History for ready reference, Volume 5, Tunnage to Zyp and Supplement

by J. N. Larned

635.
Siege and capture of Damascus by the Mahometans;
invasion of Persia;
victory at Kadisiyeh. [Uncertain date]
Defeat of the Welsh by the English in the
battle of the Heavenfield.
636.
Mahometan subjugation of Syria;
retreat of the Romans.
637.
Siege and conquest of Jerusalem by the Moslems;
their victories In Persia.
639.
Publication of the Ecthesis of Heraclius.
640.
Capture of Cæsarea by the Moslems:
invasion of Egypt by Amru.
641.
Death of the Eastern Emperor Heraclius;
three rival emperors;
accession of Constans II.
Victory at Nehavend and final conquest of Persia
by the Mahometans;
end of the Sassanian kingdom;
capture of Alexandria [Uncertain date];
founding of Cairo.
643.
Publication of the Lombard Code of Laws.
644.
Assassination of Omar:
Othman chosen caliph.
646.
Alexandria recovered by the Greeks and lost again.
648.
Publication by Constans II. of the edict called "The Type."
649.
Mahometan invasion of Cyprus.
650.
Conquest of Merv, Balkh, and Herat by the Moslems.
[Uncertain date]
652.
Conversion of the East Saxons in England.
653.
Seizure and banishment of Pope Martin I.
by the Emperor Constans II.
656.
Murder of Caliph Othman;
Ali chosen caliph;
rebellion of Moawiyah;
civil war;
Battle of the Camel.
657.
Ali's transfer of the seat of government to Kufa.
658.
Syria abandoned to Moawiyah;
Egypt in revolt.
661.
Assassination of Ali;
Moawiyah, first of the Omeyyads, made caliph;
Damascus his capital.
663.
Visit of the Emperor Constans to Rome.
668.
Assassination of Constans at Syracuse [Uncertain date];
accession of Constantine IV. to the throne
of the Eastern Empire.
Beginning of the siege of Constantinople by the Saracens.
670.
The founding of Kairwan, or Kayrawan. [Uncertain date]
673.
First Council of the Anglo-Saxon Church, at Hereford.
Birth of the Venerable Bede (d. 735).
677.
The raising of the siege of Constantinople;
treaty of peace. [Uncertain date]
680.
Sixth General Council of the Church, at Constantinople;
condemnation of the Monothelite heresy.
Massacre at Kerbela of Hoseyn, son of Ali, and his followers.
685.
Death of the Eastern Emperor, Constantine IV.,
and accession of Justinian II.
The Angles of Northumbria, under King Ecgfrith,
defeated by the Picts at Nectansmere.
687.
Battle of Testri;
victory of Pippin of Heristal over the Neustrians.
695.
Fall and banishment of Justinian II.
696.
Founding of the bishopric of Salzburg.
697.
Election of the first Doge of Venice.
698.
Conquest and destruction of Carthage by the Moslems.
[Uncertain date]
Eighth Century.
704.
Recovery of the throne by the Eastern Emperor Justinian II.
705.
Accession of the Caliph Welid.
709.
Accession of Roderick to the Gothic throne in Spain.
711.
Invasion of Spain by the Arab-Moors.
Moslem conquest of Transoxiana and Sardinia.
Final fall and death of the Eastern Emperor Justinian II.
{3821}
712.
Surrender of Toledo to the Moslem invaders of Spain.
717.
Elevation of Leo the Isaurian to the throne
of the Eastern Empire.
Second siege of Constantinople by the Moslems.
Great defeat of the Moslems at
the Cave of Covadonga in Spain.
718.
Victory of Charles Martel at Soissons;
his authority acknowledged in both Frankish kingdoms.
719.
Mahometan conquest and occupation of Narbonne.
721.
Siege of Toulouse;
defeat of the Moslems.
725.
Mahometan conquests in Septimania.
726.
Iconoclastic edicts of Leo the Isaurian;
tumult and insurrection in Constantinople.
731.
Death of Pope Gregory II.;
election of Gregory III.;
last confirmation of a Papal election by the Eastern Emperor.
732.
Great defeat of the Moslems by the Franks
under Charles Martel at Poitiers, or Tours.
Council held at Rome by Pope Gregory III.;
edict against the Iconoclasts.
733.
Practical termination of Byzantine imperial authority.
735.
Birth of Alcuin (d. 804).
740.
Death of Leo the Isaurian, Emperor in the East;
accession of Constantine V.
741.
Death of Charles Martel.
Death of Pope Gregory III.;
election of Zacharias.
742.
Birth of Charlemagne (d. 814).
744.
Defeat of the Saxons by Carloman;
their forced baptism.
Death of Liutprand, king of the Lombards.
747.
The Plague in Constantinople.
Pippin the Short made Mayor in both kingdoms of the Franks.
750.
Fall of the Omeyyad dynasty of caliphs and
rise of the Abbassides.
751.
Extinction of the Exarchate of Ravenna by the Lombards.
752.
End of the Merovingian dynasty of Frankish kings;
assumption of the crown by Pippin the Short.
Death of Pope Zacharias;
election of Stephen II.
754.
First invasion of Italy by Pippin the Short.
Rome assailed by the Lombards.
755.
Subjugation of the Lombards by Pippin;
his donation of temporalities to the Pope.
Martyrdom of Saint Boniface in Germany.
756.
Founding of the caliphate of Cordova by Abderrahman.
757.
Death of Pope Stephen II.;
election of Paul I.
758.
Accession of Offa, king of Mercia.
759.
Loss of Narbonne, the last foothold of the
Mahometans north of the Pyrenees.
763.
Founding of the capital of the Eastern Caliphs at Bagdad.
[Uncertain date]
767.
Death of Pope Paul I.;
usurpation of the anti-pope, Constantine.
768.
Conquest of Aquitaine by Pippin the Short.
Death of Pippin;
accession of Charlemagne and Carloman.
Deposition of the anti-pope Constantine;
election of Pope Stephen III.
771.
Death of Carloman, leaving Charlemagne
sole king of the Franks.
772.
Charlemagne's first wars with the Saxons.
Death of Pope Stephen III.;
election of Hadrian I.
774.
Charlemagne's acquisition of the Lombard kingdom;
his enlargement of the donation of
temporalities to the Pope.
Forgery of the "Donation of Constantine." [Uncertain date]
775.
Death of the Eastern Emperor Constantine V.;
accession of Leo IV.
778.
Charlemagne's invasion of Spain;
the "dolorous rout" of Roncesvalles.
780.
Death of the Eastern Emperor Leo IV.;
accession of Constantine VI.;
regency of Irene.
781.
Italy and Aquitaine formed into separate
kingdoms by Charlemagne.
785.
Great struggle of the Saxons against Charlemagne;
submission of Wittikind.
786.
Accession of Haroun al Raschid in the eastern caliphate.
787.
Seventh General Council of the Church
(Second Council of Nicæa).
First incursions of the Danes in England.
788.
Subjugation of the Bavarians by Charlemagne.
Death of Abderrahman.
790.
Composition of the Caroline books. [Uncertain date]
791.
Charlemagne's first campaign against the Avars.
794.
Accession of Cenwulf, king of Mercia.
795.
Death of Pope Hadrian I.;
election of Leo III.
797.
Deposition and blinding of the Eastern
Emperor Constantine VI., by his mother Irene.
800.
Imperial coronation of Charlemagne;
revival of the Empire.
Accession of Ecgberht, king of Wessex,
the first king of all the English.
Ninth Century.
801.
Conquest of Barcelona from the Moors by the Franks.
805.
Charlemagne's subjugation of the Avars.
Creation of the Austrian march.
806.
Division of the Empire by Charlemagne between
his sons formally planned.
809.
Death of the Caliph Haroun al Raschid.
812.
Civil war between the sons of the Caliph Haroun al Raschid;
siege of Bagdad.
814.
Death of Charlemagne, and accession of Louis the Pious,
his only surviving son.
816.
Death of Pope Leo III.;
election of Stephen IV.
817.
Partition of the Empire of the Franks by Louis the Pious.
826.
Grant of a county between the Rhine and Moselle to Harold,
king of Jutland, by the Emperor.
827.
Beginning of Moslem conquest of Sicily.
830.
First rebellion of the sons of the Emperor Louis the Pious.
{3822}
833.
Second rebellion of the Emperor's sons;
the "Field of Lies";
deposition of the Emperor Louis the Pious.
Death of the Caliph Mamun, son of Haroun al Raschid.
834.
Restoration of Louis the Pious.
835.
Invasion of the Netherlands and sacking
of Utrecht by the Northmen.
836.
Burning of Antwerp and ravaging of Flanders by the Northmen.
Death of Egbert, the first king of all the English.
837.
First expedition of the Northmen up the Rhine.
838.
Asia Minor invaded by the Caliph Motassem;
the Amorian War.
840.
Third rebellion of the sons of the Frankish
Emperor Louis the Pious;
his death;
civil war.
841.
Expedition of the Northmen up the Seine;
their capture of Rouen.
842.
The Oath of Strasburg.
843.
Conquest by the Mahometans of Messina in Sicily.
Partition Treaty of Verdun between the sons of the
Emperor Louis the Pious;
formation of the realms of Louis the German and
Charles the Bald, which grew into the kingdoms of
Germany and France.
845.
First attack of the Northmen on Paris;
their destruction of Hamburg.
846.
Rome attacked by the Moslems.
847.
Siege and capture of Bordeaux by the Northmen.
849.
Birth of Alfred the Great.
852.
Revolt against the Moslems in Armenia.
854.
Ravages of the Northmen on the Loire checked at Orleans.
855.
Death of Lothaire, Emperor of the Franks,
and civil war between his sons.
First footing of the Danes established in England.
857.
Deposition of Ignatius, Patriarch of Constantinople,
and elevation of Photius.
860.
Discovery of Iceland by the Northmen. [Uncertain date]
861.
Formation of the Duchy of France;
origin of the House of Capet.
Paris surprised by the Northmen.
863.
Papal decree against the Eastern Patriarch, Photius.
Creation of the County of Flanders by Charles the Bald.
864.
Mission of Cyril and Methodius to the Slavonians.
865.
First Varangian or Russian attack on Constantinople.
866.
Beginning of the permanent conquests of the Danes in England.
871.
Moslem fortress of Bari, in southern Italy,
surrendered to the Franks and Greeks.
Accession of Alfred the Great to the throne of Wessex.
875.
Death of Louis II., Emperor of the Franks and king of Italy;
imperial coronation of Charles the Bald.
876.
The Seine entered by the Northmen under Rollo.
877.
Death of the Emperor, Charles the Bald,
and accession of Louis the Stammerer.
Founding of the kingdom of Provence by Count Boso.
878.
Capture by the Moslems of Syracuse in Sicily.
880.
Ravages of the Northmen in Germany;
battles of the Ardennes and Ebbsdorf.
Defeat of the Danes by the English King Alfred at Ethandun;
Peace of Wedmore. [Uncertain date]
881.
Accession of Charles the Fat, king of Germany and Italy.
884.
Temporary reunion of the Empire of the Franks
under Charles the Fat.
885.
Siege of Paris by the Northmen under Rollo.
887.
Deposition of the Emperor, Charles the Fat.
888.
Death of Charles the Fat and
final disruption of the Empire of the Franks;
founding of the kingdom of Transjurane Burgundy.
The crown of France in dispute between Eudes, Count
of Paris, and the Caroling heir, Charles the Simple.
889.
Second siege of Paris by Rollo.
890.
Third siege of Paris and siege of Bayeux by Rollo.
891.
Defeat of the Danes at Louvain by King Arnulf.
894.
Arnulf of Germany made Emperor.
895.
Rome taken by the Emperor Arnulf.
898.
Death of Eudes, leaving Charles the Simple
sole king of France.
899.
Death of the Emperor Arnulf;
accession of Louis the Child to the German throne.
900.
Italy ravaged in the north by the Hungarians.
Tenth Century.
901.
Death of the English king, Alfred the Great, and
accession of his son, Edward the Elder.
Founding of the Samanide dynasty in Khorassan.
904.
Sergius III. made Pope;
beginning of the rule of the courtesans at Rome.
909.
Founding of the Fatimite caliphate in Africa.
910.
Founding of the monastery of Clugny in France.
911.
Death of the Emperor Louis the Child, extinguishing the
Carolingian dynasty in Germany, and election of
Conrad the Franconian.
Defeat of the Northmen at Chartres in France;
cession of Normandy to Rollo.
912.
Baptism of the Norman Duke Rollo.
914.
Elevation of John X. to the papal throne by
the courtesan, Theodora. [Uncertain date]
916.
Imperial coronation in Italy of Berengar.
919.
Election of the Saxon Duke, Henry the Fowler,
to the kingship of Germany.
Establishment of the Danish kingdom of Dublin.
{3823}
923.
The crown of France disputed with Charles the Simple
by Rudolph, of Burgundy.
924.
Devastation of Germany by the Hungarians;
truce agreed upon for nine years.
Lapse of the imperial title on the death of Berengar.
Commendation of Scotland to the West Saxon king.
925.
Death of the English king, Edward the Elder,
and accession of his son Ethelstan.
928.
Overthrow and imprisonment of Pope John X. by
the courtesan Marozia. [Uncertain date]
929.
Death of Charles the Simple in France.
931.
John XI., son of the courtesan Marozia, made Pope.
[Uncertain date]
932.
Domination of Rome by the Pope's brother, Alberic.
936.
Election of Otho, called the Great,
to the throne of Germany.
Death of Rudolph of Burgundy and restoration of the
Carolingians to the French throne.
937.
Ethelstan's defeat of Danes, Britons and Scots
at the battle of Brunnaburgh.
Invasion of France by the Hungarians.
940.
Death of the English king, Ethelstan, and
accession of his brother Edmund.
946.
Death of the English king, Edmund, and
accession of his brother Edred.
951.
First expedition of Otho the Great into Italy;
founding of the Holy Roman Empire (afterwards so called).
954.
Death of Alberic, tyrant of Rome, his son, Octavian,
succeeding him.
Death of the Carolingian king of France, Louis IV.,
called" d'Outremer";
accession of Lothaire.
955.
Germany invaded by the Hungarians;
their decisive defeat on the Lech.
Death of the English king, Edred, and
accession of his nephew, Edwig.
956.
Assumption of the Papal throne by Octavian, as John XII.
957.
Revolt against the English king Edwig;
division of the kingdom with his brother Edgar.
[Uncertain date]
959.
Death of Edwig and accession of Edgar;
Abbot Dunstan made Archbishop of Canterbury.
961.
The crown of Italy taken by Otho the Great, of Germany.
962.
Imperial coronation of Otho the Great at Rome;
revival of the Western Empire.
963.
Expulsion and deposition of Pope John XII.;
election of Leo VIII.
964.
Expulsion of Pope Leo VIII.;
return and death of John XII.;
siege and capture of Rome by the Emperor.
965.
Death of Pope Leo VIII.;
election, expulsion, and forcible restoration of John XIII.
967.
Conquest of Egypt by the Fatimite caliph. [Uncertain date]
969.
Murder of the Eastern Emperor Nicephorus Phocas
by John Zimisces, his successor.
972.
Marriage of Otho, the Western Emperor's son,
to the Byzantine princess, Theophano.
Death of Pope John XIII., and election of Pope Benedict VI.
973.
Death of the Emperor Otho the Great;
accession of Otho II.
974.
Murder of Pope Benedict VI.
975.
Election of Pope Benedict VII.
Death of the English king Edgar;
accession of his son Edward the Martyr.
979.
Death of Edward the Martyr;
accession of Ethelred the Unready. [Uncertain date]
983.
Death of the Emperor Otho II.;
accession of Otho III. to the German throne,
under the regency of his mother, Theophano.
Death of Pope Benedict VII.
First visit of Erik the Red to Greenland.
984.
Election of Pope John XIV.
985.
Murder of Pope John XIV.;
election of Pope John XV.
986.
Death of Lothaire, king of France;
accession of his son Louis V.
987.
Death of Louis V., the last of the Carolingian kings;
election of Hugh Capet.
988.
Death of Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury.
Cherson acquired by the Romans.
991.
Invasion of England by Vikings from Norway;
battle of Maldon.
996.
Death of Hugh Capet, king of France;
accession of his son, Robert II.
Death of Pope John XV.;
election of Gregory V.
Imperial coronation of Otho III.
997.
Insurrection of peasants in Normandy.
Rebellion of Crescentius in Rome;
expulsion of the Pope.
998.
Overthrow of Crescentius at Rome.
Excommunication of King Robert of France.
999.
Gerbert raised by the Emperor to the Papal chair,
as Sylvester II.
1000.
Expectations of the end of the world.
Pilgrimages of the Emperor Otho.
Royal title conferred on Duke Stephen of Hungary,
by the Pope.
Christianity formally adopted in Iceland.
Eleventh Century.
1002.
Massacre of Danes in England on St. Brice's Day.
Death of the Emperor Otto III., and election of Henry II.
1003.
Invasion of England by Sweyn of Denmark.
1005.
Birth of Lanfranc [Uncertain date] (d. 1089).
1013.
Flight to Normandy of the English king, Ethelred.
The West and North of England submissive to Sweyn.
Imperial coronation of Henry II.
1014.
Death of Sweyn.
Return of Ethelred to England;
his war with Sweyn's son Canute.
Defeat of the Danes at the battle of Clontarf in Ireland;
death of King Brian.
1016.
Death of the English kings, Ethelred and his son,
Edmund Ironside.
Submission of the kingdom to Canute, king of Denmark.
1017.
The Saracens driven from Sardinia by the Pisans and Genoese.
1024.
Death of the Emperor Henry II., and election of Conrad II.
1027.
Imperial coronation of Conrad II.
1031.
End of the Ommeyyad caliphate of Cordova, in Spain.
Death of Robert II., king of France;
accession of Henry I.
{3824}
1033.
Birth of Saint Anselm. [Uncertain date] (d. 1109).
1035.
Death of Canute, king of England and Denmark,
and accession of his son Harold.
Creation of the kingdom of Aragon in Spain.
1039.
Death of Conrad II., and election of Henry III.,
king of Germany.
Murder of Duncan, king of Scotland,
by his successor, Macbeth.
1040.
Death of Harold, king of England,
and accession of Hardicanute.
1042.
Death of Hardicanute, and end of Danish rule in England.
Accession of Edward the Confessor.
1044.
Sale of the papal see by Benedict IX. to Gregory VI.
1046.
Three rival popes suppressed by the Emperor Henry III.
Election of Pope Clement II.
Imperial coronation of Henry III.
1049.
Election of Pope Leo IX.
The monk Hildebrand made Administrator of
the Patrimony of St. Peter.
1051.
Exile of Earl Godwine of Wessex.
Visit of William of Normandy to England.
1052.
Return of Earl Godwine to England.
1053.
Defeat of Pope Leo IX. by the Guiscards.
The Norman conquests in southern Italy conferred
on them as a fief of the Church.
Death of Earl Godwine.
1054.
Death of Pope Leo IX.
Final separation of the Eastern and Western Churches.
1055.
Election of Pope Victor II.
1056.
Death of the Emperor Henry III.
Election of Henry IV., king of Germany,
under the regency of his mother.
1060.
Death of Henry I., king of France;
accession of Philip I.
1066.
Invasion of England by the Norwegian king, Harold Hardrada,
and Tostig, the English king Harold's brother;
their defeat at Stamford Bridge.
Invasion of England by William, duke of Normandy;
defeat of the English at Senlac or Hastings;
death of Harold, last of the Saxon kings.
1071.
Final overthrow of the English at Ely.
The Norman conquest of England completed.
1073.
Election of Hildebrand (Gregory VII.) to the papal throne.
1075.
Synod of Pope Gregory and its decrees against clerical
incontinence, and decrees against simony.
Beginning of strife between the Pope and Henry IV.
Great defeat of the Saxons, by Henry IV., at Langensalza.
1076.
Council at Worms, called by Henry IV. of Germany,
which pronounces the deposition of the Pope.
Excommunication of Henry by Pope Gregory VII.
Jerusalem captured by the Seljuk Turks.
1077.
Humiliation of Henry IV. before Pope Gregory at Canossa;
election of the anti-king Rudolph.
Donation of the Countess Matilda to the Holy See.
Accession of Ladislaus (called Saint), king of Hungary.
1078.
Building of the Great or White Tower at London.
[Uncertain date]
1079.
Birth of Abelard (d. 1142).
1080.
Renewal of the Pope's ban against Henry IV.
Defeat and death of his rival Rudolph.
Election of the anti-pope, Clement III.
1081.
Unsuccessful attacks on the city of Rome by Henry IV.
Invasion of Greece by the Norman duke, Robert Guiscard.
