The Evolution of States

by J. M. Robertson

Scandinavian, [276];
Dutch, [319], [325]-26, [330];
Portuguese, [364], [365];
Swiss, [346], [353]-54;
Brazilian, [367];
English, [391], [396], [419] n.
Edward III, [380], [384], [394] n.;
IV, [392], [393];
VI, [397]
Effen, Van, [326]
Egypt, effect of Nile on polity of, [56];
civilisation of, [64];
culture of, [68];
art of, [125], [135];
human sacrifice in, [129];
modern, [177];
Moslem, [222]
Eichhorn, [191]
Eleusinia, the, [132]
Eliot, [415], [416]
Elizabeth, [398], [399]-402
Emerson, [457]
Emigration, Greek, [100];
Scandinavian, [270]-71;
Swiss, [348], [353]
Emilius, Paulus, [78]
Empire, sociological process of, in Rome, [25] sq., [33], [87] sq., [92], [166], [170] sq.;
in Byzantium, [115] sq.;
in Greece, [133] sq.;
in Turkey, [176];
in Florence, [249], [252];
in Scandinavia, [265], [271];
in Holland, [316], [324];
in France, [320];
in Britain, [323], [384], [386];
in Portugal, [356] sq.;
and literature, [359]
Enclosures, [393], [403]
England, evolution of, in Anglo-Saxon times, [61], [191], [192], [204], [370], [374]-75;
after Conquest, [69] n., [212], [288], [371] sq., [376], [384];
in Tudor period, [392] sq.;
process of Rebellion, [414]-17;
Cromwell's rule, [417]-23;
Restoration politics, [423], [436] sq.;
influence on French culture, [138];
influence on German culture, [139];
and Spain, [406]-7, [420];
in eighteenth century, [229];
Reformation in, [238], [396] sq.;
Industrial evolution of, [458] sq.;
present polity of, [72], [79], [87] sq., [261];
and Holland, [318], [319], [320], [323], [425], [463];
and France, [320], [384], [392]
Ennius, [158], [165]
Epicurus, [135]
Epimenides, [133]
Equality, schemes of, [104]
Equilibrium, social, [71], [114]
Erasmus, [348]
Erik I and II, [268]
Essex, [399] n., [406], [407]
Etruscans and Romans, [16], [158], [159] n.;
civilisation of, [25], [185];
unity of, [68]
Euripides, [46], [131]
Europe, political variety of, [59]
Exposure of infants, [100], [270]
Ezzelino, [239]
Falkland, [423]
Fatalistic reasoning in politics, [178]
Faustrecht, [286], [378]
Favourites, royal, [382]-83, [415], [468]
Federalism, in Greece, [51]-52;
in Italy, [233];
in Netherlands, [295], [309];
in Switzerland, [331], [332] sq.
Ferdinand, Duke, [224]
Ferguson, cited, [14]
Ferrero, on Roman character, [8] n.;
on Roman trade, [11] n., [76] n., [79] n., [83] sq.;
as sociologist, [75];
on Roman civilisation, [176]
Feudalism, [199] sq., [295], [335], [371], [374], [395]
Filmer, [441] n., [442], [443]
Finance, Roman, [77] sq., [92] sq., [119]-20, [175];
Byzantine, [96], [116];
Greek, [106] sq.;
Spanish, [309], [311];
Papal, [221], [223];
Dutch, [310]-11, [328];
Portuguese, [363], [364];
English, [88], [397]-98, [419], [420]
Finland, [278], [283] n.
Finlay, as sociologist, [38];
on Roman finance, [78];
on Roman decline, [94];
on Byzantium and Lombard invasion, [95];
on Eastern Empire, [97], [115], [119]-20, [143];
on Greece under Roman Empire, [113] n.;
on Christianity and slavery, [118] n.;
on philosophic schools at Athens, [143]
Fisheries, Danish, [273]-74;
Dutch, [293], [311], [313], [317], [329];
Portuguese, [355]

Flanders, 288 n., [294], [295], [296], [302], [309], [311], [321], [380]
Fletcher of Saltoun, [455]
Flint, Prof., cited, [73], [74]
Floods in Netherlands, [298]
Florence, constitutions of, [202], [211], [240], [241], [243], [245];
political evolution of, [206]-7, [243] sq.;
factions at, [202], [207], [213], [236] n., [239] sq.;
and her allies, [208];
industry of, [211], [218];
wealth of, [217], [219];
interest at, [217] n.;
art in, [220], [226], [227] n.;
and papacy, [223];
under Duke Ferdinand, [224];
literature of, [226];
causes of eminence of, [229];
commercial development of, [231];
militarism at, [231];
and Pisa, [237], [248], [252]-53;
and Venice, [243], [249];
under Medici, [249] sq.;
taxation in, [251];
collapse of, [254]
Food and polity, [11] n., [55], [65], [73], [293], [315]
Ford, [413]
Fowler, W. Warde, [37]; cited, [23] n., [29] n., [66], [161] n.
[France], intellectual evolution of, [138], [140], [212];
and Holland, [319], [464]-65;
and England, [320], [323], [377]-78;
empire in, [320];
religion in, [321];
population in, [322]-23;
and Switzerland, [349]
Franks, polity of, [186], [188], [192], [197]
Frederick Barbarossa, [210], [216], [235]
---- II, [211], [216], [219]
---- the Great, [139]
---- of Denmark, [276]
Freedom of the press, [310], [344]
Freeman, on Greek federation, [51]-52;
on Greek history, [66];
on Athenian citizenship, [124] n.;
on Simon de Montfort, [382]
Free trade, [284], [465]
French politics, [1]-3. See [France]
---- Academy, [444] n., [445]
---- Revolution, [72], [149] n., [397], [449]
Fribourg, [337], [338], [344], [346]
Fronde, the, [415] n., [436]
Fronto, [167]
Frontiers, theories of, [178]
Froude, [402]
Fustel de Coulanges, [52], [67], [265] n.
