112], [141], [280], [411]-13
Defoe, [413]
Dekker, [406] n.
De la Chambre, [445]
Delacourt, [313]
Delaunay, cited, [10], [11]
Della Torre, [241]
Democracy, Roman, [19] sq.;
Greek, [38] sq., [46] sq.;
French, [72];
American, [38] n., [365], [366];
Scandinavian, [276], [278];
Flemish, [300];
Dutch, [306], [310], [311];
English, [388], [414] sq.;
Italian, [209] sq., [225];
Swiss, [350] sq.;
conditions of success of, [52];
and intellectual life, [139]
Demosthenes, [50], [105], [136]
Denmark, structure of, [265];
political evolution of, [268], [271], [273], [273]-74;
religion in, [268];
slavery in, [273], [274];
commerce of, [273];
Reformation in, [276]-77;
culture of, [280]-81
Dennis, G., [185]
Denton, Rev. W., [385]
Descartes, [326], [446]
[Despotism], and food supply, [55]-6;
as political factor, [70];
and art, [135] sq., [166], [220], [224] sq.;
and culture, [141], [153], [224] sq.;
and decadence, [173];
in Holland, [299];
in Portugal, [357]-58;
spirit of, [455]
Deutsch, cited, [149] n., [157] n.
De Witt, [291], [317], [319], [324]
Dicæarchus, [105]
Dierauer, [331], [334]
Diocletian, [96], [113], [175]
Dionysos, cult of, [164]
Diophanes, [81]
"Divine Right," [440] sq.
Doge, the title, [204] n.
Dogma and intellect, [61]
[ Doles], Roman, [26], [82], [87];
Byzantine, [116]
Domesday Book, [371], [376]
Domitian, [166]
Dorians, [130] sq.

Dozy, cited, [154] n., [155] n.
Drama, Greek, [126]-27, [135];
French, [140];
Elizabethan, [140], [406], [409]-13;
Roman, [165];
Spanish, [359], [413]
Draper, [34], [56], [67]
Drogheda, siege of, [427]-30
Droysen, [135] n., [148] n.
Droz, E., cited, [3] n.
Druidism, [266]
Drunkenness, English, [463], [467];
Scandinavian, [278]
Dryden, [439], [442]
Duccio, [220]
Duffy, Miss, [182]
Dunham, [187], [195], [197] n., [264] n.
Dureau de la Malle, [24], [91]
Dussieux, [465]
Earle, Prof., [385]
East Indies, [312], [324]
Ecclesia, Athenian, [41]
Economic causation, ix, [71];
Roman, [75] sq.;
Greek, [98] sq., [133] sq.;
Italian and other, [212], [215] sq., [221];
Scandinavian, [270], [277];
Dutch, [293], [295], [306], [313] sq., [324];
Portuguese, [359]-60;
Brazilian, [366];
English, [397], [411], [412]
Education and democracy, [63];
Greek, [123], [126];
Saracen, [153], [154] n.;
Italian, [231], [247] n.;