Constantinople sacked by the army of Alexius Comnenus;
coronation of Alexius.
1084.
Henry IV. in Rome.
Seating of the anti-pope, Clement III.
Imperial coronation of Henry IV.
Sack and burning of Rome by the Normans under Robert Guiscard.
Founding of the Carthusian Order by Saint Bruno.
1085.
Death of Pope Gregory VII. in exile at Salerno.
Death of Robert Guiscard.
1086.
Completion in England of King William's Domesday Survey
and Domesday Book.
1087.
Death of William the Conqueror;
accession of William Rufus to the English throne.
1091.
Rebellion of Conrad, eldest son of the German emperor,
Henry IV.
Birth of Saint Bernard (d. 1153).
1094.
The Council of Clermont.
Address of Pope Urban II.
1095.
Death of (Saint) Ladislaus of Hungary.
1096.
Movement of the first armies of the Crusades;
massacre of Jews in Europe.
1099.
Coronation of Henry v., second son of the emperor,
as King of the Romans.
Recovery of the Holy City by the Crusaders;
founding of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem.
1100.
Death of William Rufus, king of England,
and accession of Henry I.
Twelfth Century.
1101.
Disastrous crusading expeditions from
Italy, France and Germany.
Agreement between King Henry I. of England and
his brother Robert.
1104.
Rebellion against the Emperor, Henry IV., headed by his son.
1135.
Imprisonment and abdication of the Emperor, Henry IV.
1106.
English conquest of Normandy;
defeat and capture of Duke Robert.
Death of the Emperor, Henry IV.
1108.
Death of Philip I., king of France,
and accession of Louis VI. (the Fat).
1109.
Death of Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury.
1110.
Expedition of Henry V. to Italy.
1111.
Insurrection at Rome;
attack on the Germans;
imperial coronation of Henry V.
Concession of the right of investiture by the Pope.
1112.
Repudiation of the Pope's concession and
renewal of the War of Investitures.
{3825}
1115.
Death of the Countess Matilda of Tuscany:
her vast possessions bequeathed to the Church.
1118.
Death of Pope Pascal II.
Election of Pope Gelasius II.
and the anti-pope Gregory VIII.
Founding of the Order of the Templars.
1119.
Battle of Noyon, in Normandy.
Death of Pope Gelasius II. and election of Callistus II.
1120.
The sinking of "the White Ship";
drowning of the English King Henry's son.
1121.
Condemnation of Abelard in France.
1122.
Settlement of the question of investitures;
Concordat of Worms.
1123.
First Lateran Council of the Church.
1124.
Death of Pope Callistus II. and election of Honorius II.
1125.
Death of the Emperor Henry V. and election of Lothaire,
of Saxony, to the German throne.
Opening of the strife between Guelfs and
Hohenstaufens or Ghibellines.
1130.
Death of Pope Honorius II.;
election of Innocent II., and the anti-pope, Anacletus II.
1131.
Birth of Maimonides [Uncertain date]
(d. 1201 [Uncertain date]).
1133.
Coronation of the Emperor Lothaire at Rome.
1135.
Death of Henry I., king of England;
civil war between Stephen and Matilda.
1136.
Progress of the Emperor Lothaire through the
peninsula of Italy;
submission of the cities.
1137.
Death of the Emperor Lothaire.
Death of Louis VI. of France and accession of Louis VII.;
his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Birth of Saladin (d. 1193).
1138.
Election in Germany of Conrad of Hohenstaufen.
Second invasion of England by David of Scotland.
Battle of the Standard.
1139.
Banishment from Italy of Arnold of Brescia.
Defeat of the Moors in Portugal by Affonso Henriques,
at the battle of Orik or Ourique.
Second Lateran Council of the Church.
1140.
Siege of Weimsberg.
First use of the party names, Welf or Guelf and
Waiblingen or Ghibelline.
Portugal separated from Castile,
and made a separate kingdom.
1142.
Death of Abelard at Clugny.
1143.
Death of Pope Innocent III.
Election of Celestine II.
1144.
Turkish capture of Edessa.
Jerusalem threatened.
Appeal to Europe.
Death of Pope Celestine II.
Election of Lucius II.
1145.
Death in battle of Pope Lucius II. and
election of Eugenius II.
Establishment of the republic of Arnold of Brescia at Rome.
1146.
Massacre of Jews by Crusaders and mobs in Germany.
Sack of Thebes and Corinth by the Norman
King Roger of Sicily.
1147.
The Second Crusade, from France and Germany.
Lisbon taken from the Moors and
made the capital of Portugal.
Founding of Moscow.
1148.
Unsuccessful siege of Damascus by the Crusaders.
1152.
Death of the Emperor Conrad of Hohenstaufen and
election of Frederick I. (Barbarossa).
Marriage of Prince Henry, afterward Henry II. of England,
to Eleanor of Aquitaine.
1153.
Death of Pope Eugenius III. and election of Anastasius IV.
1154.
Death of Stephen, king of England,
and accession of Henry II.
First expedition of Frederick Barbarossa into Italy.
Death of Pope Anastasius IV. and election of Hadrian IV.
Ireland granted to the English crown by Pope Hadrian IV.
1155.
Overthrow of the republic of Arnold of Brescia at Rome;
his death.
Tumult at the imperial coronation of Frederick Barbarossa.
1158.
Second expedition of Frederick Barbarossa into Italy.
Siege of Milan.
1159.
Death of Pope Hadrian IV.;
election of Alexander III. and the anti-pope Victor IV.
1162.
Thomas Becket made Archbishop of Canterbury.
Destruction of Milan by Frederick Barbarossa.
Birth of Genghis Khan [Uncertain date] (d. 1227).
1163.
Third visitation of Frederick Barbarossa to Italy.
1164.
Enactment of the Constitutions of Clarendon in England.
Death of the anti-pope Victor IV. and election of
the anti-pope Pascal III.
1166.
The Assize of Clarendon in England.
Fourth Italian expedition of Frederick Barbarossa.
1167.
Formation of the League of Lombardy;
rebuilding of Milan.
Storming of Rome by Frederick Barbarossa;
seating of the anti-pope Pascal.
1168.
Death of the anti-pope Pascal III. and
election of the anti-pope Callistus III.
1169.
Beginning of Strongbow's conquest of Ireland.
1170.
Murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket in England.
Birth of Saint Dominic (d. 1221).
1174.
Invasion of England by King William of Scotland.
His defeat and capture.
Last visitation of Italy by Frederick Barbarossa.
The leaning tower of Pisa commenced.
1175.
Anglo-Norman conquest of Ireland completed;
limits of the English pale defined.
1176.
Defeat of Frederick Barbarossa by the
Lombard League at Legnano.
1177.
The peace of Venice;
submission of the Emperor to the Pope, Alexander III.
1179.
Submission of the anti-pope, Callistus III.,
to Pope Alexander III.
Third Lateran Council of the Church.
1180.
Death of Louis VII., king of France,
and accession of Philip Augustus.
Sentence against Henry the Lion in Germany.
1181.
Death of Pope Alexander III. and election of Lucius III.
1182.
Birth of Saint Francis of Assisi (d. 1226).
1183.
Peace of Constance between Germany and Italy.
Independence of the Lombard Republics.
{3826}
1184.
Birth of Saadi [Uncertain date] (d. 1291).
1185.
Death of Pope Lucius III. and election of Urban III.
1187. Saladin's victory at Tiberias;
recovery of Jerusalem by the Moslems.
Death of Pope Urban III.;
election and death of Gregory VIII.;
election of Clement III.
End of the Ghaznavide dynasty in Afghanistan.
1188.
Imposition of the Tithe of Saladin in England.
1189.
Death of King Henry II. of England and
accession of Richard I. (Cœur de Lion).
Crusade of King Richard of England, Philip Augustus
of France, and Frederick Barbarossa of Germany.
Massacre of Jews in England.
1190.
Death, by drowning, of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa,
in Asia Minor;
accession of Henry VI., king of Germany.
1191.
Death of Pope Clement III. and election of Celestine III.
Imperial coronation of the Emperor Henry VI.
1192.
Captivity of King Richard of England.
1195.
Birth of Matthew Paris [Uncertain date] (d. 1259).
1196.
Crusade of German barons to the Holy Land.
1199.
Death of King Richard I. of England;
accession of John.
Thirteenth Century.
1201.
Crusade to the Holy Land urged by Pope Innocent III.
Institution of the Order of the Sword for crusading
against the heathen of the Baltic region.
Cession to the Papacy by the Emperor, Otho IV., of all
the territory claimed by Innocent III. as constituting
the States of the Church.
Chartering of the University of Paris by Philip Augustus.
1202.
The Crusaders at Venice;
their bargain with the Venetians and attack on Zara.
1203.
Attack on Constantinople by the Crusaders and Venetians.
1204.
Capture and pillage of Constantinople by
the Crusaders and Venetians;
creation of the Latin Empire of Romania and election of
Baldwin of Flanders to the throne.
Loss of Normandy by King John of England.
Founding of the Monastery of Port Royal.
1205.
Genghis Khan proclaimed by a great assembly Khakan
or Emperor of Tartary.
1206.
Founding of the Greek empire of Nicæa by Theodore Lascaris.
1209.
First crusade against the Albigenses,
instigated by Pope Innocent III.
Imperial coronation of Otho IV. at Rome.
1210.
Second crusade against the Albigenses.
Founding of the Franciscan Order of Friars.
1212.
Children's Crusade from France and Germany.
Great defeat of the Moors by the Christians on
Las Navas de Tolosa, in Spain.
1213.
Subjugation of the Albigenses by Simon de Montfort,
who receives the principality of Toulouse.
Submission of John of England to the Pope as a vassal.
1214.
Battle of Bouvines, in Flanders;
defeat of the English king, John, and the German
king and emperor Otho IV., by Philip Augustus of France.
Birth of Roger Bacon (d. 1292).
1215.
The Great Charter extorted from King John by
the barons of England.
Founding of the Dominican Order of Friars.
Beginning, in Florence, of the fierce quarrel
of Guelfs and Ghibellines.
1216.
Election of Pope Honorius III.
Crusade to the Holy Land led by King Andrew of Hungary.
Death of King John of England and accession of Henry III.
1217.
Revolt of the Toulousans;
death of Simon de Montfort.
1218.
Death of the Emperor Otho IV.
Attack of the Crusaders on Egypt;
siege of Damietta.
1220.
Imperial coronation of Frederick II., the Hohenstaufen.
Evacuation of Egypt by the Crusaders.
Destruction of Bokhara by Genghis Khan.
1222.
The charter called the Golden Bull conferred on Hungary
by King Andrew.
1223.
Death of Philip Augustus, king of France, and
accession of Louis VIII.
1224.
Birth of Sire de Joinville (d. 1317).
1226.
Renewed crusade against the Albigenses;
invasion of Languedoc by the French king, Louis VIII.,
after buying the rights of Simon de Montfort's son.
Death of Louis VIII. and accession in France of Louis IX.
(Saint Louis) under the regency of Blanche of Castile.
1227.
Election of Pope Gregory IX.
Death of Genghis Khan.
Birth of Thomas Aquinas [Uncertain date] (d. 1274).
1228.
Crusade led by the Emperor Frederick II.
His treaty with the Sultan recovering Jerusalem.
1229.
Cession, by treaty, of two thirds of the dominions of the
expelled Count of Toulouse to the king of France.
Frederick II. in Jerusalem.
1230.
Castile and Leon united under Ferdinand III.
1235.
Recovery of Cordova from the Moors by Ferdinand III.
of Leon and Castile.
1236.
Defeat of the Lombard League by Frederick II. at Cortenuova.
1238.
Founding of the Moorish kingdom of Granada, in Spain.
1240.
Birth of Cimabue (d. 1302 [Uncertain date]).
1241.
Election and death of Celestine IV.
Invasion and desolation of Russia, Hungary and Poland
by the Mongols, or Tatars.
1242.
Sack of Jerusalem by the Carismians.
1243.
Election of Pope Innocent IV.
1244.
Earliest use of the name Parliament in England.
1245.
Decree of the Council at Lyons, held by Pope Innocent IV.,
deposing Frederick II.
{3827}
1248.
Expulsion of the Guelfs from Florence.
Crusade of Saint Louis.
Recovery of Seville from the Moors by
King Ferdinand III. of Leon and Castile.
1249.
Commencement of the building of Cologne cathedral.
1250.
Death of the Emperor Frederick II.
Rising of the people and establishing of a popular
constitution in Florence.
Defeat and captivity of Saint Louis and
his crusaders in Egypt.
1252.
Crusading movement of "the Pastors" in France.
1254.
Election In Germany of William of Holland to be
King of the Romans.
Election of Pope Alexander IV.
Return of the Guelfs to Florence,
driving out the Ghibellines.
1257.
Double election in Germany of Richard, Earl of Cornwall,
and King Alfonso X. of Castile, rival Kings of the Romans.
1258.
Formulation in England of the Provisions of Oxford.
Founding of the Mongol empire of the Ilkhans,
embracing Persia and Mesopotamia.
1259.
Beginning of the reign of the great Mongol sovereign,
Kublai Khan, whose empire covered most of Asia.
1260.
Defeat of the Florentine Guelfs at Montaperte by the

exiled Ghibellines;
expulsion of Guelfs from Florence and Lucca.
1261.
Fall of the Latin Empire of Romania;
recovery of Constantinople by the Greeks of Nicæa.
Election of Pope Urban IV.
1263.
Norwegian invasion of Scotland and defeat at Largs.
1264.
Battle of Lewes, in England;
victory of the Barons.
Summoning of Simon de Montfort's Parliament.
1263.
Election of Pope Clement IV.
Battle of Evesham in England;
defeat and death of Simon de Montfort.
Birth of Dante (d. 1321).
Birth of Duns Scotus (d. 1308).
1266.
Conquest of Sicily by Charles of Anjou.
Exclusion of the Florentine Grandi, or nobles,
from all part in the government of the commonwealth.
1268.
Execution of Conradin, the last Hohenstaufen, in Sicily.
1269.
Restoration of the Guelfs in Florence,
with help from Charles of Anjou.
1270.
Second Crusade of Saint Louis;
his attack on Tunis;
his death;
accession in France of Philip III.
1271.
Election of Pope Gregory X.
Crusade of Prince Edward, of England.
1272.
End of the Great Interregnum in the Empire;
election of Rudolf of Hapsburg, King of the Romans.
Death of Henry III. king of England, during the absence
in the Holy Land of his son and successor, Edward I.
1276.
Election and death of Popes Innocent V. and Hadrian V.;
election of Pope John XXI.
Birth of Giotto (d. 1337 [Uncertain date]).
1277.
Election of Pope Nicholas III.
1278.
Defeat, at Marschfeld, of Ottocar, king of Bohemia,
by Rudolf of Hapsburg.
Ghibellines permitted to return to Florence.
1281.
Election of Pope Martin IV.
1282.
Settlement of Austria, Styria and Carniola on the
Hapsburg family, thus founding the House of Austria.
Massacre of French in Sicily, called "the Sicilian Vespers";
acquisition of the crown of Sicily by Pedro of Aragon.
1284.
Completed conquest of Wales by Edward I. of England.
1285.
Election of Pope Honorius IV.
Death of Philip III., in France, and accession cf Philip IV.
1288.
Election of Pope Nicholas IV.
1289.
Victory of the Florentines at Campaldino over the
Ghibellines of Arezzo and their allies.
1290.
Expulsion of Jews from England by Edward I.
Death of Margaret, queen of Scotland,
called "The Maid of Norway";
disputed succession to the Scottish throne.
Birth of John Tauler (d. 1361).
1291.
Death of Rudolf of Hapsburg;
election of Adolf of Nassau, King of the Romans.
Siege and conquest of Acre by the Sultan of Egypt and Syria;
end of the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem;
rally of the Knights Hospitallers in Cyprus.
Confederation of the three Forest Cantons of Switzerland.
1294.
Election and abdication of Pope Celestine V.;
election of Boniface VIII.
1295.
The "first perfect and model Parliament" of England
summoned by King Edward I.
1296.
Fulmination of the bull "Clericis laicos" by Pope
Boniface VIII. against the taxation of the clergy by
Philip the Fair of France.
Invasion and conquest of Scotland by Edward I. of England.
1297.
Defeat of the English at Stirling by
the Scottish hero Wallace.
1298.
Deposition of Adolf of Nassau by the German Electors,
and election of Albert of Austria.
1299.
Alliance of the Templars with the Mongols,
and defeat of the Turks at Hems;
momentary recovery of Jerusalem.
Invasion of the Greek Empire by the Ottoman Turks.
1300.
Institution of the Jubilee by Pope Boniface VIII.
Rise of the factions of the Neri and Bianchi at Florence.
Birth of William Occam (d. 1347).
Fourteenth Century.
1301.
The papal bulls, "Salvator mundi" and "Ausculta fill,"
launched by Pope Boniface VIII. against Philip IV.,
king of France.
First meeting of the States-General of France,
convened by the king.
Death of Andrew III., king of Hungary, ending the Arpad
line of sovereigns, and leaving the crown contested for
several years.
{3828}
1302.
Banishment of Dante and his party from Florence.
1303.
Seizure of Pope Boniface VIII. at Agnani; his death;
election of Benedict XI.
Submission of Scotland to Edward I. of England.
1304.
Birth of Petrarch (d. 1374).
1305.
Election of Pope Clement V.
Establishment of the papal court at Lyons, France;
beginning of the so-called "Babylonish Captivity."
1306.
Rising in Scotland under Robert Bruce against the rule
of the English king.
1307.
Arrest of the Knights Templars in France by King Philip V.
Death of Edward 1., king of England,
and accession of Edward II.
Ravages of the Catalan Grand Company in Greece.
1308.
Election in Germany of Henry of Luxemburg (Henry VII.).
1309.
Removal of the papal court to Avignon.
1310.
The burning of 59 Templars at Paris.
Expedition of Henry VII. into Italy.
Acquisition of the crown of Hungary by the Neapolitan House
of Anjou, in the person of Charles Robert, or Charobert.
Conquest of Rhodes from the Turks by the
Knights Hospitallers of St. John.
1311.
Sovereignty of Milan secured by Matteo Visconti.
1312.
Abolition of the Order of the Templars.
Imperial coronation of Henry VII. at Rome.
1313.
Death of the Emperor Henry VII. at Pisa.
Birth of Boccaccio (d. 1375).
1314.
Death in France of Philip IV., called "the Fair,"
and accession of Louis X., called "Hutin."
Election in Germany of rival Kings of the Romans,
Frederick of Austria and Louis of Bavaria (Louis V.).
Great defeat of the English by the Scots at Bannockburn.
Invasion of Ireland by Edward Bruce.
1315.
Edict of the French king, Louis Hutin, emancipating all
serfs within the royal domains, on payment of a just composition.
Defeat of Frederick of Austria by the Swiss at Morgarten.
1316.
Election of Pope John XXII.
Death, in France, of Louis Hutin, and
accession of his brother Philip V.
1318.
Defeat and death of Edward Bruce,
in the battle of Dundalk, Ireland.
1320.
Establishment of the tyranny of Castruccio at Lucca.
Composition of the Old English poem, "Cursor Mundi."
[Uncertain date]
1322.
Death of the French king, Philip V.,
and accession of his brother, Charles IV.
Triumph of Louis V. over Frederick at the battle of
Muhldorf in Germany;
excommunication of Louis.
Departure of Sir John Maundeville on his travels in the East.
1324.
Birth of Wyclif [Uncertain date] (d. 1384).
Birth of William of Wykeham (d. 1404).
1325.
Birth of John Gower [Uncertain date] (d. 1408).
1326.
First admission of burgesses into the Scottish parliament.
1327.
Death of Edward II., king of England,
and accession of Edward III.
Expedition of Louis V., of Germany, into Italy;
his Imperial coronation at Rome.
1328.
Death of Charles IV., king of France, and accession of
Philip VI., the first of the House of Valois.
Peace of Northampton between the English and the Scotch.
Death of Castruccio, of Lucca.
Birth of Chaucer [Uncertain date] (d. 1400).
1329.
Death of Robert Bruce, king of Scotland and
accession of his infant son, David.
1330.
Surrender of Nicæa to the Ottoman Turks.
1332.
Acquisition of the throne of Scotland by Edward Balliol,
with English aid.
1333.
Defeat of the Scots by Edward III. of England,
at Halidon Hill.
Accession in Poland of Casimir the Great,
last king of the Piast line.
1334.
Election of Pope Benedict XII.
1336.
Birth of Timour, or Tamerlane (d. 1405).
1337.
Revolt of the Flemings under Jacques Van Arteveld.
Birth of Froissart, the chronicler
(d. 1410 [Uncertain date]).
1338.