Fyffe, cited, [66]
Gaeta, [204] n.
Galileo, [227]
Galton, [121]
Gardiner, on House of Commons, [380] n., [382];
on Lollardism, [396] n.;
on Scotch Calvinism, [398];
on Elizabeth, [400] n., [401], [402];
on Henry VIII, [401];
on Eliot, [416];
on Cromwell, [419]-20, [425] n., [427] n.;
on Lilburne, [424] n.;
on Drogheda, [428]-30;
on Barbone Parliament, [432]
Gasquet, Dr., [388]
Gaul, Roman and Christian, [94], [167], [173], [192]
Gaultier de Brienne, [244]
Gee, [464]
Geijer, [264] n., [272]
Gelasius, [194]
Geneva, [341], [343], [344], [347], [349], [350], [353], [410]
Genius, in politics, [15];
evocation of, [63], [121] sq.
Genoa, [204], [211], [218], [225], [229], [248];
modern, [255]-56
Geographical causation, [28], [124], [293], [295], [332], [335]
Germany, effects of subdivision of, [58];
trade of, [79];
intellectual evolution of, [138]-9, [340];
political and social evolution of, [184] sq., [222], [286], [378];
medieval, [216];
Reformation in, [238], [239], [342]
Ghent, [295], [296], [300]
Ghibelines and Guelphs, [209]-10, [226], [239] sq.
Gibbon, on Byzantium, [144];
on population of Roman Empire, [172] n.;
on pestilence in the Empire, [174];
and Sismondi, [187];
on Theodoric, [188] n.;
on the Lombards, [196];
on Roman slavery, [374]
Giddings, [5]
Gilds, German, [199];
trade, [207], [379], [393], [394]
Giles, H.A., cited, [6] n., [73] n.
Gillies, [38]
Glarus, [336], [337], [338], [344], [347]
Gneist, [375]
Godkin, L., cited, [38] n., [62]
Gold-mining, [80], [92]-3, [358], [363], [460]
Gondebald, [187]
Gontran, [187]
Gospels and slavery, [118]
Goths, [184], [186], [192]
Gouraud, C., [28] n.
Gray, [56]
Gracchi, [20], [21], [24], [81], [82] n.
Gratian, [90]
Grattan, T.C., [291]
Greece, superstition and ignorance in, [46] sq.;
structure of, [53], [64], [65];
population in, [101] sq.;
industry in, [109], [113];
conquests of, [78], [98], [110];
under Roman Empire, [112]-14;
evocation of art in, [123] sq.;
literature in, [126] sq.
Greek civilisation, [64], [68], [121] sq.;
in Italy, [29];
evolution of, [36] sq., [98] sq., [159];
modern, [156]-57
"Greek fire," [116]
Green, Captain, [455]
Green, J.R., on Anglo-Saxons and Christianity, [266] n., [372];
on English slavery, [372], [373], [374];
on Reformation, [397];
on Elizabeth, [400];
on English poverty, [403] n.;
on Hobbes, [421] n.;
on Shaftesbury, [438] n.
Greene, [411], [412]
Greenidge, cited, [12], [14] n.
Gregorovius, [182], cited, [188] n., [189] n., [210], [212] n.
Gregory the Great, [197], [212] n., [374]
---- VII, [212] n. See [Hildebrandt]
---- X, [240]
---- XIII, [223]
Grenvelle, [304]
Grisons, [338], [346]
Grote, [37], [331];
on Solon, [41];
on Greek polity, [44];
on Athenian Imperialism, [47] sq.;
on Pericles, [49];
on culture contacts, [58], [64];
on "race," [64], [66], [131]-32;
on Lycurgus, [99];
on Greek infantici de, [101];
on Lesbos, [126];
on Athenian drama, [127];
on Sparta, [131];
on Crete, [131]-32;
on Switzerland, [331] n., [332] n., [354]
Grotius, [309], [310], [326], [442] n.
Grundy, Dr. G.B., [36], [65]
Gubbio, [225]
Guicciardini, F., [232] n.
---- L.,

[291], [313]
Guilliman, [334]
Guizot, on Roman Empire and Christianity, [26] n., [96];
on European progress, [58];
on Gaulish monasteries, [167];
on Christian persecution, [168] n.;
on Teutonic barbarism, [184] n.;
on Charlemagne, [189];
on France and Germany, [192] n.;
on decline of slavery, [213]-14, [215];
on the Reformation, [238]
Gustavus Vasa, [274], [277]
Guthry, Bishop, [441]
Hadrian, [113]
Hakam I, [154]
---- II, [153]
Halifax, [451]
Hallam, on genius, [121];
on the Lombards and Italy, [198];
on feudalism, [201];
on Venice, [229];
on Simon de Montfort, [382];
on Henry VII, [392] n.;
on English nobility under Henry VIII, [396];
on Anne, [468] n.;
on Ireland, [451] n.;
on Whigs and Tories, [421] n.;
on Charles I, [417] n.;
on James I, [414] n.
Hamburg, [287]
Handel, [140]
Hannibal, [30]
Hansa, [274], [286]-90;
of London, [287], [288], [393]
Harald Bluetooth, [268]
Harald Klak, [268]
Hardwick, [266], [267]
Haren, Van, [326]
Harold Fairhair, [268]
Harrington, [443]
Harrison, F. [425]-26, [428]-30
Hartmann, L.M., [182]
Hassencamp, [450] n., [452]
Hawkwood, Sir J., [248]
Hazlitt, W., cited, [396] n.
---- W. C, [181]
Heeren, cited and discussed, [37], [39] n., [234], [237]
Hegel, cited and discussed, [5] n., [58]
---- Karl, [199], [379] n.
