Tucker (Benjamin R.), American writer, b. Dartmouth, Mass., 17 April, 1854. Edits Liberty, of Boston.
Turbiglio (Sebastiano), Italian philosopher, b. Chiusa, 7 July, 1842, author of a work on Spinoza and the Transformation of his Thoughts, 1875.
Turgenev (Ivan Sergyeevich), Russian novelist, b. Orel, 28 Oct. 1818. In his novels, Fathers and Sons and Virgin Soil he has depicted characters of the Nihilist movement. Died at Bougival, near Paris, 3 Sept. 1883.
Turner (William), a surgeon of Liverpool, who, under the name of William Hammon, published an Answer to Dr. Priestley’s Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever, 1782, in which he avows himself an Atheist.
Tuuk (Titia, Van der), Dutch lady, b. Zandt, 27 Nov. 1854. Was converted to Freethought by reading Dekker, and is now one of the editors of De Dageraad.
Twesten (Karl), German publicist and writer, b. Kiel, 22 April, 1820. Studied law, ’38–41, in Berlin and Heidelberg, and became magistrate in Berlin and one of the founders of the National Liberal Party. Wrote on the religious, political, and social ideas of Asiatics and Egyptians (2 vols.), ’72. Died Berlin, 14 Oct. 1870.
Tylor (Edward Burnet), D.C.L., F.R.S., English anthropologist, b. Camberwell, 2 Oct. 1832. He has devoted himself to the study of the races of mankind, and is the first living authority upon the subject. He has wrote Anahuac, or Mexico and the Mexicans, ’61; Researches into the Early History of Mankind, ’65; Primitive Culture; being researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art, and custom (2 vols.), ’71. In this splendid work he traces religion to animism, the belief in spirits. He has also written an excellent handbook of Anthropology, an introduction to the Study of Man and Civilisation, ’81; and contributed to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as well as to periodical literature. He is President of the Anthropological Society.
Tyndall (John), LL.D., F.R.S., Irish scientist, b. near Carlow, 1820. In ’47 he became a teacher in Queenswood College (Hants), and afterwards went to Germany to study. In ’56 he went to Switzerland with Professor Huxley, and they wrote a joint work on glaciers. He contributed to the Fortnightly Review, notably an article on Miracles and Special Providence, ’66. In ’72 he went on a lecturing tour in the United States, and two years later was president of the British Association. His address at Belfast made a great stir, and has been published. In addition to other scientific works he has published popular Fragments of Science, which has gone through several editions.
Tyrell (Henry). See [Church].
Tyssot de Patot (Simon), b. of French family in Delft, 1655. He became professor of mathematics at Deventer. Under the pen name of “Jacques Massé” he published Voyages and Adventures, Bordeaux, 1710, a work termed atheistic and scandalous by Reimmann. It was translated into English by S. Whatley, 1733, and has been attributed to Bayle.