Declaration by the German Diet of the independence of
the Empire in temporal matters.
1339.
Beginning of the Hundred Years War between the English
and French kings.
1340.
Successful war of the Hanseatic League with Denmark.
1341.
Return of King David II. to Scotland,
Edward Balliol retiring.
1342.
Walter de Brienne, Duke of Athens,
proclaimed sovereign lord of Florence.
Death of Charles Robert, king of Hungary,
and accession of Louis, called the Great.
Election of Pope Clement VI.
1343.
Expulsion of the duke of Athens from Florence.
Death of Robert, king of Naples.
Accession of Queen Joanna I.
1345.
Downfall and death of Jacques Van Arteveld at Ghent.
1346.
Great English victory over the French at Crecy.
Defeat of the Scots by the English at Neville's Cross,
and captivity of King David II.
1347.
Outbreak in Europe of the plague called "the Black Death."
Death, in Germany, of Louis V. and election of Charles IV.
Revolution of Rienzi, in Rome.
1348.
Purchase of the sovereignty of Avignon by Pope Clement VI.
from Joanna, queen of Naples and countess of Provence.
Founding of the University of Prague.
1350.
Death of Philip VI. of France and accession of King John.
1352.
Election of Pope Innocent VI.
1353.
Downfall and death of Rienzi, at Rome.
1356.
Defeat of the French by the English Black Prince at Poitiers.
Promulgation in Germany of the Golden Bull of Charles IV.
1357.
Meeting of the States-General of France and popular
movement in Paris under Stephen Marcel.
{3829}
1358.
Insurrection of the Jacquerie in France.
1360.
The Peace of Bretigny between England and France,
suspending for a time the Hundred Years War.
Outbreak of the Children's Plague in England.
First distinct appearance of Wycliffe in English history,
as an Oxford lecturer.
1361.
Adrianople taken by the Turks and made the capital of Solyman.
1362. Election of Pope Urban V.
Conjectured composition or beginning of Langland's
"Piers Plowman," in its first form. [Uncertain date]
1364.
Death of King John of France;
accession of Charles V.
1366.
Birth of the painter Hubert van Eyck (d. 1426).
1367.
Victory of the Black Prince at Navarette, in Spain,
restoring Peter the Cruel to the throne of Castile.
Passage of the Kilkenny Act, in Ireland.
1369.
Reopening of the Hundred Years War in France.
Death, in Poland, of Casimir the Great, passing the
crown to Louis of Anjou, king of Hungary.
1370.
Beginning of the Stuart dynasty on the Scottish throne.
1371.
Election of Pope Gregory XI.
1373.
Birth of John Huss [Uncertain date] (d. 1415).
1374.
Appearance in Europe of the Dancing Mania.
1375.
Appointment at Florence of the Eight Saints of War.
1376.
Death, in England, of the Black Prince.
1377.
Return of the papal court to Rome from Avignon.
Death, in England, of Edward III.,
and accession of Richard II.
Birth of Brunelleschi (d. 1444).
1378.
Election of rival popes, Urban VI. and Clement VII.;
beginning of the Great Schism.
Death of the Emperor Charles IV., in Germany, and succession
of Wenceslaus (elected King of the Romans in 1376).
Tumult of the Ciompi in Florence.
1379.
War of the factions of the rival popes In Rome.
Revolt of the White Hoods in Flanders.
1380.
Death, in France, of Charles V.,
and accession of Charles VI.
Post messengers established in Germany by
the Teutonic Knights.
Birth of Thomas a Kempis [Uncertain date] (d. 1471).
1381.
Capture of Naples by Charles of Durazzo, who became
king as Charles III.
Insurrection of the Maillotins in Paris.
Rise to power in Flanders of Philip Van Arteveld.
Wat Tyler's rebellion in England.
1382.
Death of Louis the Great, king of Hungary and Poland;
accession of his daughter Mary in Hungary,
and of Hedvige, daughter of Casimir the Great, in Poland.
Death, in prison, of Queen Joanna, of Naples.
Defeat and death of Philip Van Arteveld at Rosebecque.
1383.
Incorporation of Flanders in the dominions of
the Duke of Burgundy.
Birth of Donatello (d. 1466).
1385.
Acquisition of the crown of Portugal by John I.,
founder of the House of Avis.
1386.
Marriage of the Emperor Sigismund to Mary, Queen of Hungary.
Assassination, in Hungary, of Charles III. of Naples;
accession in Naples of Ladislas, contested by Louis of Anjou.
Marriage of Hedvige, queen of Poland, to Jagellon,
duke of Lithuania, uniting the states and founding the
Jagellon dynasty.
Victory of the Swiss over the Austrians at Sempach.
1387.
Birth of Fra Angelico (d. 1455 [Uncertain date]).
1388.
Battle of Otterburn between the Scots and the English.
Defeat of the Austrians by the Swiss at Naefels.
Death of the Persian poet Hafiz. [Uncertain date]
1389.
Turkish conquest of Bulgaria and Servia by Amurath I.;
decisive battle of Kossova.
Election, at Rome, of Pope Boniface IX.
1390.
War of Florence with the duke of Milan.
Birth of Jan van Eyck [Uncertain date]
(d. 1440 [Uncertain date]).
1392.
Appearance of insanity in the young French king,
Charles VI.
1394.
Birth of the Portuguese Prince Henry, "the Navigator"
(d. 1460).
1395.
The Milanese dominion of the Visconti created a duchy
of the Empire by the Emperor Wenceslaus.
1396.
Great defeat at Nicopolis of the Christian defenders of
Hungary by the Turkish Sultan Bajazet.
1397.
Union of the three crowns of Sweden, Denmark and Norway,
called the Union of Calmar.
1398.
Invasion of India by Timour, or Tamerlane.
1399.
Deposition of Richard II. from the English throne by
Henry of Bolingbroke, duke of Lancaster, who became
king as Henry IV.
1400.
Deposition of Wenceslaus by the electoral college of Germany.
Invasion of Scotland by Henry IV. of England.
Fifteenth Century.
1402.
Birth of Masaccio (d. 1428).
1403.
Hotspur's rebellion in England.
1405.
Sale of Pisa to Florence by the Visconti.
Capture by the English of the heir to the Scottish crown,
afterwards James I.
1406.
Surrender of the Pisans to Florence after a year of war.
1407.
Founding of the Bank of St. George at Genoa.
1409.
Chartering of the University of Leipsic.
Meeting of the Council of Pisa.
1411.
Defeat of the Scottish Lord of the Isles and
the Highland clans at the battle of Harlaw.
Founding of the University of St. Andrew's.
1412.
Meeting of the Council called at Rome by Pope John XXIII.
Birth of Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans (d. 1431).
Birth of Filippo Lippi (d. 1469).
{3830}
1414.
Meeting of the Council of Constance;
summons to John Huss to appear before the Council.
1415.
Condemnation and martyrdom of Huss.
Renewal of the Hundred Years War with France
by Henry V. of England;
his great victory at Agincourt.
Capture of Ceuta from the Moors by the Portuguese.
1417.
Massacre of Armagnacs at Paris.
Creation of the Electorate of Brandenburg by
the Emperor Sigismund and its bestowal on Frederick,
Count of Zollern, or Hohenzollern.
Deposition of the rival popes by the Council of Constance,
and ending of the Great Schism;
election of Pope Martin V.
1419.
Rising of the Hussites in Bohemia.
Assassination of the duke of Burgundy, at the Bridge of
Montereau, and alliance of the Burgundians with the
English invaders of France.
1420.
First crusade against the Bohemian Hussites
summoned by the Pope.
Treaty of Troyes between the English king, Henry V.,
in France, and the Burgundians;
marriage of Henry V. to Princess Catherine, of France.
1421.
Second crusade against the Bohemians.
1422.
Date of the first in the collection of Paston Letters.
Death of Henry V., king of England, and claiming
to be king of France;
accession of his infant son Henry VI.
Death of Charles VI., king of France;
the succession of his son, Charles VII.,
disputed in favor of the Infant Henry VI. of England.
1424.
Release of James I. of Scotland from his
long captivity in England.
1429.
Siege of Orleans by the English, repelled,
under the influence of Jeanne d'Arc;
coronation of Charles VII., king of France.
1430.
Capture of Jeanne d'Arc by the English.
Acquisition of the greater part of the Netherlands
by Philip of Burgundy.
1431.
Condemnation and burning of Jeanne d'Arc for witchcraft
by the English.
Election of Pope Eugenius IV.
Meeting of the Council of Basle.
Birth of Mantegna (d. 1506).
1433.
Treaty of the Council of Basle with the insurgent Bohemians.
1434.
Organization of the Utraquist national church in Bohemia.
Attainment of power in Florence by Cosmo de' Medici.
First expedition sent out by the Portuguese Prince Henry
to explore the western coast of Africa.
Birth of Boiardo [Uncertain date] (d. 1494).
1437.
Recovery of Paris from the English by the French king,
Charles VII.
Death of Sigismund, emperor, and king of Hungary;
election of Albert of Austria to the Hungarian throne.
1438.
Election of Albert II. of Austria by the German
electoral princes.
1439.
Death of Albert II., of Germany and Hungary;
election of Ladislaus III., king of Poland,
to the Hungarian throne.
1440.
Election of Frederick III., of Austria,
by the electoral princes of Germany.
1442.
Ladislaus, posthumous son of Albert of Austria,
acknowledged king of Bohemia, and prospective king of
Hungary, on the attainment of his majority.
First modern Importation of negro slaves into Europe,
by the Portuguese.
1444.
Defeat of the Hungarians by the Turks at Varna and
death of Ladislaus III., king of Poland and Hungary;
government in Hungary entrusted to John Huniades,
during the minority of Ladislaus Posthumus.
1445.
Destruction of Corinth by the Turks.
Birth of Comines, the chronicler (d. 1509).
1446.
Birth of Perugino (d. 1524).
1447.
Election of Pope Nicholas V., founder of the Vatican Library.
Death of the last of the ducal family of Visconti,
leaving the duchy in dispute.
1450.
Rebellion of Jack Cade in England.
Possession of Milan and the duchy won by Francesco Sforza.
1451.
Rebellion of Ghent against Philip of Burgundy.
Founding of the University of Glasgow.
1452.
Birth of Savonarola (d. 1498).
Birth of Leonardo da Vinci (d. 1519).
1453.
Conquest of Constantinople by the Turks.
Defeat of the men of Ghent at Gaveren and their
submission to the duke of Burgundy.
Austria raised to the rank of an archduchy by the
Emperor Frederick III.
Unsuccessful rising in Rome, against the Papacy,
under Stefano-Porcaro.
1454.
Production of the first known Printing with movable type
by Gutenberg and Fust, at Mentz.
Treaty of Venice with the Turks, securing trade privileges
and certain possessions in Greece.
1455.
Beginning of the Wars of the Roses in England.
1456.
The Turks in possession of Athens.
Siege of Belgrade by the Turks and their defeat by Huniades;
death of Huniades.
Publication at Mentz of the first printed Bible,
now called the Mazarin Bible. [Uncertain date]
1457.
Organization of the church of the Unitas Fratrum in Bohemia.
Death of Ladislaus Posthumus, king of Bohemia and of
Hungary and archduke of Austria.
1458.
Submission of Genoa to the king of France.
Election of Matthias, son of Huniades, king of Hungary,
and George Podiebrad, leader of the church-reform party,
king of Bohemia.
Division of the crowns of Naples and Sicily (the Two Sicilies)
on the death of Alfonso of Aragon.
1460.
Death of Prince Henry the Navigator.
1461.
Death of Charles VII., king of France,
and accession of Louis XI.
Emancipation of Genoa from the yoke of France.
Surrender of Trebizond, the last Greek capital,
to the Ottoman Turks.
Deposition of Henry VI. declared by a council of lords in
England and Edward Duke of York crowned king (Ed ward IV.);
defeat of Lancastrians at Towton.
{3831}
1463.
War between Turks and Venetians in Greece.
Birth of Pico della Mirandola (d. 1494).
1464.
Submission of Genoa to the duke of Milan.
1465.
League of the Public Weal, in France, against Louis XI.;
battle of Montlehery.
Siege, capture and pillage of Athens by the Venetians.
1467.
Accession of Charles the Bold to the dukedom of Burgundy;
beginning of his war with the Liégois.
Crusade against George Podiebrad, king of Bohemia,
proclaimed by the Pope.
Birth of Erasmus [Uncertain date] (d. 1536).
1468.
Visit of Louis XI. to Charles the Bold, at Peronne;
capture and destruction of Liege by Charles.
War of the king of Bohemia with Austria and Hungary.
1469.
Beginning of the rule of Lorenzo de' Medici
(the Magnificent) in Florence.
Marriage of Isabella of Castile to Ferdinand of Aragon.
Birth of Machiavelli (d. 1527).
1470.
Restoration of Henry VI. to the English throne
by Earl Warwick;
flight of Edward IV.
Siege and capture of Negropont by the Turks, and massacre
of the inhabitants.
1471.
Acquisition of Cyprus by the Venetians.
Return of Edward IV. to England;
his victories at Barnet and Tewksbury and
recovery of the throne;
death of Henry VI. in the Tower.
Death of George Podiebrad, king of Bohemia, and election
of Ladislaus, son of the king of Poland, to succeed him.
Translation by Caxton of "Recueil des Histoires de Troyes,"
by Raoul le Fèvre.
Birth of Albert Durer (d. 1528).
Birth of Cardinal Wolsey (d. 1530).
1473.
Birth of Copernicus (d. 1543).
1474.
Birth of Las Casas (d. 1566).
Birth of Ariosto (d. 1533).
1475.
Birth of the Michael Angelo (d. 1564).
Birth of the Chevalier Bayard (d. 1524).
1477.
Marriage of Maximilian, son of the Emperor Frederick III.,
to Mary of Burgundy.
Invasion of Italy by the Turks, approaching to within
sight of Venice.
Production from Caxton's press of the "Dictes or Sayengis
of the Philosophers," the first book printed in England.
War with the Swiss, defeat and death of Charles the Bold.
Grant of the Great Privilege of Holland and Zealand by
Duchess Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Charles the Bold.
Birth of Giorgione (d. 1511).
Birth of Titian (d. 1576).
1478.
Conspiracy of the Pazzi in Florence.
Overthrow of the city-republic of Novgorod by
Ivan III. of Russia.
1480.
Birth of Sir Thomas More (d. 1535).
1481.
Founding of the Holy Office of the Inquisition at Seville.
Printing in England of Caxton's translation of
"Reynard the Fox." [Uncertain date]
1482.
Death of Mary of Burgundy and succession of her infant son,
Duke Philip, to the sovereignty of the Netherlands.
1483.
Death of Edward IV. king of England;
murder of the princes, his sons, and usurpation of the
throne by his brother Richard.
Death of Louis XI., of France, and accession of Charles VIII.
Appointment of Torquemada Inquisitor General for Castile
and Aragon.
Birth of Luther (d. 1546).
Birth of Raphael (d. 1520).
1484.
Birth of the Swiss reformer, Zwingli (d. 1531).
1485.
Arrival of Columbus in Spain, seeking help for a westward
voyage to find the Indies.
Overthrow and death of Richard III. in England,
on Bosworth Field;
accession of Henry VII., the first of the Tudor line.
Appearance in England of the Sweating Sickness.
Capture of Vienna by Matthias of Hungary and expulsion of
the Emperor Frederick III. from his hereditary dominions.
Printing of Malory's "Morte d' Arthur." [Uncertain date]
1486.
Election of Maximilian, son of the Emperor, Frederick III.,
King of the Romans.
Unconscious doubling of the Cape of Good Hope by
Bartholomew Diaz.
1487.
Rebellion of Lambert Simnel in England.
Birth of Andrea del Sarto (d. 1531).
1488.
Capture and confinement for four months of Maximilian,
then King of the Romans, by the citizens of Bruges.
Rebellion in Scotland and defeat and death of James III.
at Sauchie Burn.
1490.
Beginning of the preaching of Savonarola at Florence.
Death of Matthias, king of Hungary, and election to the
Hungarian throne of the Bohemian king, Ladislaus II.
Birth of Thomas Cromwell [Uncertain date] (d. 1540).
Birth of Vittoria Colonna (d. 1547).
1491.
Union of Brittany with France, by marriage of the
Duchess Anne to Charles VIII.
Conquest of Granada by Ferdinand and Isabella;
end of Moorish dominion in Spain.
Birth of Loyola (d. 1556).
1492.
First voyage of Columbus westward, resulting in the
discovery of the Bahamas, Cuba and Hayti.
Death of Lorenzo de' Medici at Florence.
Outbreak of the Bundschuh insurrection in Germany.
Expulsion of Jews from Spain.
Election of Pope Alexander VI. (Roderigo Borgia).
1493.
Papal bull granting to Spain the New World found by
Columbus and defining the rights of Spain and Portugal.
Second voyage of Columbus.
Death of the Emperor Frederick III.;
assumption of the title (without coronation at Rome),
of "emperor elect" by his son Maximilian, already elected
King of the Romans.
Birth of Paracelsus (d. 1541).
1494.
Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal,
partitioning the ocean.
Expedition of Charles VIII. into Italy.
Expulsion of Pietro de' Medici, son of Lorenzo,
from Florence;
formation of the Christian Commonwealth at Florence
under Savonarola.
Passage of the Poynings Laws in Ireland.
Birth of Hans Sachs (d. 1578 [Uncertain date]).
Birth of Correggio Granada (d. 1534).
1495.
Abolition of the right of private warfare (diffidation)
in Germany.
Easy conquest of Naples by Charles VIII. of France,
and his quick retreat.
Birth of Rabelais [Uncertain date] (d. 1553).
Birth of Clement Marot [Uncertain date] (d. 1544).
1496.
Marriage of Philip, son of Maximilian of Austria and
Mary of Burgundy, to Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and
Isabella of Spain.
Rebellion of Perkin Warbeck in England.
Establishing of the Estienne or Stephanus press in Paris.
{3832}
1497.
Discovery of the continent of North America by John Cabot.
Disputed first voyage of Americus Vespucius to the New World.
Discovery of the passage to India round the Cape of
Good Hope by Vasco da Gama.
Excommunication of Savonarola by the Pope.
Birth of Melancthon (d. 1560).
1498.
Third voyage of Columbus, to the northern coast
of South America;
his arrest and return to Spain in irons.
Arrest and execution of Savonarola at Florence.
Death of Charles VIII., king of France,
and accession of Louis XIII.
Birth of Hans Holbein (d. 1559).
1499.
Voyage of Americus Vespucius, with Ojeda,
to the Venezuela coast.
Conquest of Milan and the duchy by Louis XII. of France.
Founding of the Sefavean dynasty in Persia and
establishment of the Shiah sect in ascendancy.
1500.
Voyage of the Cortereals to Newfoundland.
Discovery of Brazil by the Portuguese navigator, Cabral.
Birth of Charles, eldest son of Philip of Burgundy and
Joanna of Spain, who became, the Emperor Charles V.
and who united the sovereignties of Austria, Burgundy and Spain.
Birth of Benvenuto Cellini (d. 1570).
Sixteenth Century.
1501.
Voyage of Americus Vespucius, in the Portuguese service,
to the Brazilian coast.
Creation of the Aulic Council by the Emperor Maximilian.
Joint conquest and partition of the kingdom of Naples by
Louis XII. of France and Ferdinand of Aragon.
1502.
Fourth and last voyage of Columbus coasting Central America.
Election of Montezuma to the military chieftainship
of the Aztecs.
Marriage of King James IV. of Scotland to Margaret,
daughter of Henry VII. of England, which brought the
Stuarts to the English throne.
Quarrel and war between the French and Spaniards in Naples.
1503.
Election of Pope Julius II.
Birth of Garcilaso de la Vega (d. 1536).
1504.
Expulsion of the French from Naples by the Spaniards,
under the Great Captain.
Suppression of the independence of the Scottish
Lord of the Isles.
1505.
Birth of John Knox (d. 1572).
1506.
Death of Columbus.
Death of Philip, consort of Queen Joanna of Castile,
and acting sovereign.
Beginning of the building of St. Peter's at Rome
by Pope Julius II.
Birth of Saint Francis Xavier (d. 1552).
1507.
Unsuccessful revolt of Genoa against the French.
1508.
Formation of the League of Cambrai against Venice
by the kings of France and Aragon, the Emperor, the Pope
and the republic of Florence.
Birth of the duke of Alva, or Alba (d. 1582).
1509.
First Spanish settlement on the American mainland.
Death of Henry VII., king of England, and
accession of Henry VIII.
Publication of Barclay's "Ship of Fools."
Birth of Calvin (d. 1564).
1510.
Portuguese occupation of Goa on the coast of India.