Hegewisch, [138]
Hektemorioi, the, [41]
Henry the Fowler, [197] n.
---- the Navigator, [356]
---- IV of England, [391]
---- V of England, [386], [391]
---- VII of England, [394]
---- VIII of England, [395], [401], [402]
Heracleia, [104]
Heraclius, [115]-16
Heredity, official, [120], [199], [235]
Heredium, the Roman, [12] sq.
Heresy, [97], [115], [168], [300], [303], [390]
Herodotus, [127], cited, [44], [129]
Hertzberg, [38], [67], [113] n.
Heyd, W. von, [183], [222]
Hiero, [136]
[Hildebrandt], [59] n., [203], [206], [235]
Hill, Rev. G., [371]
Hippocrates, [127]
Hippodamus, [104]
Hisham, [154]
Historiography, modern, [viii], [ix];
Greek, [127]
Hobbes, [421]-22;
on communism, [13]
Hochart, on Constantine, [27] n.
Hodgkin, T., [181], cited [184] n., [202] n.
Holbein, [408]
Holberg, [281]
[Holland], primary conditions of, [293];
slavery in medieval, [295]-6;
empire of, [312];
political evolution of, [294] sq.;
historiography of, [291]-2;
industry in, [294], [296], [310] sq.;
factions in, [296]-7, [298], [299];
despotism in, [300];
revolt of, [301] sq.;
religious distribution in, [307];
constitution of, [309];
commerce of, [310] sq., [328]-9;
finance and currency of, [310]-11;
public debt of, [312], [328];
and England, [318], [320], [323], [425], [463];
and France, [319], [320], [464]-65;
decline of, [321] sq.;
capitalism in, [324];
culture evolution of, [325] sq.;
art in, [327]-28;
population in, [327], [328]-30
Holm, [37], [134] n., [136] n., [141]
Homer, [126]
Honorius, [94], [173], [185]
Hooft, [326]
Hooker, [441]
"Hooks and Codfish," [298]
Horace, [165], [166]
Houses, Athenian, [105]; Italian, [205]
Howell, [325], [463]
Hudson, H., [312]
Huguenots, [272], [303], [321], [343], [438]
Humanists, Italian, [227]
Hume, cited, [58], [102], [109], [133] n., [348] n.
Huns, [184], [185], [197]
Hunt, W., [181]
Huxley, cited, [61]
Hygiene, ancient, [91]
Ibn Khaldun, [155]-56
Ibsen, [282]
Iceland, [270], [271], [278] sq., [340]
Ihne, cited, [16] n.
Illyria, [194]
Image-worship, [145]
Imperialism, Roman, [25] sq., [89];
Athenian, [47] sq.;
Greek, [50] sq.;
Ancient and modern, [177] sq.;
Barbaric, [189];
Danish, [269], [271];
Dutch, [318];
British, [323], [384], [407], [420]-21
India, evolution of, [74];
British, [57] n., [177], [179];
Portuguese, [358], [362]
Indigitamenta, [160] n.
Indulgences, Catholic, [342]
Industry, in Greece, [109];
in Italian cities, [205], [211], [218]-19;
in Netherlands, [294], [296];
in Iceland, [454];
in Spain, [461];
modern, [467]
Infanticide, [26], [38], [100], [117]
Innocent III, [236]
---- IV, [210]
Inquisition, [303], [308], [362], [406]
Interest, Roman limitation of, [20];
Roman, [79] and note;
Florentine, [217] n.;
in Holland, [313], [321]
Ionia. See [Asia Minor]
Ireland, [189], [192], [378];
English misgovernment of, [406], [418], [426]-33, [450] sq.
Ireton, [429]
Islam, [61], [149], [153], [154], [179]
Isocrates, [50]
Isolation and polity, [56], [144]
Italy, structure of, [28];
Greek cities of, [29];
modern, economics of, [85];
post-Roman, evolution of, [85], [183] sq.;
medieval, culture evolution in, [90], [152], [209] sq.;
republican collapse in, [233] sq.
See [Rome]
Jacquerie, [387]
James I, [398], [401], [414], [415], [461]
---- II, [444], [452]
Japan, evolution of, [69]-70, [74]
Java, [312], [329]
Jeffreys, [444]
Jesuits, [350], [362]-63
Jewry, [67], [125], [146]
Jews, modern, [358], [361]
John II of Portugal, [355], [357]
John, King, [392]
Johnson, [442] n.
Jonson, Ben, [412], [413]
Julian, [57] n., [94]
Juste, [292]
Justice, in Greece, [48]
Justin, [95]
Justinian, [96], [116], [118], [143], [449]
Juvenal, [166]
Kampen, J. van, [292], [307]
Kant, [138];
cited, [5]
Keightley, [161]
Kemble, J.M., [371], [372], [373]
Keymor, [317], [325]
Kings, Roman, [18]
Kleisthenes, [44]
Kleon, [50]
Knox, [398]
Knut, [268], [271]
Koran, the, [154]
Kyd, [411], [412]
Ladislaus, [249]
Lætus, P., [227]
Laing, [281] n., [325]
Laissez-faire, [135]
Lamprecht, [viii], [ix]
Land question, in Rome, [11] sq., [77];
in Greece, [40], [104];
in Anglo-Saxon England, [375]
Lane-Poole, S., cited, [151], [155]
Langlois and Seignobos, [421] n.
Language, in politics, [158] n., [191], [258], [385];
and culture, [221], [326]
Lanzone, [206]
Larroque, cited, [214] n.
Laud, [415] n.
