Sbarbaro (Pietro), Italian publicist and reformer, b. Savona, 1838; studied jurisprudence. He published a work on The Philosophy of Research, ’66. In ’70 he dedicated to Mauro Macchi a book on The Task of the Nineteenth Century, and presided at a congress of Freethinkers held at Loreto. Has written popular works on the Conditions of Human Progress, the Ideal of Democracy, and an essay entitled From Socino to Mazzini, ’86.
Schade (Georg), German Deist, b. Apenrade, 1712. He believed in the immortality of brutes. In 1770 he was imprisoned for his opinions on the Isle of Christiansoe. He settled at Kiel, Holstein, in 1775, where he died in 1795.
Scherer (Edmond), French critic and publicist, b. Paris 8 April, 1815. Of Protestant family, he became professor of exegesis at Geneva, but his views becoming too free, he resigned his chair and went to Strasburg, where he became chief of the School of Liberal Protestants, and in the Revue de Théologie et de Philosophie Chrétienne, ’50–60, put forward views which drew down a tempest from the orthodox. He also wrote in the Bibliotheque Universelle and Revue des Deux-Mondes. Some of his articles have been collected as Mélanges de Critique Religieuse, ’60; and Mélanges d’Histoire Religieuse, ’64. He was elected deputy in ’71, and sat with the Republicans of the Left. Died 1889.
Scherr (Johannes), German author, b. Hohenrechberg, 3 Oct. 1817. Educated at Zürich and Tübingen, he wrote in ’43 with his brother Thomas a Popular History of Religious and Philosophical Ideas, and in ’57 a History of Religion, in three parts. In ’60 he became Professor of History and Literature at Zürich, and has written many able literary studies, including histories of German and English literature. Died at Zürich, 21 Nov. 1887.
Schiff (Johan Moriz), German physiologist, b. Frankfort, 1823. Educated at Berlin and Gottingen, he became Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Berne, ’54–63; of Physiology at Florence, ’63–76, and at Genoa. Has written many physiological treatises, which have been attacked as materialistic.
Schiller (Johann Christoph Friedrich von), eminent German poet and historian, b. Marbech, 10 Nov. 1759. His mother wished him to become a minister, but his tastes led him in a different direction. A friend of Goethe, he enriched German literature with numerous plays and poems, a History of the Netherlands Revolt, and of the Thirty Years’ War. He died in the prime of mental life at Weimar, 9 May, 1805.
Schmidt (Eduard Oskar), German zoologist, b. Torgau, 21 Feb. 1823. He travelled widely, and became professor of natural history at Jena. Among the first of Germans to accept Darwinism, he has illustrated its application in many directions, and published an able work on The Doctrine of Descent and Darwinism in the “International Scientific Series.” Died at Strasburg, 17 Jan. 1886.
Schmidt (Kaspar), German philosopher, b. Bayreuth, 25 Oct. 1806. Studied at Berlin, Erlangen, and Königsberg, first theology, then philosophy. Under the pseudonym of “Max Stirner” he wrote a system of individualism The Only One, and His Possession (Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum), ’45. He also wrote a History of Reaction in two parts (Berlin, ’52), and translated Smith’s Wealth of Nations and Say’s Text-book of Political Economy. Died at Berlin, 25 June, 1856.
Schneeberger (F. J.), Austrian writer, b. Vienna, 7 Sept, 1827. Has written some popular novels under the name of “Arthur Storch,” and was one of the founders of the German Freethinkers’ Union.
Schœlcher ( Victor), French philosophist, b. Paris, 21 July 1804. While still young he joined the secret society Aide-toi, le ciel t’aidera, and studied social questions. He devoted himself from about ’26 to advocating the abolition of slavery, and wrote many works on the subject. On 3 March, ’48, he was made Under Secretary of the Navy, and caused a decree to be issued by the Provisional Government enfranchising all slaves on French territory. He was elected Deputy for Martinique ’48 and ’49. After 2 Dec. ’51, he came to London, where he wrote occasionally in the Reasoner and National Reformer. He returned to France during the war, and took part in the defence of Paris. In ’71 he was again returned for Martinique, and in ’75 he was elected a life senator.