Dissolution of the League of Cambrai, and alliance of
Pope Julius II. with Venice and the Swiss against France.
Birth of Palissy the potter (d. 1590).
1511.
Spanish conquest of Cuba.
Formation of the Holy League of Pope Julius II. with
Venice, Aragon and England against France.
1512.
Discovery of Florida by Ponce de Leon.
Restoration of the Medici to power in Florence.
Birth of Tintoretto (d. 1594).
1513.
Discovery of the Pacific Ocean by Vasco Nunez de Balboa.
Beginning of the ministry of Wolsey in England.
Invasion of France by Henry VIII. of England, and his
victory in the Battle of the Spurs.
War of the Scots and English and defeat of
the Scots at Flodden.
Peasant insurrection of the Kurucs in Hungary.
Complete expulsion of the French from Italy.
Death of Pope Julius II. and election of the Medicean, Leo X.
1515.
Death of Louis XII., king of France, and accession of
Francis I.; his invasion of Italy, victory over the Swiss
at Marignano, and occupation of Milan.
Death of Ladislaus II., king of Hungary and of Bohemia,
and succession of his son. Louis II., on both thrones.
Birth of Saint Philip Neri (d. 1595).
1516.
Founding of the piratical power of the Barbarossas at Algiers.
Treaty and Concordat of Francis I. of France with the Pope,
guaranteeing to the former the duchy of Milan and securing
to him the duchies of Parma and Piacenza, and taking away
the liberties of the Gallican Church.
Appointment of Las Casas Protector of the Indians by
Cardinal Ximenes.
Publication of the "Utopia" of Sir Thomas More.
1517.
Appearance of Tetzel in Germany, selling papal indulgences;
Luther's denunciation of the traffic;
posting of the Ninety-five Theses on the
church-door at Wittenberg.
Preaching of reformed doctrines at Zurich by Zwingli.
Execution of Balboa by Pedrarias Davila, in the colony
of Darien.
Discovery of Yucatan by Cordova.
Birth of Camoëns [Uncertain date] (d. 1579).
1519.
Landing of Cortes in Mexico and advance to the capital.
Sailing of Magellan on his voyage of circumnavigation.
Luther's disputation with Eck.
Death of the Emperor Maximilian and election of his
grandson, Charles V., already sovereign of Spain, the Two
Sicilies, the Netherlands, and the Austrian possessions.
Cession of the Austrian sovereignty by Charles V. to his
brother Ferdinand.
Discovery of the mouth of the Mississippi by Garay.
1520.
Long battle of Cortés with the Aztecs in the city of Mexico;
death of Montezuma;
retreat of the Spaniards.
Rebellion of the Holy Junta in Spain.
Birth of William Cecil, Lord Burleigh (d. 1598).
1521.
Siege and conquest of the Mexican capital by Cortés
and the Spaniards.
Conquest of Belgrade by the Turks.
Promulgation of the first of the edicts of
Charles V. against heresy in the
{3833}
Netherlands, called Placards.
Excommunication of Luther by the Pope;
his appearance before the Diet at Worms;
his abduction by friends and concealment at Wartburg.
1522.
Appointment of Cortés to be Governor, Captain-General,
and Chief Justice of New Spain (Mexico).
Conquest of Rhodes by the Turks from the
Knights of St. John.
Election of Pope Adrian VI.
1523.
Treason of the Constable of Bourbon, escaping from France
to take command of the Imperial army.
Abrogation of the mass and image worship at Zurich.
Organization of the reformed Church in northern Germany.
Election of Pope Clement VII.
Publication of Lord Berner's translation of Froissart.
Publication of Luther's translation of the New Testament.
1524.
Voyage of Verrazano, in the service of France,
to the North American coast.
Death of the Chevalier Bayard in battle with the
imperialists under Bourbon.
Invasion of Italy by Francis I. of France;
Outbreak of the Peasants' War, in Thuringia.
1525.
Bloody suppression of the Peasants' revolt, in Germany,
and execution of Münzer.
Battle of Pavia;
defeat and captivity of Francis I. of France.
Marriage of Luther to Catherine Bora.
Protestant League of Torgau.
1526.
Great defeat of the Hungarians by the Turks at Mohacs and
death of King Louis II.
Election of John Zapolya to the vacant throne of Hungary,
and rival election of Ferdinand of Austria.
Treaty of Madrid, for the release of Francis I.
from his captivity, and its perfidious repudiation by the
king of France when free.
Victory of Babar the Mongol at Panipat in India.
Printing (at Worms) of Tyndale's English version of the
New Testament.
1527.
Expulsion of Zapolya from Hungary by Ferdinand,
archduke of Austria, who wins the Hungarian crown.
Capture and sack of Rome by the Spanish and German
imperialists, commanded by the Constable Bourbon.
The republic restored in Florence by a popular rising.
1528.
Alliance of John Zapolya, king of Hungary, with the Turkish
sultan Solyman, against his rival, Ferdinand of Austria.
Deliverance of Genoa from the French by Andrea Doria.
Marriage of Marguerite d'Angoulême, sister of Francis I.
of France, to the king of Navarre.
Birth of Paul Veronese (d. 1588).
1529.
Fall of Wolsey from power in England.
Unsuccessful siege of Vienna by the Turkish sultan, Solyman.
Siege of Florence by the imperialists;
surrender of the city and restoration of the Medici.
Peace of Cambrai, or the Ladies' Peace, between Francis I.
of France and the Emperor Charles V.
Protest of the German reformers (against action of the
Diet of Spires) which caused them to be called Protestants.
1530.
German Diet at Augsburg;
formulation of the Protestant Confession of Faith;
the condemnatory Augsburg Decree;
formation of the Protestant League of Smalkalde.
Cession of Malta by the Emperor to the
Knights Hospitallers of St. John.
Siege of Buda by the Austrians.
1531.
Breach of Henry VIII. with the Pope on the question of
the annulling of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
1532.
Religious peace, with freedom of worship, restored in
Germany by the Pacification of Nuremberg.
Conquest of Peru by Pizarro.
1533.
Annulment of the marriage of Henry VIII. to Catherine of
Aragon by Cranmer;
marriage of the English king to Anne Boleyn.
Murder of the Ynca, Atahualpa, by Pizarro.
Birth of Montaigne (d. 1592).
1534.
First voyage of Jacques Cartier, to the St. Lawrence.
The Anabaptist seizure of the city of Munster.
Passage by the English Parliament of the Act of Supremacy,
establishing independence of Rome in the English Church.
Beginning of fierce persecution of the reformers in France.
Election of Pope Paul III.
1535.
Expedition of Charles V. against Tunis.
Execution of Sir Thomas More in England.
Suppression of the English monasteries.
Establishing of Protestantism in Geneva.
Printing of Coverdale's English version of the Bible.
Second voyage of Jacques Cartier and exploration of the
St. Lawrence to Montreal.
1536. Trial and execution of Anne Boleyn,
and marriage of Henry VIII. to Jane Seymour.
Martyrdom of Tyndale.
Renewed war between Charles V. and Francis I.
Publication of the "Institutions" of Calvin.
1537.
Death in childbed of Jane Seymour, the English queen.
Brief of Pope Paul III. forbidding further enslavement
of Indians in America.
1538.
Treaty of Peace between Charles V. and Francis I.
Formation of the Holy League of the Catholic
Princes of Germany.
Birth of Cardinal Borromeo (d. 1584).
1539.
Enactment of the Bill of the Six Articles in England.
Landing of Hernando de Soto in Florida and beginning
of his explorations.
Revolt of Ghent against the exactions of
the Emperor Charles V.
1540.
Marriage and divorce of Anne of Cleves by Henry VIII.
and his marriage to Catherine Howard.
Submission of Ghent to the Emperor, annulling of its
charter and removal of the great bell Roland.
Death of John Zapolya, king of Hungary, and support given
by the Turkish sultan to the claims of his son, against
Ferdinand (now emperor).
Expedition of Coronado from Mexico into New Mexico,
seeking the "Seven Cities of Cibola."
Papal sanction of the Society of Jesus,
founded by Ignatius Loyola.
First known Printing done in America (in Mexico).
1541.
Disastrous expedition of Charles V. against Algiers.
Buda occupied by the Turks, becoming the seat of a pasha
who ruled the greater part of Hungary.
Assassination of Pizarro.
Third and last voyage of Cartier to the St. Lawrence.
{3834}
1542.
Execution of Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII.
Death of Hernando de Soto on the shores of the Mississippi.
Renewed war between Charles V. and Francis I.
Alliance of the latter with the Turks, who ravaged the
coasts of Italy.
Organization of Calvin's religious state in Geneva.
Mission of Saint Francis Xavier to Goa.
War of the Scots and English;
Scottish panic at Solway Firth;
death of James V.;
birth of Mary Stuart.
Promulgation of the "New Laws" of Charles V., prohibiting
the enslavement of Indians in America.
1543.
Marriage of Henry VIII. to Catherine Parr.
1544.
Victory of the French at Cerisoles over the Imperialists;
treaty of Crespy, terminating the war.
Birth of Torquato Tasso (d. 1595).
1545.
Assembling of the Council of Trent (called in 1542).
1546.
Massacre of Waldenses in southeastern France.
Death of Luther.
Treaty of the Emperor Charles V. with the Pope,
binding the former to make war on the Protestants of Germany.
Murder of Cardinal Beatoun in Scotland.
Birth of Tycho Brahe (d. 1601).
1547.
Death of Henry VIII. and accession of Edward VI., in England;
repeal of the Six Articles and completion of the
English Reformation.
Death of Francis I. king of France,
and accession of Henry II.
Defeat of the Elector of Saxony by the Emperor,
at the battle of Muhlberg;
his imprisonment and deposition;
bestowal of the Electorate of Saxony on Duke Maurice of Saxony.
The Interim of Augsburg.
Marriage of Jeanne d'Albret, heiress to the crown of
Navarre, to Antoine de Bourbon.
Assumption of the title of Czar, or Tzar, by the Grand
Prince of Moscow, Ivan IV., called the Terrible.
Siege of the Castle of St. Andrew's in Scotland;
captivity and condemnation of John Knox to the French galleys.
Birth of Cervantes (d. 1616).
1549.
Mission of Xavier to Japan.
Election of Pope Julius III.
Publication of the English Book of Common Prayer
(First Book of Edward VI).
1550.
Promulgation of the most infamous of the edicts of
Charles V. against heresy in the Netherlands.
Election of Pope Julius III.
Birth of Coke (d. 1634).
1551.
Alliance of the French king, Henry II.,
with the Protestants of Germany.
Narrow escape of the Emperor Charles V. from capture by
Maurice of Saxony.

1552.
French seizure of Les Trois Évéchés, Metz, Toul and Verdun.
Treaty of Passau between the Emperor and
the German Protestants.
Unsuccessful efforts of the Emperor to recover
Metz from the French.
Ravages of the Turks on the coast of Italy and blockade of
Naples by their galleys.
Birth of Sir Walter Raleigh (d. 1618).
Birth of Paolo Sarpi (d. 1623).
Birth of Spenser [Uncertain date] (d. 1599 [Uncertain date]).
1553.
Death of Edward VI. and accession of Queen Mary, in England;
unsuccessful attempt to place Lady Jane Grey on the throne.
Battle of Sievershausen in Germany and death of Maurice
of Saxony;
religious Peace of Augsburg, giving religious supremacy to
each German prince in his own dominions.
1554.
Wyat's insurrection in England;
execution of Lady Jane Grey;
marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain.
Birth of Sir Philip Sidney (d. 1586).
1555.
Beginning of Queen Mary's persecution of
Protestants in England;
burning of Rogers, Latimer and Ridley.
Return of John Knox to Scotland.
First act of the abdication of the Emperor, Charles V.,
performed in Brussels;
accession of his son Philip in the Netherlands.
Election of Pope Paul IV. (Cardinal Caraffa).
1556.
Burning of Cranmer in England.
Unsuccessful expedition of the duke of Guise against Naples.
Completed abdication of all his crowns by Charles V.;
succession of his son Philip II. in Spain, Naples and Milan;
succession of his brother, Ferdinand I.,
to the imperial throne.
Second Mongol victory at Panipat, by Akbar, founder of the
Mongol or Mogul empire in India.
1557.
Battle and siege of St. Quentin, with success for the
Spaniards, invading France.
Signing of the first Scottish Covenant by the Lords
of the Congregation.
1558.
Recovery of Calais by the French from the English.
Death of Queen Mary and accession of Queen Elizabeth,
in England.
Marriage of Mary Stuart, queen of Scots, to the French
dauphin, afterwards Francis II.
1559. Passage of the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity in England.
Treaties of Cateau Cambresis, restoring peace between
France, Spain and England.
Death of Henry II., king of France,
and accession of Francis II.;
dominating influence of the Guises in France.
Institution of the Papal Index of prohibited books.
Election of Pope Pius IV.
1560.
Huguenot Conspiracy of Amboise, in France;
death of Francis II. and accession of Charles IX., under
the controlling influence of Catherine de' Medici.
Death of Melancthon.
Election of Pope Pius V.
Successful rebellion of the Scottish Lords
of the Congregation;
adoption in Scotland of the Geneva Confession of Faith.
Printing of the Geneva Bible.
Birth of the Duke of Sully (d. 1641).
1561.
Return of Queen Mary Stuart from France to Scotland.
Birth of Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam (d. 1626).
1562.
First slave-trading voyage of John Hawkins.
First attempt of Coligny to found a Huguenot colony in Florida.
Massacre of Huguenots at Vassy, beginning the
War of Religion in France;
capture of Orleans by Condé for the Huguenots;
battle of Dreux.
Birth of Lope de Vega (d. 1635).
1563.
Assassination of the Duke of Guise while besieging Orleans;
treaty and Edict of Amboise, restoring peace between
Catholics and Huguenots in France.
Closing of the Council of Trent.
Publication of Foxe's "Book of Martyrs."
1564.
Huguenot colony settled on the St. John's river in Florida.
Death of the Emperor, Ferdinand I., and accession of his
son Maximilian II., the tolerant emperor.
Birth of Shakespeare (d. 1616).
Birth of Marlowe (d. 1593).
Birth of Galileo (d. 1642).
1565.
Destruction of the Huguenot colony in Florida
by the Spaniards;
Spanish settlement of St. Augustine.
Great defense of Malta against the Turks by the
Knights of St. John.
Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots to Lord Darnley.
{3835}
1566.
Beginning of organized resistance to Philip II. in the
Netherlands by the signing of "The Compromise" and
formation of the league of the Gueux, or Beggars;
rioting of image-breakers in Flemish cities.
Sack of Moscow by the Crim Tatars.
Murder of Rizzio, secretary to the queen of Scots.
Publication of Udall's "Ralph Royster Doyster," the first
printed English comedy.
1567.
Renewal of the religious civil war in France;
battle of St. Denis, before Paris, in which the Constable
Montmorency was slain.
Peace in Hungary with the Turks, and between the Emperor
and Zapolya, rival claimants of the crown.
Arrival of the duke of Alva, with his army,
in the Netherlands;
arrest of Egmont and Horn, and retirement of the Prince
of Orange into Germany.
Creation of Alva's Council of Blood.
Murder of Lord Darnley, husband of the queen of Scots;
marriage of the queen to Earl Bothwell;
rising of the Scottish barons, imprisonment and deposition
of the queen, and accession of her son, James VI.
Birth of Saint Francis de Sales (d. 1622).
1568.
Treacherous Peace of Longjumeau and gathering of Huguenots
at Rochelle, joined there by Jeanne d'Albret, queen of Navarre.
Decree of the Inquisition condemning the whole population
of the Netherlands to death;
opening of war against the Spaniards by the Prince of Orange.
Escape of Mary, queen of Scots, to England.
Printing of the Bishop's Bible in England.
1569.
Creation of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, under the
sovereignty of the Medici.
Defeat of the French Huguenots at Jarnac and murder of Condé;
choice of young Henry of Navarre for the Huguenot command;
second Huguenot defeat at Moncontour.
1570.
Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye between the warring
religions in France.
Assassination of the regent, Murray, in Scotland, and
outbreak of civil war.
Publication of Ascham's "Scholemaster."
1571.
Holy League of Venice, Spain and the Pope against the Turks;
Turkish conquest of Cyprus;
sea-fight of Lepanto and defeat of the Turks by
Don John of Austria.
Death of Zapolya in Hungary.
The Thirty-nine Articles of the English Church made
binding on the clergy.
Birth of Kepler (d. 1630).
1572.
Marriage of Henry of Navarre to Margaret of Valois;
massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day in France;
death of Jeanne d'Albret;
submission of Henry of Navarre and the young Prince of
Condé to the Catholic Church.
Election to the Hungarian throne of Rudolph, eldest
son of the Emperor Maximilian.
Capture of Brill by the "Beggars of the Sea," and rapid
expulsion of the Spaniards from Holland and Zealand.
Election of Pope Gregory XIII.
Restoration of episcopacy in Scotland.
1573.
Siege of the Huguenots gathered in Rochelle,
followed by the Peace of Rochelle.
Election of Henry of Valois, duke of Anjou,
to the throne of Poland.
Spanish siege and capture of Haarlem.
Retirement of Alva from the Spanish command in the
Netherlands and appointment of Requesens.
Publication of Tusser's
"Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry."
1574.
Death of Charles IX. of France and accession of his
brother, Henry III. (the lately crowned king of Poland).
Siege and relief of Leyden, commemorated by the founding
of the University.
Birth of Ben Jonson (d. 1637).
1575.
Election of Rudolph, the Emperor's son,
to the throne of Bohemia, and, as King of the Romans,
to the imperial succession.
Election of Stephen Batory to the throne of Poland.
Offer of the sovereignty of the Netherlands to Queen
Elizabeth of England.
1576.
Escape of Henry of Navarre from the French court and
return to the Huguenots and their faith;
negotiation of the Peace of Monsieur;
rise of the Catholic League in France.
Death of the Emperor, Maximilian II., and accession of
his son Rudolph.
Death of Requesens;
the "Spanish Fury" at Antwerp and elsewhere;
union of the Protestant and Catholic provinces of the
Netherlands by the treaties called the Pacification of
Ghent and the Union of Brussels;
appointment of Don John of Austria to the Spanish
government of the Netherlands.
Birth of St. Vincent de Paul (d. 1660).
1577.
The sailing of Sir Francis Drake on his voyage which
encompassed the world.
Renewed war and renewed peace between the religious
factions in France.
Publication, in England, of Holinshed's "Chronicle."
Birth of Rubens (d. 1640).
1578.
Death of Don John of Austria and appointment of Alexander
Farnese, of Parma, Spanish governor of the Netherlands.
1579.
Treaty of Nerac arranged by Catherine de' Medici with
Henry of Navarre.
Constitution of the United Provinces or Dutch Republic
by the Union of Utrecht;
submission of the Walloon provinces of the Netherlands
to the Spanish king.
1580.
Final founding of the city of Buenos Ayres.
Jesuit mission dispatched to England from the continent.
Protestant persecution of Jesuits and Seminary priests
in England.
War of the Lovers, reopening the civil conflict in France;
suspended by the Treaty of Fleix.
Outlawry of the Prince of Orange by Philip II. of Spain,
inviting his assassination.
Seizure of the crown of Portugal by Philip II. of Spain.
Publication of the first two books of Montaigne's Essays.
1581.
Formal declaration of independence by the Dutch provinces
of the Netherlands.
The Second Covenant, or first National Covenant, in Scotland.
Publication of Tasso's "Gerusalemme Liberata."
1582.
Sovereignty of Brabant and other Netherland provinces
conferred on the French duke of Anjou.
Raid of Ruthven and confinement of King James, in Scotland.
Founding of the University of Edinburgh.
1583.
Colonizing expedition of Sir Humphrey Gilbert to
Newfoundland, returning from which he perished.
Treacherous attempt of Anjou to seize Antwerp.
Introduction of the Gregorian Calendar in most Catholic
countries of Europe.
Birth of Grotius (d. 1645).
Birth of Oxenstiern (d. 1654).
Birth of Wallenstein (d. 1634).
{3836}
1584.
Assassination of the Prince of Orange by instigation of
Philip II. of Spain.
1585.
First colonizing attempt of Sir Walter Raleigh in America,
at Roanoke.
Alliance of the Catholic League of France with Philip II.
of Spain, and renewal of war with the Huguenots;
the War of the Three Henrys.
Siege and capture of Antwerp by Parma.
Practical recovery of Flanders and Brabant by the Spaniards.
Arrival of the Earl of Leicester in the Netherlands with
delusive aid from England.
Election of Pope Sixtus V.
Birth of Cardinal Richelieu (d. 1642).
1586.
Battle of Zutphen in the Netherlands and death of
Sir Philip Sidney.