Laurium, mines of, [106]-7
Law, Roman, [112], [197], [205];
Teutonic, [195]-96, [197];
schools of, [212]
Leagues, Greek, [51];
Italian, [207];
German, [286], [287], [336];
Swiss, [334], [336] sq., [350]

Lecky, [391]
Leclerc, L., cited, [150]
Leghorn, [224]
Leibnitz, [325]
Leicester, [400]
Lennep, J. van, [292]
Leo the Isaurian, [145]
---- X, [221], [223], [253]
---- H., [182], [199], [204] n., [206], [209] n.
Leopardi, [470]
Le Play, [1] n., [34]
Lesbos, [126], [136]
Leslie, Cliffe, [405]
Liberalism, [421], [423]
Licinian laws, [19], [80]
Lilburne, [424]
Lisbon, [312], [358], [364]
Literature, evolution of, in Greece, [126] sq.;
in Rome, [165] sq.;
in Italy, [212]-13, [226];
in Sicily and Provence, [219]-20;
in Scandinavia, [278] sq.;
in Holland, [326];
in Germany, [340];
in Portugal, [359], [363];
in England, [384], [408]-13;
and empire, [359]
Livy, [164]
Locke, [442], [446] and note, [448]
Lollardism, [305], [390]-91, [396]
Lombards, polity of, [188], [194] sq., [203], [204]
Long, G., [79] n.
Lope de Vega, [359], [413]
Louis the Fat, [214]
Louis XIV, [319], [320], [321], [436]
Louvain, [297]
Louvois, [320]
Lübeck, [287]
Lucan, [166]
Lucca, [218]
Lucerne, [334], [335], [338], [339], [346], [349]
Lucretius, [165]
Lucullus, [79] n.
Luther, [342]
Lyall, Sir A., [177]
Lycurgus, [44], [99]
Lynch-law, [378]
Macaulay, Lord, [76], [133] n., [255], [419] n., [423]
---- G.C., [411]-13
Mackintosh, [381] n.
McCrie, [238]
McCullagh, [38], [292];
cited [295]
McCulloch, [292];
on Roman doles, [83];
on the Dutch, [328]
McDiarmid, [407]
Machiavelli, [226], [254];
on the Lombards, [188] n.;
on the Papacy, [210];
on Florence, [217];
ideal of, [233];
on Guelphs, [239]
Magellan, [357]
Magna Carta, [380] n., [381], [391], [392]
Mahaffy, as sociologist, [37];
on prehistoric civilisation, [15];
on Greek infanticide, [101];
on Greek population, [102];
on Greek commerce, [109];
on Cilician pirates, [110];

on Greek art, [123];
on Sparta, [132], [133] n.
Mahon, [34]
Maine, Sir H., [56], [448], [449]
Maisch, [42]
Maitland, F.W., [370] n., [371], [374]
Malaria in Italy, [90]-1
Malone, [442] n.
Mallet, E., [353]
Malthus, cited, [26] n., [100], [273], [282]-84, [352]
Mandeville, [467], [468]
Manley, [427]-28
Marck, W. van der, [308]
Marcus Aurelius, [167]
Margaret of Norway, [275]
Marignano, [341]
Marius, [24]
Marks, Alfred, [438] n.
Marlborough, [320]
Marlowe, [411]
Marvell, [421], [439] n.
Mary of England, [397]
---- of Scotland, [399]
Maspero, cited, [125] n.
Mathematics, [149]
Matilda, Countess, [206], [207]
Maurice (Emperor), [96], [115]
Maurice of Orange, [310], [313]
Maximilian I, [300]
Mazarin, [415] n.
Mazdeism, [125]
Medicine, evolution of, [127], [147] sq.;
schools of, [212]
Medici, the, [225], [227], [249] sq.
Megalomania, [261]
Megara, [124] n.
Melville, Andrew, [398]
Menander, [118], [135]
Ménard, cited, [132]
Mencius, [73]-4
Mental development in Greece, [46]
Menzel, [139] n.
Mercantile system, [460] sq.
Merchant Adventurers, the, [459], [466]
Merimée, [3]
Merovingian Kings, the, [187], [191]
Mexico, [361]
Meyer, Ed., on Quirites, [9] sq.;
on Roman land law, [12];
on Greek taxation, [42];
on Solon, [43] n.;
on Greek civilisation, [64];
on ager publicus, [77] n.;
on Roman culture, [158] n.
---- Ernst von, cited, [150]

Michel Angelo, [254]
Milan, [194], [199], [206], [210], [211], [218], [219], [225], [241], [249]
Militarism, and democracy, [21] sq.;
Roman, [25], [55], [76];
and culture, [61], [131], [153], [341];
Spartan, [131];
Saracen, [153], [154];
Turkish, [157];
Florentine, [231];
Dutch, [318];
Swiss, [341];
English, [425]
Mill, J.S., [58], [121]
Milman, [146] n., [197]
Milton, [426], [431], [441], [448]
Mining, Roman, [80];
Greek, [105]-6;
Brazilian, [363];
medieval, [460]
Ministerial Government, [437], [468]
Mitchell and Caspari, [41], [42], [44] n., [136]-37
Mitford, [37], [38]
Mithraism, [27], [113], [165]
Mommsen, on Quirites, [9];
on the plebs, [10];
on Roman land law, [12], [13];
on Roman city life, [14] n.;
on Roman taxation, [77];
on the Antonines, [89];
on Roman religion, [158], [160], [162];
on antiquity of writing, [160] n.;
on the Celts, [190], [192]
Monasteries, [167], [402]-3
"Money economy," [80]
Monk, [436]
Monopolies, trade, and civilisation, [59];
Athenian, [108];
Byzantine, [117];
Dutch, [313], [315], [316], [463];
English, [320], [321], [323], [404], [415], [459], [461] sq.;
Flemish, [296];
Papal, [223];
Portuguese, [356], [358];
Spanish, in Italy, [223];
Hanseatic, [289]
Montaigne, vii, [230]
Montesquieu, on civil war, [25];
as sociologist, [28] n.;
on Hannibal, [30];
on soil and polity, [56]
Montmorency, [386]
Moors. See [Saracens]
Morals, Greek, [47] sq.;
Byzantine, [118];
Frankish, [186]-87;
English, [395], [433]
More, Sir T., [403] n., [405], [408]
Morgarten, [335]
Morin, F., cited, [3] n., [118] n., [465]
Morley, Lord, cited, [66]
Mosheim, [265]-66, [434]
Motley, [291];
on Celts and Teutons, [187], [238], [300] n., [304], [307];
on the Reformation, [238];
on Dutch slavery, [295];
on Spain and Holland, [302]
Mountjoy, Lord, [440] n.