Beginning of the reign in Persia of Shah Abbass,
called the Great.
Election of Sigismund of Sweden to the Polish throne.
Publication of Camden's "Britannia."
1587.
Second colony planted by Raleigh on Roanoke island.
Execution of Mary Stuart, queen of Scots, in England.
Defeat of the Catholic League by Henry of Navarre at Coutras.
1588.
Destruction of the Spanish Armada.
Insurrection in Paris in favor of the duke of Guise;
escape of the king (Henry III.) from Paris;
assassination of the duke of Guise at Blois by
order of the king;
alliance of Henry III. with Henry of Navarre
against the League.
Birth of Hobbes (d. 1679).
1589.
Death of Catherine de' Medici;
siege of Paris by Henry III. and Henry of Navarre;
assassination of Henry III., the last of the Valois,
leaving Henry of Navarre (first of the Bourbons)
the nearest heir to the French crown.
Publication of the first volume of Hakluyt's
"Voyages and Discoveries. "
1590.
Continued war of the League, in France,
against Henry of Navarre;
his victory at Ivry and siege of Paris;
summons of the duke of Parma from the Netherlands to
save Paris from Henry.
Publication of the first three books of Spenser's
"Faerie Queene," Sidney's "Arcadia," and part of
Marlowe's "Tamburlane."
1591.
Siege of Rouen by Henry of Navarre and second interference
by the Spaniards in aid of the League.
Death of the duke of Parma.
1592.
Election of Pope Clement VIII.
Birth of Sir John Eliot [Uncertain date] (d. 1632).
1593.
Abjuration of the Protestant religion by Henry of Navarre.
Publication of Shakespeare's "Venus and Adonis."
1594.
Coronation of Henry of Navarre as Henry IV.,
king of France, and his reception in Paris.
Publication of four books of Hooker's" Ecclesiastical
Polity" and Shakespeare's "Lucrece."
1595.
Expulsion of Jesuits from Paris.
War of the French king with Spain.
First expedition of Sir Walter Raleigh in
search of El Dorado.
1596.
Frightful defeat of the Austrians and Transylvanians
by the Turks, on the plain of Cerestes, in Hungary.
Capture of Cadiz by the Dutch and English.
Birth of Descartes (d. 1650).
1597.
Abolition of the privileges of the Hansa
merchants in England.
Irish rebellion under Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone.
Annexation of Ferrara to the States of the Church.
Publication of Bacon's Essays, also of a pirated copy of
Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet," and of the first editions
of "King Richard II." and "King Richard III."
1598.
The Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV., of France,
securing religious freedom to the Huguenots;
peace with Spain by the Treaty of Vervins.
Publication of Shakespeare's" Love's Labor Lost,"
of Stowe's" Survey of London," and of Drayton's "England's
Heroical Epistles."
1599.
Birth of Oliver Cromwell (d. 1658).
Birth of Van Dyck (d. 1641).
Birth of Velasquez (d. 1660).
1600.
First charter granted to the English East India companies.
Gowrie Plot in Scotland.
Publication of Shakespeare's "King Henry V."
(pirated and imperfect), "King Henry IV.," part 2,
"Much Ado about Nothing," "Midsummer Night's Dream," and
"Merchant of Venice."
Death of Giordano Bruno at the stake.
Birth of Calderon de la Barca (d. 1683 [Uncertain date]).
Birth of Claude Lorraine (d. 1682).
Seventeenth Century.
1601.
Suppression of the rebellion in Ireland.
Enactment of the first English Poor Law.
1602.
Chartering of the Dutch East India Company.
Beginning of the long imprisonment of Sir Walter Raleigh
in the Tower on charge of treason.
First acting of Shakespeare's "Hamlet."
Founding of the Bodleian Library.
Birth of Cardinal Mazarin (d. 1661).
1603.
Death of Queen Elizabeth of England and accession of
the Scottish king, James I. of England and VI. of Scotland.
First publication of "Hamlet."
1604.
Founding of a French colony at Port Royal in Acadia
(Nova Scotia).
The Hampton Court Conference of King James with the
English Puritans.
1605.
Gunpowder plot of English Catholics against
King and Parliament.
Election of Pope Paul V.
Death of Akbar, founder of the Mogul empire in India,
and accession of Jahangir.
Publication of Bacon's "Advancement of Learning,"
and part 1 of Cervantes' "Don Quixote."
1606.
Charter granted by King James I. of England to the London
and Plymouth companies, for American colonization.
Venice placed under interdict by the Pope;
beginning of the public service of Fra Paolo Sarpi.
Peace of Sitvatorok, ending the war with the Turks in Hungary.
Deposition of the Emperor Rudolph from the headship of the
House of Austria, by a family conclave, in favor of his
brother Matthias.
Surrender of Austria and Hungary to Matthias by Rudolph.
Organization of the Independent church of Brownists at
Scrooby, England.
Birth of Corneille (d. 1684).
Birth of Rembrandt (d. 1669).
1607.
Settlement of Jamestown, Virginia.
Migration of the Independents of Scrooby to Holland.
Birth of Roger Williams [Uncertain date] (d. 1683).
{3837}
1608.
Formation of the Evangelical Union among the
Protestant princes of Germany.
First French settlement, by Champlain, at Quebec.
Publication of Shakespeare's "King Lear."
Birth of Milton (d. 1674).
Birth of Thomas Fuller (d. 1661).
Birth of Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon (d. 1674).
1609.
Discovery of the Hudson River by Henry Hudson.
Arrangement of a twelve years truce between Spain and
the United Provinces.
Final expulsion of the Moriscoes from Spain.
Opening of the Julich-Cleve contest in Germany.
Settlement of the exiled Pilgrims of Scrooby at Leyden.
Publication of the Douay translation of the Bible.
The royal charter called the Letter of Majesty granted to
Bohemia by Rudolph.
Founding of the Bank of Amsterdam.
Discovery by Champlain of the lake which bears his name.
Construction of the telescope by Galileo and discovery
of Jupiter's moons. [Uncertain date]
1610.
Assassination of Henry IV. of France and accession of
Louis XIII., under the regency of Marie de Medici.
Formation of the Catholic League in Germany.
Beginning of trade with the Indians on the Hudson
by the Dutch.
First acting of Shakespeare's "Macbeth";
publication of twelve books of Chapman's translation
of the Iliad.
1611.
Founding of Montreal by Champlain.
Death of Charles IX., king of Sweden, and accession
of Gustavus Adolphus.
Publication in England of the King James or
Authorized version of the Bible.
Plantation of Ulster by English courtiers and London
livery companies.
Birth of Turenne (d. 1675).
1612.
Death of the Emperor Rudolph and coronation of Matthias.
Birth of Samuel Butler (d. 1680).
1613.
Destruction of the French colony at Port Royal, Acadia,
by Argall of Virginia.
Election to the throne of Russia of Michael Romanoff,
founder of the reigning dynasty.
Birth of Jeremy Taylor (d. 1667).
Birth of Gerard Dow (d. 1680 [Uncertain date]).
1614.
Last meeting of the States General of France
before the Revolution.
Beginning of the extermination of Christianity in Japan.
Publication of Raleigh's "History of the World."
Birth of Cardinal de Retz (d. 1679).
1615.
Visit of the first English ambassador to the court of
the Great Mogul.
Appearance at Frankfort-on-the-Main of the first known
weekly newspaper, regularly printed and published.
Birth of Salvator Rosa (d. 1673).
1616.
Opening of war between Sweden and Poland.
Death of Shakespeare and Cervantes.
1617.
Election of Ferdinand, duke of Styria, to the thrones
of Bohemia and Hungary.
Cession of territory on the Baltic to Sweden by Russia.
Second expedition of Sir Walter Raleigh
in search of El Dorado.
Opening of the famous reunions at the Hotel de Rambouillet.
1618.
Rising of Protestants in Bohemia,
beginning the Thirty Years War.
Union of Prussia with the electorate of Brandenburg.
Execution of Sir Walter Raleigh.
Adoption of the Five Articles of Perth by the Assembly
of the Scottish Church.
Birth of Murillo (d. 1682).
1619.
Death of the Emperor Matthias, and succession in the
Empire of his cousin, Ferdinand II., already for several
years his imperial colleague, and also king of
Bohemia and Hungary.
Deposition of Ferdinand in Bohemia and election of
Frederick, elector palatine, to the Bohemian throne.
Meeting of the Synod of Dort and condemnation of
Arminianism in the United Provinces.
Trial and execution of John of Barneveldt.
Introduction of slavery in Virginia.
Birth of Colbert (d. 1683).
1620.
Decisive defeat of the Protestants of Bohemia in the battle
of the White Mountain, and flight of Frederick,
the newly elected king.
Annexation of Navarre and Bearn to France.
Rising of the French Huguenots at Rochelle.
Final migration of the Pilgrims from Leyden to America,
landing at Plymouth in New England.
Incorporation by King James I. of England of the Council
for New England, successor to the Plymouth Company of 1606.
Publication of Bacon's "Novum Organum."
1621.
The Elector Palatine under the ban of the Empire.
Invasion and subjugation of the Palatinate.
Dissolution of the Evangelical Union.
Peace of Montauban between the French king and the Huguenots.
Renewed war of the United Provinces with Spain.
Grant of Nova Scotia to Sir William Alexander.
Formation of the Dutch West India Company.
The first Thanksgiving Day in New England.
1622.
Founding of the College of the Propaganda at Rome.
Grant to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason
of a province embracing parts of New Hampshire and Maine.
Appearance of the first known printed newspaper in
England—"The Weekly Newes."
Birth of Molière (d. 1673).
1623.
Conquest and transfer of the Palatine electorate to
Maximilian, duke of Bavaria.
Erection of a fort on Manhattan Island by the Dutch West
India Company.
Publication of "The First Folio" edition of
Shakespeare's plays.
Birth of Pascal (d. 1662).
1624.
Alliance of England, Holland and Denmark, to support
the Protestants of Germany.
Beginning of Richelieu's ministry, in France.
Birth of George Fox (d. 1690).
1625.
First Jesuit mission to Canada.
Death of James I. of England, and accession of Charles I.
Beginning of the English struggle between
King and Parliament.
Opening of the Valtelline War by Richelieu, to expel the
Austrians and Spaniards from the Valtelline passes.
Fresh insurrection of the French Huguenots.
Engagement of Wallenstein and his army in the service of
the Emperor against the Protestants.
1626.
Peace of Monzon between France and Spain.
End of the Valtelline War.
Purchase of Manhattan Island from the Indians by the Dutch
West India Company.
1627.
Seizure of a part of Brazil by the Dutch.
Death of the Mogul Emperor Jahangir and accession of
Shah Jahan, builder of the Taj Mahal, at Agra.
Alliance of England with the French Huguenots.
Siege of Rochelle by Richelieu.
Birth of Bossuet (d. 1704).
{3838}
1628.
Unsuccessful siege of Stralsund by Wallenstein.
Passage by the English Parliament of the act
called the Petition of Right.
Assassination of the duke of Buckingham.
Surrender of Rochelle to Richelieu.
Outbreak of the war of the Mantuan succession between
France, Spain, Savoy and the Emperor.
Publication of Harvey's discovery of the
circulation of the blood.
Birth of Bunyan (d. 1688).
1629.
The Emperor's Edict of Restitution, requiring the
Protestant princes of Germany to surrender sequestrated
church property.
Tumult in the English Parliament and forcible detention
of the Speaker;
dissolution by the king and arrest of Eliot and others.
Division of the grant made in New England to Gorges and
Mason, giving New Hampshire to the latter.
Introduction of the Patroon system in New Netherland
by the Dutch West India Company.
First conquest of Canada by the English.
1630.
Dismissal of Wallenstein by the Emperor.
Appearance in Germany of Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden,
as the champion of Protestantism.
Settlement of the colony of Massachusetts Bay,
in New England, and founding of Boston.
The Day of the Dupes in France and triumph of Richelieu.
1631.
Siege, capture and sack of Magdeburg by the imperial
general, Tilly.
Treaty of Bärwalde between Gustavus Adolphus and
the king of France.
Defeat of Tilly on the Breitenfeld, at Leipzig,
by Gustavus Adolphus.
End of the war concerning Mantua.
Appearance of the first printed newspaper in France.
Birth of Dryden (d. 1700).
1632.
Defeat and death of Tilly, in battle with the
Swedish king on the Lech.
Victory and death of Gustavus Adolphus in battle with
Wallenstein at Lützen;
accession in Sweden of Queen Christina;
Chancellor Oxenstiern invested with the supreme direction
of Swedish affairs in Germany.
Patent to Lord Baltimore by James I., king of England,
granting him as a palatine principality the territory in
America called Maryland.
Restoration of Canada and Nova Scotia by England to France.
First Jesuit mission to Canada.
Birth of John Locke (d. 1704).
Birth of Spinoza (d. 1677).
Birth of Bourdaloue (d. 1704).
Birth of Christopher Wren (d. 1723).
1633.
Union of Heilbronn formed by Oxenstiern, consolidating
Protestant interests.
Appointment of Wentworth to be Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
1634.
Conspiracy against Wallenstein,
resulting in his assassination.
Defeat of the Swedish army in Germany, by imperialists and
Spaniards, at Nördlingen.
Terms of peace with the Emperor made by Saxony
and Brandenburg.
Levy of Ship-money in England.
Naming the town on Manhattan island New Amsterdam.
Acting of Milton's "Comus."
1635.
Active interference of Richelieu in the Thirty Years War.
Unsuccessful French expedition into Italy for
the expulsion of the Spaniards from Milan.
First settlements in the Connecticut valley.
Dissolution of the Council for New England and
partitioning of its territory.
1636.
Banishment of Roger Williams from Massachusetts, and his
founding of Providence.
Migration of the Newtown congregation from Massachusetts
to the Connecticut valley, founding Hartford.
Founding of Harvard College in Massachusetts.
Campaign of Duke Bernhard of Weimar in Alsace and Lorraine,
in the pay of France.
Success of the Swedish general, Baner, at Wittstock,
over Saxons and imperialists.
Birth of Boileau (d. 1711).
1687.
Death of the Emperor Ferdinand II. and accession of his
son Ferdinand III.
The Pequot War in New England.
Introduction of Land's Service-book in Scotland;
tumult in St. Giles' church.
Publication of Descartes' "Discours de la Méthode."
1638.
Planting of the Swedish colony on the Delaware
river in America.
Banishment of Anne Hutchinson from Massachusetts.
Settlement and naming of Rhode Island.
Opening of New Netherland to free colonization and trade.
Rising in Scotland against the Service-book;
organization of the Tables;
signing of the National Covenant.
Planting of New Haven colony in New England.
Turkish siege and capture of Bagdad and horrible massacre
of its people.
1639.
Adoption of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut and the
Fundamental Agreement of New Haven.
Grant of Maine as a palatine principality to
Sir Ferdinando Gorges.
The First Bishops' War of the Scotch with King Charles I.
Birth of Racine (d. 1699).
1640.
Meeting of the Long Parliament in England.
English settlement of Madras in India.
Recovery of national independence by Portugal,
with the House of Braganza on the throne.
Extraordinary double siege of Turin.
Introduction in Europe of Peruvian bark (cinchona).
1641.
Impeachment and execution of Strafford and adoption
of the Grand Remonstrance by the English Parliament.
Catholic rising in Ireland and alleged massacres
of Protestants.
1642.
King Charles' attempt, in England, to arrest the
Five Members, and opening of the Civil War at Edgehill.
Conspiracy of Cinq Mars in France.
Death of Cardinal Richelieu.
Second battle of Breitenfeld in Germany,
won by the Swedes under Torstenson.
Birth of Sir Isaac Newton (d. 1727).
1643.
Confederation of the United Colonies of New England.
Meeting of the Westminster Assembly of Divines.
Subscription of the Solemn League and Covenant
between the Scotch and English nations.
Siege of Gloucester and first battle of Newbury.
Death of Louis XIII. of France and accession of Louis XIV.
under the regency of his mother, Anne of Austria, and the
ministry of Cardinal Mazarin.
Victory of the Duke d' Enghien (afterwards called
the Great Condé) over the Spaniards at Rocroi.
Alliance of Denmark with the Emperor and
disastrous war with Sweden.
1644.
Battles of Marston Moor and the second Newbury, and siege
of Lathom House, in the English civil war.
Charter granted to the colony of Providence Plantations.
Invention of the barometer by Torricelli.
Birth of William Penn (d. 1718).
1645.
Oliver Cromwell placed second in command of the English
Parliamentary army.
His victory at Naseby.
The storming of Bridgewater and Bristol.
Exploits of Montrose in Scotland.
Victory of Torstenson and the Swedes over the imperialists
at Jankowitz in Bohemia.
Defeat of the imperialists by the French near Allerheim.
Peace of Bromsebro between Sweden and Denmark.
Beginning of the War of Candia (Crete).
{3839}
1646.
Adoption of Presbyterianism by the English Parliament.
Surrender of King Charles to the Scottish army.
Capture of Dunkirk from the Spaniards by
the French and Dutch.
Birth of Leibnitz (d. 1716).
1647.
Surrender of King Charles by the Scots to the English, his
imprisonment at Holdenby House and his seizure by the Army.
Insurrection of Masaniello at Naples.
Truce of the Elector of Bavaria with the Swedes and French.
Election of Ferdinand, son of the Emperor,
to the throne of Hungary.
Beginning of the administration of Peter Stuyvesant
in New Netherland.
1648.
The second Civil War in England.
Cromwell's victory at Preston.
Treaty of Newport with the king, Grand Army Remonstrance,
and Pride's Purge of Parliament, reducing it to "the Rump."
Conflict of the French crown with the Parliament of Paris,
and defeat of the crown.
Last campaigns of the Thirty Years War.
Peace of Westphalia;
cession of Alsace to France;
separation of Switzerland from the Empire;
division of the Palatinate;
acknowledgment of the independence of the United Provinces
by Spain.
Election of John Casimir king of Poland.
1649.
Trial and execution of King Charles I., of England,
and establishment of the Commonwealth.
Mutiny of the Levellers in the Parliamentary Army.
Campaign of Cromwell in Ireland.
First civil war of the Fronde in France,
ended by the treaty of Reuil.
Passage of the Act of Toleration in Maryland.
1650.
Charles II. in Scotland.
War between the English and the Scotch.
Victory of Cromwell at Dunbar.
The new Fronde in France, in alliance with Spain.
Its defeat by Mazarin at Rethel.
Suspension of the Stadtholdership in the United Provinces.
Publication of Baxter's "Saint's' Everlasting Rest," and
Jeremy Taylor's "Holy Living."
Birth of Marlborough (d. 1722).
1651.
Invasion of England by Charles II. and the Scots;
Cromwell's victory at Worcester;
complete conquest of Scotland.
Passage of the Navigation Act by the English Parliament.
Banishment of Mazarin from France and restoration of peace.
Renewal of civil war by Condé.
Adoption of the Cambridge Platform in Massachusetts.
Beginning of the rule, in the United Provinces,
of John De Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland.
Publication of Hobbes' "Leviathan," and Jeremy Taylor's
"Holy Dying."
Birth of Fenelon (d. 1715).
1652.
Victorious naval war of the English with the Dutch.
Battle of Porte St. Antoine, Paris,
between the armies of Condé and Turenne.
End of the Fronde, and departure of Conde to enter the
service of Spain.
Recovery of Dunkirk by the Spaniards.
Institution of the Liberum Veto in Poland.
Transfer of the allegiance of the Cossacks of the Ukraine
from Poland to Russia.
Legislation to restrict and diminish slavery in Rhode Island.
Settlement of a Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope.
1653.
Expulsion of "the Rump" by Cromwell, and establishment
of the Protectorate in England.
Adoption of the Instrument of Government.
Return of Mazarin to power in France.
The Cromwellian settlement of Ireland.
Concession of municipal government to
New Amsterdam (New York).
Establishment of a penny post in Paris by M. de Velayer.
Publication of Walton's "Complete Angler."
1654.
Incorporation of Scotland with the English Commonwealth,
under Cromwell.
Peace between the English and Dutch.
Conquest of Nova Scotia by the New England colonists.
Death of Ferdinand, king of Hungary,
and election of his brother Leopold.
Abdication of Queen Christina of Sweden;
accession of Charles X.
1655.
Conquest of the Swedish colony on the Delaware by
the Dutch of New Netherland.
Alliance of England and France against Spain.
English conquest of Jamaica from Spain.
Occurrence in the Russian Church of the great schism
called the Raskol.
Publication of the first of Pascal's" Provincial Letters."
1656.
Beginning of the Persecution of the Quakers in Massachusetts.
1657.
Death of the Emperor Ferdinand III.
Intrigues of Louis XIV. of France
to secure the imperial crown.
1658.
Siege and capture of Dunkirk from the Spaniards and
possession given by the French to the English.
Death of Cromwell and succession of his son
Richard as Protector.
Election of Leopold I., son of the late emperor,
to the imperial throne.
Seizure of the Mogul throne in India by Aurungzebe.
1659.
Meeting of a new Parliament in England;
its dissolution;
resuscitation and re-expulsion of the Rump, and formation
of a provisional government by the Army.
Treaty of the Pyrenees between France and Spain,
and marriage of Louis XIV. to the Spanish infanta.
Production of Molière's "Les Précieuses Ridicules."
1660.
March of the English army under Monk from
Scotland to London.
Call of a new Parliament by Monk, and restoration of
the monarchy, in the person of Charles II.
Abrogation of the incorporated union with Scotland.
Renewed war of Austria with the Turks.
Closing of the schools of Port Royal through Jesuit influence.
Death of Charles X. of Sweden and accession of Charles XI.
Publication of Dryden's "Astræa Redux."
1661.
Restoration of the Church of England and passage of a new
Act of Uniformity, ejecting 2,000 nonconformist ministers.
Personal assumption of government by Louis XIV. in France.
Beginning of the ministry of Colbert.
Cession of Bombay by the Portuguese to the English.
Birth of Defoe (d. 1731).
1662.
Royal charter to Connecticut colony, annexing New Haven.
Sale of Dunkirk to France by Charles II.
Beginning of the attacks of the Mahrattas on the Mogul empire.
Restoration of episcopacy in Scotland and persecution of
the Covenanters.
Publication of Fuller's "Worthies of England."
1663.
Grant of the Carolinas by Charles II. of England to
Clarendon and others.
Erection of New France (Canada) into a royal province.
Publication of the first part of Butler's "Hudibras."
Birth of Prince Eugene of Savoy (d. 1736).
{3840}
1664.
Passage of the Conventicle Act in England, for suppression
of the nonconformists.
Seizure of New Netherland (henceforth New York) by the
English from the Dutch and grant of the province to the
duke of York.
Grant of New Jersey to Berkeley and Carteret,
by the duke of York.
War by France upon the piratical Barbary states.
Great defeat of the Turks by the Austrians and French,
in the battle of St. Gothard.
Publication of the first Tariff of Colbert, in France.
1665.
Passage of the Five Mile Act, in continued persecution of
the English nonconformists.
Outbreak of the great Plague in London.
Formal declarations of war between the English and the Dutch.
1666.
The great fire in London.
Tremendous naval battles between Dutch and English and
defeat of the former.
Production of Molière's "Le Misanthrope."
1667.
Ravages by a Dutch fleet in the Thames.
Peace treaties of Breda, between England, Holland,
France and Denmark.
War of Louis XIV., called the War of the Queen's Rights,
in the Spanish Netherlands.
Restoration of Nova Scotia to France.
Augmentation of Colbert's Protective Tariff in France.
Publication of Milton's "Paradise Lost,"
and Dryden's "Annus Mirabilis."
Production of Racine's "Andromaque."
Birth of Swift. (d. 1745).
1668.
Triple alliance of England, Holland and Sweden against France.
Abdication of John Casimir, king of Poland.
Birth of Vico (d. 1744).
Birth of Boerhaave (d. 1738).
1669.
First exploring journey of La Salle from
the St. Lawrence to the West.
Adoption of the fundamental constitutions framed by
John Locke for the Carolinas.
Surrender of Candia to the Turks.
1670.
Treaty of the king of England with Louis XIV. of France,
betraying his allies, the Dutch, and engaging to profess
himself a Catholic.
Publication of Spinoza's "Tractatus Theologico-politicus."
1671.
Publication of Milton's "Paradise Regained."
Birth of Steele (d. 1729).
1672.
Declaration of Indulgence by Charles II. of England.
Alliance of England and France against the Dutch.
Restoration of the Stadtholdership in Holland to the
Prince of Orange, and murder of the DeWitts.
Birth of Joseph Addison (d. 1719}.
Birth of Peter the Great (d. 1725).
1673.
Discovery of the Upper Mississippi by Joliet and Marquette.
Recovery of New Netherland by the Dutch from the English.
Sale of West Jersey by Lord Berkeley to Quakers.
1674.
Treaty of Westminster, restoring peace between the Dutch
and English and ceding New Netherland to the latter.
Purchase of Pondicherry, on the Carnatic coast of India,
by the French.
Election of John Sobieski to the throne of Poland.
Birth of Isaac Watts (d. 1748).
1675.
War with the Indians in New England,
known as King Philip's War.
Defeat of the Swedes by the Elector of Brandenburg at
the battle of Fehrbellin.
1676.
Bacon's rebellion in Virginia.
Birth of Sir Robert Walpole (d. 1745).
1677.
Tekeli's rising in Hungary against oppression and
religions persecution.
Production of Racine's" Phèdre."
1678.
The pretended Popish Plot in England.
Treaties of Nimeguen between France, Rolland and Spain.
Publication of the first part of Bunyan's
"Pilgrim's Progress."
Birth of Bolingbroke (d. 1751).
1679.
Passage of the Habeas Corpus Act in England.
Oppression of Scotland and persecution of the Covenanters.
Murder of Archbishop Sharp.
Defeat of Claverhouse by the Covenanters at Drumclog.
Defeat of Covenanters by Monmouth at Bothwell Bridge.
Treaty of Nimeguen between France and the Emperor.
Building of the Griffon on Niagara river by La Salle.
1680.
First naming of the Whig and Tory parties in England.
Complete incorporation of Alsace and Les Trois Évéchés,
and seizure of Strasburg, by France.
Imprisonment of the Man with the Iron Mask.
Founding of Charleston, S. C.
1681. Merciless despotism of the duke of York in Scotland.
Beginning of "dragonnade" persecution of Protestants in France.
Alliance of Tekeli and the Hungarian insurgents with the
Turks and the French.
Proprietary grant of Pennsylvania by Charles II. to
William Penn.
Publication of Dryden's "Absalom and Achitophel."
1682.
Exploration of the Mississippi to its mouth by La Salle.
Purchase of East Jersey by Penn and other Quakers.
Penn's treaty with the Indians.
Accession of Peter the Great in association with
his brother Ivan.
1683.
The Rye-house Plot, and execution of Lord Russell and
Algernon Sidney, in England.
Great invasion of Hungary and Austria by the Turks;
their siege of Vienna, and the deliverance of the city by
John Sobieski, king of Poland.
Establishment of a penny post in London by Robert Murray.
Founding of Philadelphia by William Penn.
1684.
Forfeiture of the Massachusetts charter.
Holy League of Venice, Poland, the Emperor and the Pope
against the Turks.
Birth of Bishop Berkeley (d. 1753}.
Birth of Händel (d. 1759).
1685.
Death of Charles II., king of England, and accession
of his brother James II., an avowed Catholic.
Rebellion of the duke of Monmouth, crushed at Sedgemoor
and in the Bloody Assizes of Judge Jeffreys.
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. of France.
First lighting of the streets of London.
Demand upon Connecticut for the surrender of its charter;
concealment of the instrument in the Charter Oak.
Birth of Johann Sebastian Bach (d. 1750).
1686.
Revival of the Court of High Commission in England.
Consolidation of New England under a royal governor-general.
League of Augsburg against Louis XIV. of France, formed by
the Prince of Orange and including Holland, Spain, Sweden,
the Emperor, and several German princes.
Recovery of Buda by the Austrians from the Turks and
end of the Hungarian insurrection.
Introduction of Bradford's Printing Press in Pennsylvania.
1687.
Action of the Hungarian diet making the crown of Hungary
hereditary in the Hapsburg family.
Second battle of Mohacs, disastrous to the Turks.
Siege of Athens by the Venetians;
bombardment of the Acropolis and
partial destruction of the Parthenon.
Rule in Ireland of Richard Talbot, earl of Tyrconnel.
Publication of Newton's "Principia."
{3841}
1688.
Declaration of Indulgence by James II. of England,
and imprisonment and trial of the seven bishops for
refusing to publish it.
Invitation to William and Mary of Orange to accept the
English crown.
Arrival in England of the Prince of Orange and
flight of James.
Battle of Enniskillen in Ireland.
Recovery of Belgrade from the Turks by the Austrians.
Union of New York and New Jersey with New England under
Governor-general Sir Edmund Andros.
Birth of Swedenborg (d. 1772).
Birth of Pope (d. 1744).
1689.
Completion of the English Revolution.
Settlement of the crown on William and Mary.
Passage of the Toleration Act and the Bill of Rights.
Landing of James II. in Ireland and war in that island;
siege and successful defense of Londonderry;
battle of Newton Butler.
Battle of Killiecrankie, in Scotland,
and death of Claverhouse.
Revolution in New York led by Jacob Leisler.
Birth of Montesquieu (d. 1755).
1690.
Destruction of Schenectady, New York, by French and Indians.
The first congress of the American colonies.
The League of Augsburg against Louis XIV. of France
developed into the Grand Alliance of England, Holland,
Spain, Savoy and the Emperor.
Second devastation of the Palatinate by the French.
Reconquest of Belgrade by the Turks.
English conquest of Acadia and unsuccessful
attempt against Quebec.
French naval victory off Beachy Head, over the English
and Dutch fleets.
Battle of the Boyne in Ireland;
defeat and flight of James II.
Publication of Locke's
"Essay concerning Human Understanding."

1691.
Battle of Aughrim and surrender of Limerick, completing
the Orange conquest of Ireland.
The violated Treaty of Limerick.
Execution of Jacob Leisler in New York.
1692.
Ernst Augustus, duke of Hanover and of Brunswick, raised
to the rank of Elector.
New Hampshire settlements, in New England, separated from
Massachusetts.
Defeat of King William by the French at Steinkirk.
Beginning of the Salem Witchcraft madness in Massachusetts.
Massacre of Glencoe in Scotland.
Attempted invasion of England from France defeated by the
English and Dutch fleets at the battle of La Hogue.
Destructive earthquake in Jamaica.
1693.
Founding of the College of William and Mary in Virginia.
Removal of Bradford's Press from Philadelphia to New York.
French victories at Neerwinden and Marsaglia.
Absolutism established in Sweden by Charles XI.
Discovery of the fixed temperature of boiling water.
1694.
The founding of the Bank of England.
Birth of Voltaire (d. 1778).
1695.
Passage of the first of the Penal Laws,
oppressing Catholics in Ireland.
Expiration of the Press-censorship law in England.
1696.
Death of John Sobieski and purchase of the Polish crown
by Frederick Augustus, elector of Saxony.
1697.
Peace of Ryswick, ending the war of the Grand Alliance.
Cession of Strasburg and restoration of Acadia to France.
Campaign of Prince Eugene against the Turks and his
decisive victory at Zenta.
Death of Charles XI. of Sweden and accession of Charles XII.
Sojourn of Peter the Great in Holland.
Publication of Bayle's Dictionary.
Birth of Hogarth (d. 1764).
1698.
Grant to the English by the Mogul of the site on which
Calcutta grew up.
Undertaking, in Scotland, of the Darien scheme of
colonization and commerce.
Visit of Peter the Great to England.
Publication of Algernon Sidney's "Discourse on Government."
Birth of Metastasio (d. 1782).
1699.
Peace of Carlowitz, between Turkey, Russia, Poland,
Venice, and the Emperor, which reduced the European
dominions of the Sultan nearly half.
Settlement of Iberville's French colony in Louisiana.
Publication of Fénélon's "Télémaque."
1700.
Prussia raised in rank to a kingdom.
First campaigns of Charles XII. of Sweden, against the
Danes and the Russians.
Death of Charles II. of Spain, bequeathing his crown to
Philip, duke of Anjou, second son of the Dauphin of France.
Eighteenth Century.
1701.
English Act of Settlement, fixing the succession to the
throne in the Electress Sophia of Hanover and her heirs.
Death of James II., of England, at St. Germains.
Possession of the crown of Spain taken by Philip of Anjou,
as Philip V.
Founding of Yale College at New Haven, Connecticut.
1702.
Death of William III., king of England and stadtholder of Holland.
Accession in England of Queen Anne.
The Camisard rising in France.
Beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession
(called in America Queen Anne's War).
Battle of Friedlingen in Germany.
Dutch and English expedition against Cadiz.
Attack on the treasure fleet in Vigo Bay.
Victories of Prince Eugene in Italy, followed by reverses
and retreat into the Tyrol.
Savoy overrun by the French.
Union of rival English East India Companies.
Publication of the first daily newspaper in England,
the "Courant."
Legislative separation of Delaware from Pennsylvania.
Union of East and West Jersey in one royal province.
1703.
The Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal.
The Aylesbury Election case in England.
Birth of Jonathan Edwards (d. 1758).
Birth of John Wesley (d. 1791).
1704.
Campaign of Marlborough and Prince Eugene on the Danube.
Victory of Blenheim.
Capture of Gibraltar by the English from Spain.
Insurrection in Hungary under Rakoczy.
Publication (at Boston) of the first newspaper in
the English American colonies.
Completed subjugation of Poland by Charles XII. of Sweden.
Publication of Swift's "Tale of a Tub," and of the first
part of Clarendon's "History of the Great Rebellion" (England).
1705.
Capture of Barcelona by the Earl of Peterborough.
1706.
Marlborough's victory at Ramillies over the French
under Villeroy.
Expulsion of the French from Antwerp, Ghent, and other
strong places of Flanders.
Madrid lost and regained by the Bourbon king of Spain.
French siege of Turin.
Deliverance of the city by Prince Eugene.
Birth of Benjamin Franklin (d. 1790).
{3842}
1707.
Union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland.
Victories of Marlborough and Prince Eugene at Oudenarde
and Malplaquet, over Vendôme and Villars.
Victory of Berwick, for the French and Spaniards, at Almanza.
Disastrous expedition of Prince Eugene against Toulon.
Death of Aurungzebe, the last important Mogul emperor.
Subjugation of Saxony by Charles XII.
Birth of Buffon (d. 1788).
Birth of Fielding (d. 1754).
1708.
English conquest of Majorca and Minorca, by General Stanhope.
Renewed persecution of the Jansenists.
Dispersion of the nuns of Port Royal of the Fields.
Invasion of Russia by Charles XII.
Birth of Charles Wesley (d. 1788).
Birth of William Pitt, Lord Chatham (d. 1778).
1709.
The first Barrier Treaty between Holland and Great Britain.
Dispersion of the nuns of Port Royal.
Defeat of Charles XII. at Pultowa by the Russians and his
escape into Turkish territory.
Publication of the first numbers of Steele and Addison's
"Tatler," and of Berkeley's "New Theory of Vision."
Birth of Dr. Samuel Johnson (d. 1784).
1710.
Trial of Dr. Sacheverell in England.
Peace conferences at Gertruydenberg between France,
Great Britain, Holland, Spain and Austria.
Madrid again lost and recovered by Philip V.
Franco-Spanish victories of Villa Viciosa and Brihuega.
Capture of Port Royal, Acadia, by the New Englanders;
final English conquest of Acadia and change of name to
Nova Scotia.
1711.
Fall of the Whigs from power, in England.
Passage of the Occasional Conformity Act.
Death, in Austria, of the Emperor Joseph I.
Election and coronation of Charles VI.
Opening of negotiations for peace between England and France.
Peace of Szathmar, ending the revolt in Hungary.
Publication of the first numbers of "The Spectator," by
Addison, Steele, and others; also of Pope's
"Essay on Criticism."
Birth of David Hume (d. 1776).
1712.
Dismissal of Marlborough from his command,
by the British Government.
Peace Conference at Utrecht.
Imposition of the Stamp Tax on newspapers in England.
Birth of Frederick the Great (d. 1786).
Birth of Jean Jacques Rousseau (d. 1778).
1713.
The Peace of Utrecht, ending the War of the Spanish
Succession except as between France and the Emperor;
cession of Sicily by Spain to the duke of Savoy, with the
title of king;
restoration of Savoy and Nice to the same prince,
by France, with cessions of certain valleys and forts;
exchange by the king of Prussia of the principality of
Orange and the lordship of Châlons for Spanish Guelderland
and the sovereignty of Neufchatel and Valengin;
cession by Spain to the House of Austria of the kingdom
of Naples, the duchy of Milan, the Spanish Tuscan territories,
and the sovereignty of the Spanish Netherlands, reserving
certain rights of the elector of Bavaria;
agreement for the destruction of the fortifications and
harbor of Dunkirk;
relinquishment to Great Britain of Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, Gibraltar, Minorca, Hudson Bay, and the island of
St. Christopher;
concession of the Assiento or Spanish slave-trading
contract to Great Britain for thirty years.
Second Barrier Treaty between Great Britain and Holland.
The papal Bull Unigenitus against the doctrines
of the Jansenists.
Production of Addison's "Cato."
Birth of Sterne (d. 1768).
Birth of Diderot (d. 1784).
1714.
Death of Queen Anne of England;
accession of George I.
Treaty of Rastadt or Baden, establishing peace between
France and the Emperor;
relinquishment of Sardinia by the Elector of Bavaria to
the Emperor, in return for the Upper Palatinate.
Opening of war with the Turks by the Emperor, Charles VI.
Return of Charles XII. to Sweden.
Invention of Fahrenheit's Thermometer.
Birth of Condillac (d. 1780).
Birth of Helvetius (d. 1771).
Birth of Vauvenargues (d. 1747).
1715.
Jacobite rising in Great Britain.
Death of Louis XIV. in France;
accession of Louis XV., under the regency of the
duke of Orleans.
Barrier treaty of Holland with the Emperor.
Publication of the first books of Pope's translation of
the "Iliad," and the first books of Le Sage's "Gil Blas."
1716.
Passage of the Septennial Act, extending the term of the
British Parliament to seven years.
Victory of Prince Eugene over the Turks, at Petervardein.
1717.
Launching of the Mississippi scheme of John Law, in France.
Triple Alliance of France, Great Britain and Holland to
oppose the projects of Alberoni and Queen Elizabeth Farnese,
in Spain.
Spanish capture of Sardinia.
Final recovery of Belgrade from the Turks by the Austrians.
Birth of D' Alembert (d. 1783).
1718.
Promulgation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI.,
defining the Austrian succession in favor of his daughter,
Maria Theresa.
Spanish conquest of Sicily from the duke of Savoy.
Quadruple Alliance of France, Great Britain, Holland and
the Emperor against Spain.
Peace of Passarowitz between the Emperor and the Porte.
Removal of the capital of Russia to St. Petersburg.
Death of Charles XII. of Sweden.
Founding of the city of New Orleans by Bienville.
1719.
French and English attacks on Spain.
Submission of Philip V. to the Quadruple Alliance.
Banishment of Alberoni.
Spanish evacuation of Sicily and Sardinia.
Restoration of the oligarchical constitution of Sweden.
Publication of the first part of De Foe's
"Robinson Crusoe," and of Watts' "Psalms and Hymns."
1720.
The South Sea Bubble in England.
Forced exchange by the duke of Savoy, with the Emperor,
of Sicily for Sardinia, the latter being raised to the rank
of a kingdom.
Reversion of the duchies of Parma and Placentia and of the
Grand Duchy of Tuscany to Don Carlos, son of the king
of Spain.
Publication of Vico's "Jus Universale."
1721.
Rise of Walpole to ascendancy in the British Government.
Introduction of preventive inoculation against smallpox
in England by Lady Montague.
Election of Pope Innocent XIII.
1722.
Grant of Wood's patent for supplying Ireland with
a copper coinage.
Conquest of Persia by the Afghans.
Birth of Samuel Adams (d. 1803).
1723.
Majority of Louis XV., king of France.
Termination of the Regency.
Publication of Ramsay's "Gentle Shepherd."
Birth of Adam Smith (d. 1790).
{3843}
1724.
Election of Pope Benedict XIII.
Publication of Swift's "Drapier's Letters" against
Wood's halfpence, in Ireland.
Birth of Kant (d. 1804).
1725.
Treaty of Spain with Austria guaranteeing the
Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI.
Alliance of Hanover between France,
Great Britain and Holland.
Death of Peter the Great, of Russia, and accession of his
empress, Catherine I.
Birth of Clive (d. 1774).
1726.
Treaty of Russia with Austria guaranteeing the Pragmatic
Sanction of Charles VI.
Publication of Swift's "Gulliver's Travels."
1727.
Death of George I. of England.
Accession of George II.
Hostilities without formal war between
Great Britain and Spain.
Siege of Gibraltar by the Spaniards.
Deliverance of Persia from the Afghans by Nadir Kuli.
Birth of Turgot (d. 1781).
1728. Treaty of Prussia with Austria guaranteeing the Pragmatic
Sanction of Charles VI.
Birth of Goldsmith (d. 1774).
1729.