Müller, K.O., cited, [130], [131] n.
Mummius, [110]
Murray, Gilbert, [129]
Mysteries, religious, [160]
Mythology, Greek and Roman, [124], [159] sq.
Names of abuse, [372]
Nantes, Edict of, [321]
Napier, Capt., [181]
Naples, [195], [204] n., [211], [224], [225], [249]
Napoleon, [349];
Prince, cited, [3] n.
Narses, [185] n., [188], [194]
National character. See [Race]
National Debts, [312], [322], [364], [450]
Nationality, notion of, [257] sq.
Navigation Act, [318], [425], [453], [463], [464]
Navy, English, [294] n., [314];
Spanish, [314];
Dutch, [314]
Nerli, [227] n.
Nero, [186]
Netherlands. See [Holland]
Neuchâtel, [347], [349]
Newman, F.W., cited, [9]
Niebuhr, cited, [11] n., [108]
Nöldeke, [149] n., [151]
Normandy, [376], [381]
Normans, [191], [211], [375]
North, Dudley, [466]
Norway, structure of, [269];
political evolution of, [268]-69, [274], [277];
religion in, [268]-69;
Reformation in, [277];
population in, [282], [284], [285]
Oates, Titus, [438]
Odoaker, [185], [194]
Odour in races, [6]
Oebly, [344]
Olaf the Lap King, [267]:
Tryggvason, [269];
St., [269]
Oligarchy, [255]
Oman, cited, [117], [118]
Orange. See [William of]
Orosius, cited, [186]
Ortolan, cited, [10] n., [11]
Otté, [264] n.
Otto I, [188], [189], [198], [201]
Overton, R., [424] n.
Padua, [212]
Pæderasty in Greece, [103]
Painting, Italian, [220]-21, [223], [225], [288]-89
Pais, Prof., [15]
Palermo, [225]
Papacy, and Italian disunion, [210], [234]-35, [240] sq., [253];
and culture, [212], [227], [237];
and slavery, [215];
and trade, [223];
finance of, [223];
and art, [225], [226];
and celibacy, [235];
and Rienzi, [246];
and Florence, [246];
and Divine Right, [440]
Paparrigopoulo, [36]
Parliaments, [378], [380] n., [381]
Parma, [216], [240] n.
Parthian empire, [113]
Paterini, [220]

Patricians, the Roman, [17]
Patriotism, [258], [262], [308], [406], [407];
and art, [411]
Patterson, W.R., [36], [76]
Paul, [118]
Paul the Deacon, [270]
Pauw, De, [142]
Pavia, [199]
Pearson, C.H., [74], [378], [380] n.
Pecock, Bishop, [390]
Pedro II, [366]
Peele, [411], [412]
Peisistratos, [42], [43]-4, [137]
Pelham, Prof., cited, [10]
Pepys, [466]
Pequods, the, [433]
Pericles, [46], [48], [49], [105], [106], [124]
Perrens, F.T., [181], [182], [226] n., [227] n., [249], [252] n.
Persia, [113], [115], [125], [156]
Pertinax, [87] n.
Peru, [56], [361]
Perugia, [225]
Petit, cited, [101]
Petronius, [166]
Petty, [314], [316], [427], [467]
Phaleas, [104]
Pheidon, [104]
Philip II, [301] sq., [309], [311], [312]
---- IV, [304], [359], [413]
Philip of Macedon, [50]-1
Philippus, Lucius Marcus, [21]
Philosophy, Greek, [47], [113], [127], [135]
Phocas, [115]
Phœnicia, [127], [129], [150]-51, [159] n.
Physiology and sociology, [27] n., [71]
Picton, J.A., [431] n.
Pignotti, [182]
Pindar, [136]
Piracy, Cilician, [110];
Algerine, [223];
Scandinavian, [270], [272], [293], [296]
Pisa, [178], [205], [211], [224], [225], [226], [231], [237], [242], [248], [252]
Pitt, [323]
Plato, [50], [102], [109], [127]
Plebs, the Roman, [9] sq., [15], [17] sq., [77], [163];
privileges obtained by, [19] and n.
Pliny the elder, [86], [91]
Pluquet, [270]
Plutarch, [128], [133] n.
Podestà, the title, [240] n.
Poetry, Greek, [126];
English during Commonwealth, [421], [439] n.
Pöhlmann, R., [183]
Poisoned weapons, use of, [129]
Politics, definition of, [1], [468];
theories of, [52], [62], [104], [233], [448]
Pollock, Sir F., [448]
Polyandry, [101]
Polybius, cited, [103]
Polytheism and politics, [266]
Pombal, Marquis of, [281] n., [358], [363]
Pompeius, [110]
Pontalis, [292]
Popish Plot, [438]
Population in Rome, [19], [24], [26], [91];
in Greece, [38] sq., [100] sq., [111], [117], [172];
in Scandinavia, [270], [273], [329];
in Roman Empire, [172] sq., [194];
in Holland, [294], [327], [328]-30;
in Switzerland, [339], [348], [352] sq.;
in Portugal, [329], [358];
in Brazil, [362];
in feudal England, [371] sq., [388]-90;
in France, [322]-23;
in Ireland, [427];
control of, [52], [53]
Populus, the Roman, [10] sq.
Portugal, evolution of, [355]-68;
exploration by, [221], [356] sq.;
population in, [329];
finance of, [363], [364]
Positivism, [366] n.
Pott, cited, [9]
Poverty in Rome, [17], [19] sq., [76] sq. (see [Doles]);

in Greece, [39] sq., [98];
and culture, [63];
in Scandinavia, [272]-73;
in England, [380], [395], [390], [402]-403, [404], [405], [434], [462]-63, [467];
in Holland, [325], [330]
Powell, Prof. York, quoted, [279]
Presbyterianism, [398], [410], [417], [444]
Priesthoods, [125], [142], [160], [235], [266]
Printing, effects of, [221], [226]
Privateering, [319] n., [323]
Procopius, [144]
Procter, Colonel, [181], [197] n.
Progress, [469] sq.;
European, factors in, [35];
nature of, [54];
in the East, [73], [180]
Proletariate, Roman, [17], [80];
Greek, [39] sq.;
Flemish, [297];
Dutch, [315];
Italian, [244], [247] sq.;
English, [380], [387], [434], [467]
Protection, evocative, [135], [140], [224] sq.; [283], [314], [315]
Provence, [219], [220]
Prudentius, [35] n.
Publilius, [20]
Puchta, [12]
Pulszky, [398] n.
Puritanism, [343]-46, [418] sq.; [430] sq.
Pym, [416]
Pythagoreanism, [190] n.
Quirinus, [9]
Quirites, the name, [9]
[Race], theories of, [1] sq., [23] n., [29], [31], [60], [64], [66], [123], [128] sq., [146] sq., [158], [183], [190], [193], [209], [233]-34, [237], [257], [271], [275]-76, [300] n., [304], [307], [339], [369], [378];
crosses of, [50], [148], [164], [184], [271], [377];
homogeneity in, [56], [184], [339];
function of, in politics, [70]
Raleigh, [314], [466]
Ranke, [182], [184] n., [198], [450] n.
Rashdall, Dr., [212] n.
Rationalism, Greek, [46];
Saracen, [155];
medieval, [220];
modern, [326], [422], [447]
Ratzel, [59]
Ravenna, [195], [204], [212]
Reade, Winwood, cited, [64]
Reber, [123]
Redskins, civilisation of, [361]
Referendum, [351]
Reformation, [221], [237];
in Italy, [237] sq., [306];
in Spain, [238], [303], [306];
in France, [238], [306];
in Germany, [192], [238], [239], [305]-6, [342];
in Holland, [238], [301] sq.;
in Scandinavia, [276] sq.;
in Switzerland, [341] sq.;
in England, [238], [395], [396]-98;
in Scotland, [398];
in Iceland, [280]
Religion in politics, [70], [177], [265] sq.;
at Rome, [17], [19] n., [159] sq.;
as substitute for politics, [26] sq., [397];
paralysis of intellect by, [61], [237];
and monarchy, [265] sq.
Rembrandt, [327]
Renaissance, [220], [225], [227], [339]-40
Renan, [147]
Republics, Italian, [183]-256
Republicanism, Portuguese, [367]-68;
English, [423], [442]
Reumont, A. von, [182]
Revolutions, South American, [366]
Rhodes, [104], [140], [228]
Richard II, [387], [390]
---- III, [394]
Richards, E., [192] n.
Richelieu, [140], [438]
Rienzi, [233], [245]-46
Rilliet, [331], [334], [335]
Rio-Branco, [362] n.
Robertson, E.W., on Roman heredium, [12]
---- W., [303]
Rodogast, [185]
Roger II, [218]
Rogers, Prof. Th., [292];
and economic interpretation of history, [75] n.;
on trade in sixteenth century, [221]-22;
on Holland, [298];
on population in medieval England, [388]-89;
on Lollardism, [396] n.;
on enclosures, [404];
on medieval production of silver, [460]
Rolf, [271] n.
[Rome], political evolution of, [4], [8] sq., [16] sq., [28] sq., [67];
early civilisation of, [14], [15];
economic life of, [11] n., [75] sq.;
land system of, [11] sq.;
effects of war in, [21] sq.;
bribery in, [22];
army finance in, [25];
Pagan, religion of, [27], [159] sq.;
and Carthage, [30];
deterioration of, [31] sq., [69];
barbarian invasion of, [57], [95]-6;
slavery in, [76];
commerce in, [76]-77;
finance in, [77] sq., [172]-73, [175];
doles in, [82];
agriculture in, [76], [79], [82] sq.;
fever in, [90] sq.;
confiscation of Pagan revenues in, [90];
collapse of, [92] sq.;
Church of, [95], [96], [168]-69, [204], [206], [209], [212], [214] sq., [221], [234], [235], [399];
and Greece, [110] sq., [134] sq., [158];
law of, [112], [197], [205];
art and letters in, [125], [158], [165] sq.;
and Lombards, [195];
influence of, on Italian cities, [204];
in thirteenth century, [208];
under Rienzi, [245]-46;
German conquest of, [254]
Roscoe, [182], [223], [227] n.
Round, J.H., [378]
Rousseau, [349], [449]
Royal Society, [444]-46
Royalism, [299], [300], [381], [394], [399], [416], [436]
Royer-Collard, [2]
Rubens, [327]
Russia, culture-conditions of, [135], [139]-40;
and the Far East, [178]
Rutherford, S., [441]
Sabines and Romans, [9], [14], [15], [16]
Sacra, Roman, [9]
Sacrifice, human, [129]
St. Gall, [346], [349]
Saint-Simon, [2] n.
Salerno, [212]
Salimbene, [240] n.
Salmasius, [441] n.