End of proprietary government in the Carolinas.
Birth of Edmund Burke (d. 1797).
Birth of Lessing (d. 1781).
Birth of Moses Mendelssohn. (d. 1786).
1730.
Election of Pope Clement XII.
Founding of Baltimore in Maryland.
Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway;
accidental death of Mr. Huskisson, prime minister of England.
Birth of Edmund Burke [Uncertain date] (d. 1797).
1731.
Treaty of Seville between Great Britain, France, and Spain.
Don Carlos established in the duchies of Parma and Placentia.
Treaties of England and Holland with Austria, guaranteeing
the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI.
Founding of the "Gentleman's Magazine."
Birth of William Cowper (d. 1800).
1732.
Usurpation of the Persian throne by Nadir Kuli,
thenceforward entitled Nadir Kuli Khan, or Nadir Shall.
Grant of Georgia in America to General Oglethorpe by
George II., of England.
Founding, at Philadelphia, of the first Subscription
Library in the United States, by Franklin.
Publication of the first part of Pope's" Essay on Man."
Birth of Washington (d. 1799).
Birth of Haydn (d. 1809).
1733.
The first Bourbon Family Compact between the French
and Spanish sovereigns.
Death of Augustus II. of Poland.
War of the Polish Succession between France and Austria.
John Kay's invention of the fly-shuttle for weaving.
Founding of Savannah, Georgia, by General Oglethorpe.
Birth of Wieland (d. 1813).
Birth of Joseph Priestley (d. 1804).
1734.
Conquest of Naples and Sicily by Don Carlos, son of the
king of Spain, and assumption by him of the kingship of
the Two Sicilies, under the name and style of Charles III.
Zenger's trial in New York and vindication of the freedom
of the English colonial press.
1735.
Treaty of Vienna between France, Austria and Spain,
confirming Charles III. in possession of the kingdom
of the Two Sicilies; ceding Lorraine to France and
Tuscany in reversion to the former duke of Lorraine.
First Moravian (Unitas Fratrum) settlement in America
planted in Georgia.
Birth of John Adams (d. 1826).
1736.
Founding of the short-lived realm of King Theodore in Corsica.
Publication of Butler's "Analogy of Religion."
Porteous riots in Edinburgh.
Birth of Lagrange (d. 1813).
1737.
Birth of Edward Gibbon (d. 1794).
1738.
Treaty of France with Austria guaranteeing the Pragmatic
Sanction of Charles VI.
1739.
War of Jenkins' Ear, between Great Britain and Spain.
Capture of Delhi, in India, with sack and massacre,
by Nadir Shah, the Persian conqueror.
1740.
Accession of Frederick the Great in Prussia.
Death of the Emperor Charles VI.
Treachery of the Powers which had guaranteed the Austrian
succession to Maria Theresa.
Opening of the War of the Succession.
Invasion of Silesia by Frederick of Prussia.
Election of Pope Benedict XIV.
Settlement of the Moravians (Unitas Fratrum) in
Pennsylvania, at Bethlehem.
First performance of Händel's "Messiah."
1741.
Battle of Mollwitz.
Alliance of Prussia, France and Bavaria.
Appeal of Maria Theresa to the Hungarians.
Franco-Bavarian invasion of Bohemia and Austrian
invasion of Bavaria.
Secret bargain of Frederick with Maria Theresa, and
abandonment of his allies.
Pretended Negro Plot in New York.
Publication of the first volume of Hume's
"Essays Moral and Political."
1742.
Resignation of Walpole from the British Ministry.
Imperial election and coronation of the elector of Bavaria
as Charles VII.
Reversing of the treachery of Frederick and renewal of
his war with Austria.
Battle of Chotusitz.
Treaty of Breslau between Austria and Prussia.
Cession of Silesia and Glatz to Frederick.
Continuation of the war of Austria and France.
Expulsion of the French from Bohemia.
Birth of Scheele (d. 1786).
1743.
The second Bourbon Family Compact between the sovereigns
of France and Spain.
Great Britain involved in the War of the Austrian
Succession, supporting the cause of Maria Theresa.
Victory of the "Pragmatic Army" (English and Hanoverian)
at Dettingen.
Birth of Thomas Jefferson (d. 1826).
Birth of Toussaint L' Ouverture (d. 1803).
Birth of Lavoisier (d. 1794).
1744.
Renewal of war with Austria by Frederick of Prussia.
His invasion of Bohemia, his capture of Prague and
his forced retreat.
Birth of Herder (d. 1803).
1745.
The last Jacobite rebellion in Great Britain.
Death of Sir Robert Walpole.
Capture of Louisburg and the island of Cape Breton from
France by the New England colonists.
Death of the Emperor Charles VII.
Defeat of the British and Dutch by the French at Fontenoy.
Peace made by Austria with Bavaria, and alliance with
Saxony against the king of Prussia.
Prussian victories at Hohenfriedberg, Sohr, Hennersdorf,
and Kesselsdorf.
Election of the husband of Maria Theresa to the Imperial
throne, as Francis I.
Peace between Austria and Prussia.
Success of the French, Spaniards, and Genoese in Lombardy,
expelling the Austrians from every part except the
citadel of Milan and the fortress of Mantua.
Invention of the Leyden jar.
{3844}
1746.
French conquest of the Austrian Netherlands.
Retreat of Spaniards and French from North Italy.
Surrender of Genoa to the Austrians, and their expulsion
by a popular rising.
Capture of Madras by the French.
Birth of Pestalozzi (d. 1827).
Birth of Henry Grattan (d. 1820).
1747.
French invasion of the United Provinces (Holland);
risings of the Orange party;
restoration of the Stadtholdership,
in the person of William IV.
Unsuccessful siege of Genoa by the Austrians and Sardinians.
Franklin's identification of lightning with electricity.
Murder of Nadir Shah, the Persian conqueror.
1748.
Treaty of Aix-Ia-Chapelle, ending the War of the
Austrian Succession;
general restoration of conquests made during the war;
confirmation of Silesia and Glatz to Frederick of Prussia;
general guarantee of the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI.
Beginning of excavations at Pompeii.
Birth of Jeremy Bentham (d. 1832).
1749.
Formation of the Ohio Company, with a royal grant of lands
in the Ohio Valley.
Founding of Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Publication of Montesquieu's "Esprit des Lois";
of Fielding's "Tom Jones," and of John Wesley's
"Plain account of the people called Methodists."
Birth of Charles James Fox (d. 1806).
Birth of Goethe (d. 1832).
Birth of Mirabeau (d. 171)1).
Birth of Vittorio Alfieri (d. 1803).
Birth of Laplace (d. 1827).
Birth of Jenner (d. 1823).
1751.
Beginning of the military career of Clive in India by the
taking of Arcot from the French.
Introduction of the Gregorian Calendar, or change from
Old Style to New, in England.
Publication of Gray's "Elegy in a Country Churchyard,"
and of the first volume of "L' Encyclopedie."
Birth of R. B. Sheridan (d. 1816).
Birth of James Madison (d. 1836).
1754.
Founding of King's College (now Columbia) at New York.
Congress of the American Colonies at Albany and
plans of Union.
Building of Fort Duquesne by the French and Washington's
expedition against them.
Publication of the first volume of
Hume's "History of England."
Birth of Talleyrand (d. 1838).
1755.
Beginning of the Seven Years War, called in America
the French and Indian War;
Braddock's defeat by the French and Indians in America;
battle of Lake George and defeat of the French;
dispersion in exile of the French Acadians from Nova Scotia.
Birth of Hahnemann, the originator of Homœopathy.
Great earthquake at Lisbon.
Birth of John Marshall (d. 1835).
1756.
Formal declarations of war by Great Britain and France;
conquest of Minorca by the French from the English.
Invasion and occupation of Saxony by Frederick of Prussia.
Frederick under the Ban of the Empire.
Capture of Delhi by the Afghan Durances;
capture of Calcutta by Shrajah Dowlah,
and tragedy of the Black Hole.
Birth of Mozart (d. 1791 [Uncertain date]).
1757.
Execution in England of Admiral Byng.
Beginning of the administration of the elder Pitt.
Invasion of Bohemia by Frederick;
his victory at Prague, his defeat at Kolin, convention of
Closter-Seven, battles of Rossbach and Leuthen.
Capture of Fort William Henry in America, by the French.
Franklin's mission to England for the Pennsylvanians.
Clive's overthrow of Surajah Dowlah at the battle of
Plassey, in India.
Birth of Canova (d. 1822).
Birth of Alexander Hamilton (d. 1804).
Birth of Lafayette (d. 1834).
Birth of Baron von Stein (d. 1831).
1758.
Siege of Olmutz by Frederick;
his victory over the Russians at Zorndorf;
his defeat by the Austrians at Hochkirch.
Election of Pope Clement XIII.
Repulse of the British at Ticonderoga, in America;
capture of Louisburg and Fort Du Quesne (afterwards
Pittsburg) by the English from the French.
Beginning of the publication of Dr. Johnson's "Idler."
Birth of Lord Nelson (d. 1805).
Birth of Robespierre (d. 1794).
1759.
Naval battles of the English and French off Lagos and in
Quiberon Bay.
Battles of Bergen and Minden in Germany;
defeat of Frederick at Kunersdorf;
loss of Dresden;
capitulation of Maxen.
Expulsion of the Jesuits from the Portuguese dominions.
Capture of Quebec, in Canada, from the French,
by General Wolfe;
British capture of Fort Niagara, Ticonderoga and Crown Point.
Opening of the British Museum.
Publication of Dr. Johnson's "Rasselas," Adam Smith's
"Moral Sentiments," the first volumes of Sterne's
"Tristram Shandy," and the first volume
of the "Annual Register," edited by Burke.
Birth of Schiller (d. 1805).
Birth of Robert Burns (d. 1796).
Birth of William Wilberforce (d. 1833).
Birth of William Pitt (d. 1806).
1760.
Death of George II., king of England;
accession of George III.
Frederick's bombardment of Dresden.
Battles of Liegnitz, Torgau and Warburg.
Completion of the English conquest of Canada.
Defeat of the French by the English,
in India, at Wandiwash.
Publication of Rousseau's "Nouvelle Heloise," and
Goldsmith's "Citizen of the World."
1761.
Resignation of Pitt from the British Ministry.
The third Bourbon Family Compact of
the French and Spanish kings.
Campaigns in Saxony and Silesia.
Battle of Panniput in India and defeat of the Mahrattas
by the Afghans.
Speech of Otis, at Boston, against the Writs of Assistance.
Surrender of Pondicherry to the English by the French.
1762.
Ascendancy of Lord Bute in the British Ministry;
publication of Wilkes' "North Briton;"
declaration of war against Spain;
siege and conquest of Havana.
Death of the Empress Elizabeth of Russia;
accession, deposition and murder of Peter III.;
elevation of Catherine II. to the throne.
Decree of the Parliament of Paris for the suppression of
the Society of Jesus.
Publication of Macpherson's "Poems of Ossian,"
and of Rousseau's "Contrat Social."
Birth of Fichte (d. 1814).
1763.
Peace of Paris and Peace of Hubertsburg,
ending the Seven Years War:
cession to Great Britain of Canada, Nova Scotia and
Cape Breton by France, and of Florida by Spain;
transfer of Louisiana to Spain by France.
First English measure (the Sugar Act) for taxing the
American colonies.
Proclamation of King George excluding settlers from the
Northwest territory in America.
Outbreak in America of the Indian war called Pontiac's War.
Resignation of Lord Bute from the British Ministry and
formation of the Grenville Ministry.
Death of Augustus III. of Poland.
Birth of Jean Paul Frederick Richter (d. 1825).
{3845}
1764.
Expulsion of Wilkes from the British House of Commons.
Election of Joseph II., King of the Romans.
Election of Stanislaus Poniatowsky to the Polish throne,
under the protection of Russia.
Ordonnance of Louis XV. forbidding the existence of the
Society of Jesus in France.
Beginning of the survey of Mason and Dixon's line,
determining the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland.
Publication of Goldsmith's "The Traveller," and
of Rousseau's "Emile."
1765.
First derangement of the English king, George III.
Dismissal of Grenville.
Formation of the Rockingham Ministry.
Death, in Austria, of the Emperor Francis I.;
imperial coronation of Joseph II.
Passage of the English Stamp Act for the taxation of
the American colonies;
formation in the colonies of the Sons of Liberty, and
convening of the Stamp Act Congress.
Publication of the first volume of
Blackstone's "Commentaries."
1766.
The Grafton-Chatham Ministry in power in Great Britain.
Repeal of the colonial Stamp Act.
Discovery of hydrogen, by Cavendish.
Publication of Lessing's "Laokoön," and of
Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wakefield."
Birth of John Dalton (d. 1844).
1761.
Suppression of the Jesuits in Spain.
Beginning of the first war of the English in
India with Hyder Ali.
The Townshend measures of the British Parliament for
taxation of the colonies.
Birth of August Wilhelm von Schlegel (d. 1845).
Birth of Wilhelm von Humboldt (d. 1835).
Birth of Andrew Jackson (d. 1845).
Birth of John Quincy Adams (d. 1848).
1768.
The Middlesex elections in England;
repeated expulsion and re-election of Wilkes;
withdrawal of Chatham from the Ministry.
Religious disturbances in Poland.
Confederation of Bar.
Turkish interference against Russia.
Circular letter of Massachusetts to the
other American colonies.
Cession of Corsica (in revolt) by Genoa to France.
1769.
Demand of Spain, France and Naples at Rome for the
abolition of the Society of Jesus.
Election of Pope Clement XIV.
Patents issued in Great Britain to James Watt for his first
improvements in the steam engine, and to Richard Arkwright
for his roller-spinning "water-frame";
publication of the first "Letters of Junius."
Migration of Daniel Boone from North Carolina into Kentucky.
Birth of Wellington (d. 1852).
Birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in Corsica (d. 1821).
Birth of Alexander von Humboldt (d. 1850).
Birth of Cuvier (d. 1832).
1770.
Patenting in Great Britain of Hargreave's spinning-jenny.
Beginning of the administration of Lord North in Great Britain.
Publication of Burke's "Thoughts on the Present Discontents,"
of Goldsmith's "Deserted Village," and of the first edition
of the "Encyclopædia Britannica."
Birth of Thorwaldsen (d. 1844).
Birth of Wordsworth (d. 1850).
Birth of Hegel (d. 1831).
Birth of George Canning (d. 1827).
Birth of Beethoven (d. 1827).
1771.
Freedom of the reporting of proceedings conceded by
the British Parliament.
Insurrection of the Regulators in North Carolina and
battle of the Alamance.
Constitutional revolution in Sweden carried out
by Gustavus III.
Birth of Bichat (d. 1802).
Birth of Sir Walter Scott (d. 1832).
1772.
Treaty for the first Partitioning of Poland arranged
between Prussia, Austria and Russia.
The institution in the American colonies of Committees
of Correspondence.
Forming of the Watauga Association, from which grew the
State of Tennessee.
Decision by Lord Mansfield, in the case of the negro
Somersett, that a slave cannot be held in England.
Birth of Coleridge (d. 1834).
Birth of Ricardo (d. 1823).
1773.
Papal decree of Pope Clement XIV. abolishing
the Society of Jesus.
Appointment of Warren Hastings, the first English
Governor-General in India.
Resistance in the English American colonies to
the duty on tea;
the Boston tea-party.
Publication of Goethe's "Götz von Berlichingen."
Birth of Metternich (d. 1859).
1774.
Death of Louis XV., king of France;
accession of Louis XVI.
Passage of the Boston Port Bill, the Massachusetts Act,
and the Quebec Act by the British Parliament.
Meeting of the first Continental Congress of the
American colonies;
organization of the revolutionary Provincial Congress in
Massachusetts, and of the Committee of Safety.
Lord Dunmore's War with the Indians;
murder of the family of Logan, the chief.
Publication of Goethe's "Werther."
Discovery of oxygen by Priestley.
Birth of Southey (d. 1843).
1775.
Speech of Burke on "Conciliation with America."
Beginning of the War of the American Revolution:
battles of Lexington and Concord;
siege of Boston;
surprising of Ticonderoga and Crown Point;
battle of Bunker Hill;
creation of the Continental Army;
appointment of Washington Commander-in-Chief;
expedition to Canada.
Execution of Nuncomar in British India.
Election of Pope Pius VI.
Production of Sheridan's "The Rivals" and
of Beaumarchais' "Barbière de Seville."
Birth of Daniel O'Connell (d. 1847).
Birth of Charles Lamb (d. 1834).
Birth of Walter Savage Landor (d. 1864).
Birth of Turner (d. 1851).
1776.
Dismissal of Turgot in France by Louis XVI., yielding to
the intrigues of the French court.
Evacuation of Boston, Massachusetts, by the British army;
repulse of the British from Charleston;
retreat of Arnold from Canada;
Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress;
battle of Long Island and defeat of the Americans;
retreat of Washington into New Jersey and
his success at Trenton.
Publication of Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations,"
of Paine's "Common Sense,"
of Bentham's "Fragment on Government,"
and of the first volume of Gibbon's"
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire."
Birth of Niebuhr (d. 1831).
Birth of Herbart (d. 1841).
1777.
Washington's victory over Cornwallis at Princeton;
British occupation of Philadelphia, and victories over
the Americans at Brandywine and Germantown;
arrival in America of Lafayette and Steuben;
Burgoyne's expedition from Canada and surrender at Saratoga;
the winter of Washington's army at Valley Forge;
the Conway Cabal.
Production of Sheridan's "School for Scandal."
Birth of Henry Clay (d. 1852).
1778.
War of the Bavarian Succession between Austria and Prussia.
Alliance of France with the American colonies.
British evacuation of Philadelphia and defeat at Monmouth;
Tory and Indian savagery at Cherry Valley and Wyoming;
arrival of a French fleet and army in America;
capture of Savannah by the British.
Publication of Fanny Burney's "Evelina."
Birth of Humphry Davy (d. 1829).
Birth of Guy-Lussac (d. 1850).
{3846}
1779.
Clark's conquest of the Northwest for Virginia;
storming of Stony Point on the Hudson by General Wayne;
expedition of General Sullivan against the Seneca Indians
in western New York;
sea-fight of the Bon Homme Richard (Paul Jones) and
the Serapis;
repulse of French and Americans from Savannah.
Publication of Lessing's "Nathan der Weise."
Birth of Joseph Story (d. 1845).
Birth of Thomas Moore (d. 1852).
Birth of Berzelius (d. 1848).
1780.
The Gordon No-Popery Riots in England.
Death of Maria Theresa of Austria.
Second war of the British in India with Hyder Ali.
British siege and capture of Charleston, S. C., and defeat
of the Americans at Camden;
treason of Benedict Arnold;
American victory at King's Mountain.
Insurrection of Tupac Amaru in Peru.
Gradual emancipation act passed in Pennsylvania.
Birth of Béranger (d. 1857).
1781.
Dismissal of Neckar by the French king.
Edict of Toleration in the Austrian dominions and
abolition of serfdom, by Joseph II.
Reconquest of West Florida from the English by Spain.
Defeat of British troops by the Americans at the Cowpens
and Guilford Court House;
British victory at Hobkirk's Hill;
drawn battle of Eutaw Springs;
surrender of Cornwallis and the British army at Yorktown;
final ratification of the Articles of Confederation of the
United States of America.
Extinction of slavery in Massachusetts.
English and Dutch naval battle off the Dogger Banks.
Publication of Kant's "Critique of the Pure Reason."
Production of Schiller's "Die Räuber."
Birth of George Stephenson (d. 1848).
Birth of Sir David Brewster (d. 1868).
1782.
English naval victory by Rodney, in the West Indies,
over the French fleet.
Fall of Lord North;
the Rockingham Ministry.
Destruction of the Barrier Fortresses in the Netherlands,
by the Emperor.
The first Sunday School opened by Robert Raikes,
in Massachusetts.
Concession of legislative independence to Ireland by England.
Peace overtures from the British Government to the
United States, and opening of negotiations.
Publication of Priestley's "Corruptions of Christianity."
Birth of Froebel (d. 1852).
Birth of Lamennais (d. 1854).
Birth of John C. Calhoun (d. 1850).
Birth of Daniel Webster (d. 1852).
1783.
Treaty of peace signed at Paris, between Great Britain
and the United States of America;
evacuation of New York by the British army.
Fall of the Coalition Ministry in Great Britain;
beginning of the administration of the younger Pitt.
Seizure of the Crimea by Catherine II. of Russia.
Birth of Bolivar (d. 1830).
Birth of Washington Irving (d. 1859).
1784.
The affair of the Diamond Necklace, in France.
Founding, at Philadelphia, of the first Daily Newspaper
in America.
Appearance of the Peep-o'-Day Boys in Ireland.