Salting, [294]
Salvation Army, [28] n.
Salverte, cited, [5], [56]
Salvian, [35] n., [119], [214]
Samber, [464] n.
Sappho, [126], [136]
[Saracens], and Christendom, [69];
and Byzantine trade, [117];
civilisation of, [146] sq.;
and Italy, [197], [211], [212] n.;
and Sicily, [219];
and Provence, [219]
Savigny, [191], [203]
Savonarola, [252]
Saviour Gods, [115], [164]
Scandinavia, prospects of, [260]-61, [285];
evolution of, [264] sq.;
histories of, [264] n.;
religion in, [266] sq., [272];
population in, [270], [273], [282] sq.;
social conditions in, [272]-73, [278];
Reformation in, [276] sq.;
separatism in, [275]-76, [278];
culture evolution of, [278] sq.
Schaffhausen, [338], [344], [347]
Schanz, [392] n., [458]

Scherer, H., cited, [222]
Schlegel, [413]
Schwegler, cited, [10], [12], [13]
Schweitzer, [264] n., [273] n.
Schwytz, [332], [333], [337], [338], [344], [347]
Science, evolution of, [127], [145] sq., [281], [326], [348], [444] sq.
Scotland, intellectual evolution in, [61], [398], [414] n., [456];
union with England, [455]-57
Sculpture, evolution of, [125] sq., [135], [142], [161], [162]
Seebohm, [370] n., [388]
Seeley, on decadence, [174]-75;
on small nations, [259];
on national greatness, [261];
on Holland, [317];
on England and Spain, [433] n.
Selim I, [222]
Semites, evolution of, [67], [146] sq.
Senate, the Roman, [18], [87], [163]
Seneca, [434]
Senior, N., cited, [65]
Separatism, [132], [209], [231]-32, [275], [276], [298], [335], [422]
Servius Tullius, [15], [16]
Sexes, equality of, [61], [142], [143], [150]
Sextus Empiricus, [100]
Sforza, [225], [249]
Shaftesbury, First Earl, [437] sq.
---- Third Earl, cited, [5]-6, [281] n., [449]
Shakespeare, [405]-7
Sheep farming, [403], [404]
Sherborne, Bishop, [449]
Shipping, Dutch, [313], [314], [315], [329];
French, [315];
English, [370], [402], [458], [464];
Irish, [453]
Shuckburgh, cited, [29], [31], [77]
Sicily, taxation of by Rome, [31];
and Saracens, [219];
literature of, [219];
revenue of, [224];
medieval invasions of, [241] sq.;
Parliament in, [381]
Sidney, Algernon, [439], [442], [443]
Siena, [220], [225]
Silk manufacture, [116], [120], [218], [255]
Silver, Greek production of, [105]-6;
medieval production of, [460]
Simon de Montfort, [378], [381], [382]
Simonides, [136]
Sismondi, [182], [350];
on the Merovingians, [187];
on the tenth century, [189], [197];
on the Lombards, [195], [198];
on feudalism, [202];
on Italian Republics, [205] n.;
on Provence, [220] n.;
on Papal rule, [223];
on despotism and letters, [230];
on Gaultier, [245];
on Italian proletariate, [247];
on the Medici, [249];
on national egoism, [259] n.
Sixtus V, [223]
Slave-trade, Portuguese, [356];
English, [374], [407]
Slavery, and civilisation, [62]-63, [176]-77;
Roman, [23]-24, [76], [81], [94], [110], [112]-13;
Greek, [39] and note, [43], [101], [110], [133] and note;
Christian, [118] sq., [213] sq.;
Brazilian, [362], [363], [365];
Scandinavian, [273], [274];
Dutch, [293], [295];
Portuguese, [356], [358];
Swiss, [332];
English, [370]-74, [380], [388], [418];
decline of, [213] sq.
Slavs, [115], [117], [264]
Smith, Adam, [59] n., [215], [324], [382], [464], [465], [467]
Snobbery, national, [261]-62
"Social contract," [349], [448]
Socialism, [352]
Sociology, course of, [60], [147];
in seventeenth century, [316]
Socrates, [46], [102], [127]
Soleure, [337], [338], [344], [345],

[347]
Solon, [40] sq., [99], [100]
Somaliland, [129]
Sousa, Alfonso de, [362]
Spain, Roman, [23], [24], [80], [92], [173];
Christian, evolution of, [156], [221], [222]-23, [305];
Parliament in, [382];
and Portugal, [360]-61;
and Italy, [223]-24;
and Holland,[ 301] sq.;
Inquisition in, [303];
finance of, [311];
and England, [406]-7;
prospects of, [156], [260];
stagnation of, [222]-23, [230], [311], [361];
industry in, [461];
Gothic, [191];
Saracen, [150] sq.
Spalding, [136], [181], [224]
Sparta, polity of, [51], [98], [101], [103]-4, [130] sq.;
women in, [130] n., [142]
Spencer, H., [2] n.
Spiegel, [146] sq.
Sprat, [444] sq.
Spreghel, [326]
Sprengel, cited, [150]
"State," the word, [309]
Staley, E., [182]
Stephen, King, [377]
Stephens, H.M., [355] n., [359], [362] n.
Stilicho, [96], [185]
Stoics, [118]-19
Strabo, [103]
Strafford, [415] n., [437], [453]
Strife, modes of, [6]-7, [70]
Struensee, [281]
Stubbs, Bishop, on Teutons, [196];
on feudalism, [200], [201];
on Spain and Germany, [305];
on Normans, [375];
on Parliament, [387] n.;
on Magna Carta, [392];
on English commerce, [403] n.;
on enclosures, [404]
Suarez, [440]-41, [450]
Sulla, [21], [25], [82], [86], [110]

Sumptuary laws, [415]
Superstition, Roman, [27];
Greek, [46];
Byzantine, [145];
and natural phenomena, [304]
Sweden, structure of, [265];
political evolution of, [267], [274], [275];
religion in, [267];
polygamy in, [272];
slavery in, [274];
population in, [283]-84, [329]
Switzerland, [260]-61;
structure of, [67];
evolution of, [331] sq.;
histories of, [331];
population in, [339], [352] sq.;
culture evolution of, [339], [341] sq.;
Reformation in, [342] sq.;
modern, [350] sq.
Sybaris, [39] n.
Symes, Prof., cited, [389]
Symonds, J.A., [182], cited [96], [197] n., [210], [224]-25, [238];
discussed, [225]-32
Synthesis, [5]
Syracuse, literature at, [136]
Tacitus, [118] n., [184]
Taine, [1]-3
Tanquelin, [306]
Tasso, [230]
Taxation, Roman, [31], [77], [110];
Athenian, [42];
Byzantine, [119]-20;
Moslem, [152];
Dutch, [321] n., [322];
English, [395], [404], [415], [416];
Spanish, [223], [300], [311];
Florentine, [251];
Papal, [223];
Venetian, [228];
Scandinavian, [278]
Tell, myth of, [334]-35
Temple, Sir W., [291], [315], [319], [321] n., [324], [449]
Testa, [215] n.
Teuffel, on Roman degeneration, [32]-3
Teutomania, [183], [187], [190], [192], [238], [300], [304], [307], [378]
Teutonic evolution, [184] sq., [306], [340]
Tertullian, [441] n.
Theodoric, [187]-88, [191], [194]
Theognis, [40]
Theresa of Portugal, [355]
Thessaly, [132], [133]
Thierry, [385] n.
Thirlwall, 37; cited, [103], [106] n., [136] n.
Thirty Years' War, [460]
Three, the number, [8]
Thucydides, [45], [49], [128]
Thurgau, [338], [346]
Ticino, [338], [346], [349]
Tocqueville, De, [1] n., [62]
Toleration, [438], [450]
Torquemada, [303]
Totila, [187]
Traill, H.D., [454]
Trench, Bishop, [451] n.
Trollope, T.A., [181], [236] n.
Troubadours, [219], [220]
Tübingen, [139]
Tucker, Dean, [322]-23
Turkey, religion in, [154];
prospects of civilisation in, [157], [176], [260];
empire in, [176]
Turner, Sharon, [370]
Tyndale, [390]
T[yranny], effects of, [51], [173];
and art, [135] sq.;
Greek, [137];
at Florence, [244];
in England, [392] sq.;
in Scotland, [398]
Twysden, [398]
Ulster, [454]
Umiliati, [218], [289] n.
United States, civilisation of, [88], [119], [365]
Universities, [139], [211], [325], [348], [419] n.
Unterwalden, [332], [333], [337], [338], [344], [347]
Urban II, [215]
Uri, [332], [333], [337], [338], [342], [344], [347]
Usher, [440]
Usury, Roman, [76], [78], [79];
Roman legislation against, [20];
in Greece, [39]-40;
medieval, [217];
in England, [435]
Utopia, [469]
Utrecht, [295]
Valais, [337], [338], [346], [349]
Valentinian, [90], [93]
Valla, L., [227]
Vandals, [92], [191]
Vandyck, [327], [416]
Variation, social, [144]
Varro, [161] n.
Vaud, [338], [346], [349], [352]
Vaughan, [418]
Velasquez, [135], [327], [359], [413]
Venice, evocation of art in, [63], [225], [226], [228];
trade of, [120], [222], [228], [293];
rise of, [195], [254];
and Byzantium, [204], [254];
and Turks, [222];
social conditions in, [227]-28;
and Florence, [241];
and France, [253];
polity of, [254]-55
Verity, Dr. R., cited, [27] n.
Verres, [32]
Vespasian, [166] n.
Vicente, [359]
Vico, [11], [227]
Vieusseux, [331]
Viglius, [304]
Vijnne, [292]
Villainage in England, [371] sq.
Villani, G., [217], [247] n.
Villari, Prof., [182], [218], [226], [236] n.
Villemain, [420] n., [433]
Vinogradoff, [371], [372]

Virgil, [165], [166]
Viscontis, [241], [245], [246], [248], [249]
Visigoths, the, [119], [191]
Volney, [34]
Voltaire, [59], [349]
Vondel, [326]
Wagner, [140]
Waitz, [200]
Walckenaer, [34], [56], [74], [121]
Wales, [258], [384]
Waller, [421]
Walloons, [307]
War, persistence of, [6]-7;
and democracy, [21], [24], [45], [72];
private, [202], [286], [290];
in medieval Italy, [216], [237];
and class relations, [379]-80;
and civilisation, [383], [386];
alleged benefits of, [383]
Ward, Lester, [121]
Wealth, adventitious, effects of, [59]
Weaving, [205], [294]
Webster, [413]
Wends, the, [266], [272]
Wenzelburger, [292]
Whigs and Tories, [421] n.
Whitney, [59]-61
Whittaker, T., [52]
Whistler, cited, [122]
Wiclif, [390]
Wicquefort, [309]
[William] of Orange, [301], [308], [309], [318]
---- the Conqueror, [376]
---- III, [450]
Wissowa, [160] n.
Wittich, [185]
Women, status of, [61], [141]-42, [143], [150], [151]
Woollen trade, [218], [289] n., [294], [380], [403], [453], [459]
Writing, antiquity of, [160] n.
Xenophon, [105], [107]
Ypres, [296]
Zeno, [135]
Zimmern, Miss, [289] n.
Zola, on war, [6]
Zschokke, [266] n., [331]
Zug, [336], [337], [338], [347]
Zurich, [336], [337], [338], [339], [342], [343], [344], [345]
Zwingli, [342], 343

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