Birth of Manzoni (d. 1873).
1785.
Negotiation of the United States with Spain for the free
navigation of the Mississippi river.
Publication of Cowper's "The Task,"
Paley's "Moral and Political Philosophy,"
and Reid's "Essays on the Intellectual Powers."
Birth of De Quincey (d. 1859).
1786.
Electrical discoveries of Galvani.
Publication of Burns' "Poems chiefly
in the Scottish Dialect."
1787.
Meeting of the Assembly of Notables in France.
Conflict of the French Crown with the Parliament of Paris.
Impeachment of Warren Hastings by the British
House of Commons.
Suppression of Shay's rebellion in Massachusetts.
Passage by the American Congress of the Ordinance for the
Government of the Northwest Territory.
Meeting of the Convention which framed the Federal
Constitution of the United States of America.
Birth of Archbishop Whately (d. 1863).
Birth of Guizot (d. 1874).
1788.
Second derangement of George III. of England.
Revolt in the Austrian provinces in the Netherlands.
State ratification and complete adoption of the Federal
Constitution of the United States of America.
Opening of the trial of Warren Hastings.
Establishment of an English settlement of convicts
at Botany Bay.
Publication of St. Pierre's "Paul and Virginia."
Birth of Sir Robert Peel (d. 1850).
Birth of Schopenhauer (d. 1860).
Birth of Lord Byron (d. 1824).
Birth of Sir William Hamilton (d. 1856).
1789.
Meeting of the States-General of France;
seizure of power by the Third Estate;
insurrection of Paris;
taking of the Bastille;
formation of the National Guard;
emigration of the nobles;
rising of the women;
escorting of the king to Paris;
appropriation of Church property.
War of the English in India with Tippoo Saib.
Organization of the Government of the United States of
America under its new Constitution,
with George Washington chosen President.
Erection, at Baltimore, of the first Roman Catholic
episcopal see in the United States.
Founding of the Tammany Society in New York.
Publication of White's "Natural History of Selborne."
Birth of James Fenimore Cooper (d. 1851).
1790.
Issue of French Assignats.
Feast of the Federation;
rise of the revolutionary clubs.
Death, in Austria, of the Emperor Joseph II., and
accession of Leopold II.
1791.
Flight and arrest of the French king at Varennes;
completion of the French Constitution and its acceptance
by the king;
tumult in the Champs de Mars;
dissolution of the Constituent National Assembly;
meeting of the Legislative Assembly;
appearance of the Girondins;
repeal in France of all enactments against the Jews.
Reformed Constitution for Poland suppressed by Russia.
Organization in Ireland of the Society of United Irishmen.
Passage of the Canadian Constitutional Act, dividing the
province into Upper and Lower Canada.
Incorporation of the first Bank of the United States;
report of Hamilton on manufactures;
adoption of the first ten Amendments to the Constitution
of the United States of America.
Insurrection of slaves in Hayti.
Separation of Kentucky from Virginia and admission to the
American Union as a State.
Publication of Boswell's "Life of Dr. Johnson,"
of Paine's "Rights of Man,"
of Burke's "Thoughts on French Affairs,"
and of Schiller's "Thirty Years War."
Birth of Faraday (d. 1867).
Birth of S. F. B. Morse (d. 1872).
{3847}
1792.
Declaration of war by France with Austria and Prussia;
dismissal of Girondin ministers;
mob attack on the Tuilleries and massacre of the Swiss;
deposition and imprisonment of the king;
seizure of power by the insurgent Commune of Paris;
strife of Jacobins and Girondins;
withdrawal of Lafayette from the country;
the September Massacres;
meeting of the National Convention;
proclamation of the Republic;
battle of Valmy;
annexation of Savoy and Nice;
trial of the king.
Death, in Austria, of the Emperor Leopold II.
Accession of Francis II.
Beginning of Pinel's reform in the treatment of the insane.
Re-election of George Washington,
President of the United States.
Birth of Shelley (d. 1822).
Birth of Cousin (d. 1867).
1793.
Execution of Louis XVI.;
declaration of war with England;
invasion of Holland;
formation of the Revolutionary Tribunal and the Committee
of Public Safety;
fall of the Girondins;
formation of the European Coalition;
revolt in La Vendée, and in Lyons, Toulon,
and other cities;
assassination of Marat;
beginning of the Reign of Terror;
execution of the queen, and the Girondins;
institution of the "worship of Reason";
the "Noyades" at Nantes.
Partial concession of rights to Catholics in Ire]and.
Second Partition of Poland.
Passage of the first Fugitive Slave Law by the
United States Congress.
Invention of the cotton-gin by Eli Whitney.
Emancipation of slaves proclaimed by the French in Hayti,
and alliance formed with the blacks, under Toussaint
L'Ouverture, against Spaniards and English.
Publication of Wordsworth's "An Evening Walk" and
"Descriptive Sketches."
1794.
Destruction of the Hébertists in France;
fall and death of Danton;
Feast of the Supreme Being;
conquest of the Austrian Netherlands;
climax of the Terror;
downfall and end of Robespierre and of the Jacobin Club;
reaction;
the White Terror;
subjugation of Holland;
Chouannerie in Brittany.
Whisky Insurrection in Pennsylvania.
Negotiation of the Jay Treaty between Great Britain
and the United States.
Decisive victory of General Wayne over the
Indians on the Maumee.
Publication of Fichte's "Wissenschaftslehre"
and of Goethe's "Reinecke Fuchs."
Birth of William Cullen Bryant (d. 1878).
Birth of Meyerbeer (d. 1864).
1795.
Suppression of insurrection by the Paris bourgeois;
adoption of the Constitution of the Year III.;
peace with Spain;
acquisition of Spanish San Domingo;
Austrian victory at Loana;
insurrection of the 13th Vendemiare put down by
Napoleon Bonaparte;
dissolution of the National Convention;
government of the Directory.
Formation of the Orange Society, in Ireland.
Third Partition of Poland.
Sale of the Western Reserve of Connecticut (in Ohio).
Publication of the first part of Goethe's
"Wilhelm Meister's Lehrjahre" and of Richter's "Hesperus."
Birth of Keats (d. 1821).
Birth of Carlyle (d. 1881).
Birth of Dr. Arnold (d. 1842).
1796.
Bonaparte sent to command in Italy;
submission of Sardinia;
expulsion of the Austrians from Lombardy;
formation of the Cispadane Republic.
Unsuccessful French expedition under Hoche to Ireland.
Death of Catherine II. of Russia and accession of Paul.
Publication of Washington's Farewell Address;
election of John Adams to the Presidency
of the United States.
Publication of Southey's "Joan of Arc" and
of Coleridge's first volume of "Poems."
1797.
Bonaparte's Treaty of Tolentino with the Pope;
his invasion of Austria;
peace preliminaries of Leoben;
overthrow and enslavement of Venice, delivered to Austria;
creation of the Ligurian and Cisalpine Republics.
Peace of Campo Formio;
revolutionary Coup d'Etat at Paris.
Difficulties between the American and the French republics.
Suspension of specie payments in England.
Mutiny of the British fleet.
British naval victories, of Cape Vincent, over the fleet of
Spain, and of Camperdown over that of Holland.
Birth of Schubert (d. 1828).
Birth of Joseph Henry [Uncertain date] (d. 1878).
1798.
French intrigues at Rome;
imprisonment of the Pope and formation of the Roman Republic.
Subjugation of Switzerland by the French, and formation of
the Helvetian Republic.
Expedition of Bonaparte to Egypt;
his seizure of Malta and expulsion of the Knights of St. John.
Destruction of the French fleet by Lord Nelson in the
battle of the Nile;
siege and conquest of Malta by Nelson.
Declaration of war against France by Turkey.
Expulsion of the king from Naples and creation of the
Parthenopeian Republic.
Suppressed rebellion in Ireland and imprisonment and
suicide of Wolfe Tone.
Publication in England of Jenner's work on Vaccination.
Passage of the Alien and Sedition Laws in the United States,
and adoption of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.
Publication of the "Lyrical Ballads" of Wordsworth and
Coleridge, of Landor's "Gebir,"
of Schiller's "Wallenstein's Lager,"
and of Malthus' "Principles of Population."
Discovery that Heat is a mode of Motion, by Count Rumford.
Birth of Thomas Hood (d. 1845).
Birth of Comte (d. 1857).
1799.
Bonaparte's advance into Syria and repulse from Acre;
his victory at Aboukir.
The armies of Austria and Russia in Italy and Switzerland.
Expedition from England against Holland;
capture of the Dutch fleet.
Fall of the new republics in Italy.
Return of Bonaparte from Egypt;
overthrow of the Directory;
creation of the Consulate;
Bonaparte First Consul.
Gradual emancipation enacted in New York.
Invention of Volta's Pile.
Birth of Balzac (d. 1850).
Birth of Pushkin (d. 1837).
1800.
Legislative Union of Great Britain and Ireland.
Creation of the United Kingdom.
Bonaparte's Marengo campaign in Italy.
Moreau's victory at Hohenlinden.
Assassination of Kleber in Egypt.
Retrocession of Louisiana to France by Spain.
Convention of the United States with France from which
arose the French Spoliation Claims.
Election of Thomas Jefferson President of the United States.
Beginning of Robert Owen's social experiments at New Lanark.

Decomposition of water with the Voltaic pile,
by Nicholson and Carlisle.
Publication of Richter's "Titan,"
Birth of Moltke (d. 1891).
Birth of Macaulay (d. 1859).
Birth of Heine (d. 1856).
{3848}
Nineteenth Century.
1801.
Defection of the Russian czar, Paul, from the European
coalition, and his alliance with Napoleon.
Treaty of Luneville between Napoleon and the Emperor
Francis, and of Foligno between France and Naples.
Formation of the northern league of neutrals.
English bombardment of Copenhagen.
Murder of the czar, Paul, and accession, in Russia,
of Alexander I.
Surrender of the French army in Egypt to the English.
Concordat between Napoleon and the Pope.
Imposition by Napoleon of new constitutions on the Dutch
and Cisalpine republics.
Cession of Louisiana to France by Spain.
Resignation of Pitt from the British premiership;
formation of the Addington Ministry.
Passage of the first English Factory Act.
Appointment of John Marshall to be Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court of the United States.
Inauguration of Jefferson as President of the United States.
Opening of war by the United States with the pirates of Tripoli.
Independence of Hayti proclaimed by Toussaint L' Ouverture.
Birth of Farragut (d. 1870).
1802.
Peace of Amiens between England and France.
Voting of the First Consulate for life to Napoleon
by the French people;
his election to the presidency of the Cisalpine republic.
Subjection of Switzerland, and annexation of Piedmont,
Parma and Elba to France.
Complaints of Napoleon against the English press;
the Peltier trial.
Founding of the United States Military Academy at West Point.
Subjection of Hayti by the French and treacherous capture
of Toussaint L'Ouverture.
Founding of the Edinburgh Review.
Birth of Victor Hugo (d. 1885).
Birth of Kossuth (d. 1894).
Birth of Harriet Martineau (d. 1876).
Birth of Father Lacordaire (d. 1861).
1803.
Renewal of war between Great Britain and France;
detention of English in France.
Secularization of the spiritual principalities in Germany
and absorption of free cities.
Purchase of Louisiana by the United States from France.
Report to the Congress of the United States on the British
impressment of seamen from American ships.
Introduction of sheep-farming in Australia.
Defeat of the Mahrattas at Assaye and Argaum by Wellesley
(afterward Wellington).
The Emmet insurrection in Ireland.
Birth of Emerson (d. 1882).
Birth of Francis Deak (d. 1876).
Birth of Ericsson (d. 1889).
1804.
Napoleon's abduction and execution of the Due d'Enghien.
His elevation to the throne as emperor;
his coronation by the Pope.
Completion of the civil Code for France.
Return of Pitt to the head of government in England.
Federalist secession movement in the United States;
re-election of President Jefferson;
undertaking of the exploring journey of Lewis and Clark
across the American continent.
Death of Hamilton in duel with Burr.
Birth of Hawthorne (d. 1864).
Birth of Richard Cobden (d. 1865).
Birth of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield (d. 1881).
Birth of George Sand (d. 1876).
Birth of Sainte-Beuve (d. 1869).
1805.
Bestowal of the crown of Italy on Napoleon;
formation of the third European Coalition against him;
his abortive plans for the invasion of England;
his extraordinary march to the Danube;
his capture of the army of Mack;
his occupation of Vienna;
his victory at Austerlitz.
Nelson's victory and death at Trafalgar.
Treaty of Presburg between France and Austria.
Creation of the kingdoms of Bavaria and Würtemberg and
the grand duchy of Baden.
Impeachment trial of Judge Chase in the United States.
Treaty of the United States with Tripoli,
ending the payment of tribute.
Publication of Scott's "Lay of the Last Minstrel."
Birth of Hans Christian Andersen (d. 1875).
1806.
Death of Pitt;
formation of the British Ministry of All the Talents;
death of Fox.
British Order in Council declaring a blockade of the
continental coast from Brest to the Elbe;
Napoleon's Berlin Decree declaring the British islands
under blockade and interdicting all intercourse with them.
Formation of the Confederation of the Rhine.
Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire;
resignation of its sovereignty by Francis II., and his
assumption thenceforth of the title of "Emperor of Austria."
Humiliation and oppression of Prussia by the French emperor;
the nation driven to war and subjugated at Jena.
Advance of the French into Poland;
war with Russia.
Dethronement of the Bourbon dynasty in Naples and bestowal
of the crown on Joseph Bonaparte.
Creation of the kingdom of Holland, with Louis Bonaparte
on the throne.
Acquisition of the Cape of Good Hope by England from the Dutch.
Filibustering scheme of Aaron Burr in the United States.
Publication of Coleridge's "Christabel."
Birth of John Stuart Mill (d. 1873).
1807.
British Order in Council, retaliating the Berlin Decree,
followed by the Milan Decree of Napoleon.
Battles of Eylau and Friedland between the French and
the Russians.
Meeting of Napoleon and Alexander I. of Russia on
the raft at Tilsit;
their public treaty and their secret agreements.
British bombardment of Copenhagen and seizure of
the Danish fleet.
Creation of the kingdom of Westphalia for Jerome Bonaparte.
Baron von Stein placed at the head of affairs in Prussia.
Delusive arrangement of Napoleon with the king of Spain
for the partition of Portugal;
occupation of Lisbon by the French;
flight of the royal family of Portugal to Brazil.
Passage of an Act of the British Parliament for the
suppression of the Slave-trade;
fall of the Ministry of All the Talents;
formation of the Portland Ministry.
Arrest and trial of Burr in the United States.
British outrage on the United States frigate Chesapeake;
passage of Embargo Act by the American Congress.
Abolition of the Slave-trade in the United States.
Deposition of the reforming sultan, Selim III.,
by the Turkish Janissaries;
elevation of his nephew Mustapha to the throne.
First publication of Dalton's Atomic theory of Chemistry.
First trips of Fulton's steamboat "Clermont."
Birth of Longfellow (d. 1882).
Birth of Garibaldi (d. 1882).
1808.
Erfurt conference and treaty of Napoleon and the Czar.
Formation of the Tugendbund in Germany;
Fichte's addresses on the state of that country.
Napoleon's crime against Spain;
knavish acquisition of the throne for his brother Joseph;
the Spanish national revolt;
English troops in the peninsula;
Napoleon's crushing campaign.
Opening of the French siege of Saragossa.
Transfer of the crown of Naples from
Joseph Bonaparte to Murat;
appearance of the Carbonari.
Conquest of Finland by Russia from Sweden.
Murder of the deposed Turkish sultan, Selim III., and
repeated revolutions at Constantinople.
Election of James Madison President of the United States.
Founding of the Quarterly Review.
Birth of Mazzini (d. 1872).
Birth of General Robert E. Lee (d. 1870).
{3849}
1809.
Renewal of war between Austria and France;
revolt in the Tyrol;
Napoleon again in Vienna;
his defeat at Aspern and victory at Wagram;
arrangement of peace by the Treaty of Schonbrunn, taking
an enormous territory from the Austrian empire.
Sir John Moore's advance in Spain;
his retreat and death;
fall of Saragossa.
Wellington (then Sir Arthur Wellesley) in command
of the British forces in the Peninsula;
his passage of the Douro and battle of Talavera;
his retreat into Portugal and construction of the Lines
of Torres Vedras.
The British Walcheren expedition.
Inauguration of President Madison, in the United States;
substitution of Non-intercourse for the Embargo.
Publication of Byron's "English Bards and Scotch Reviewers."
Birth of Abraham Lincoln (d. 1865).
Birth of Gladstone.
Birth of Charles Darwin (d. 1882).
Birth of Tennyson (d. 1892).
Birth of Elizabeth Barrett (Mrs. Browning) (d. 1861).
Birth of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, (d. 1894).
Birth of Mendelssohn (d. 1847).
1810.
Abdication of the throne of Holland by Louis Bonaparte.
Annexation of Holland, the Hansa towns and the Swiss Valais
to France
Suppression of the Tyrolese revolt and
execution of Andrew Hofer.
Napoleon's divorce from Josephine and marriage to the
arch-duchess Maria Louisa of Austria.
Massena's defeat at Busaco;
his recoil from the Lines of Torres Vedras.
Unceasing guerilla war in Spain.
Final insanity of George III. of England.
Revolution in Buenos Ayres and Chile, establishing
complete separation from Spain.
Election of Bernadotte to be Crown Prince of Sweden
and successor to the throne.
Founding of the University of Berlin.
Birth of Cavour (d. 1861).
Birth of Freiligrath (d. 1876).
Birth of William Henry Channing (d. 1883).
1811.
Defeat of Massena at Fuentes de Onoro.
Regency of the Prince of Wales instituted in Great Britain.
War in the United States against the Indian chief
Tecumseh and his league.
Declaration of the independence of Venezuela.
Treacherous destruction of the Mamelukes in Egypt
by Mehemet Ali.
Birth of Thackeray (d. 1863).
Birth of John Bright (d. 1889).
Birth of Lord Lawrence (d. 1879).
Birth of Edgar A. Poe (d. 1849).
1812.
Rupture of Napoleon with the czar;
his invasion of Russia;
battles of Smolensk and Borodino;
advance to Moscow and occupation of the city;
burning of Moscow and disastrous retreat of the French.
Wellington's victory at Salamanca and entry into Madrid;
his retreat into Portugal.
Establishment of a Constitution in Spain.
Assassination of Mr. Perceval, prime minister of England;
formation of the Ministry of Lord Liverpool.
Declaration of war by the United States
against Great Britain;
opposition of Federalists;
surrender of Hull at Detroit;
battle of Queenstown Heights;
naval victories by the U. S. frigates Constitution and
United States.
Re-election of President Madison.
Admission of the state of Louisiana to the American Union.
Appalling earthquake at Caraccas.
Publication of the first and second cantos of
Byron's "Childe Harold."
Publication of "Kinder und Haus-Märchen" by
the brothers Grimm.
Birth of Dickens (d. 1870).
Birth of Robert Browning (d. 1889).
1813.
The War of Liberation In Germany;
Austria and Great Britain in a renewed Coalition;
battles of Lützen, Bautzen, Kulm, Gross-Beeren, the
Katzbach, Dennewitz, Leipsic (Battle of the Nations), Hanau;
retreat of Napoleon beyond the Rhine.
Fall of the kingdom of Westphalia.
Wellington's victory at Vittoria;
expulsion of the French from Spain;
restoration of Ferdinand VII. to the throne.
Recovery of independence by Holland.
Luddite riots in England.
Naval battle of Lake Erie In the war between England and
the United States;
defeat and death of Tecumseh;
burning of Toronto;
American expedition against Montreal;
British surprise of Fort Niagara and burning of Buffalo;
outbreak of the Creek Indians.
Publication of Shelley's "Queen Mab."
Birth of Henry Ward Beecher (d. 1887).
Birth of Richard Wagner (d. 1883).
1814.
Desertion of Napoleon by Murat.
Invasion of France by the Allies;
Napoleon's unsuccessful campaign of defense;
surrender of Paris;
abdication of the fallen emperor;
treaty of Fontainebleau;
retirement of Napoleon to Elba;
return of the Bourbons to the throne of France,
in the person of Louis XVIII.
Treaty of Paris.
Battle of Toulouse, ending the Peninsular War.
Meeting of the Congress of Vienna.
Return of Pope Pius VII. to Rome;
restoration of the Jesuits.
Union of Belgium and Holland in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Union of Norway and Sweden.
Abrogation in Spain of the Constitution of 1812
by Ferdinand;
abolition of the Cortès;
re-establishment of the Inquisition.
Restoration of Austrian despotism in Northern Italy.
Battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, siege of Fort Erie,
British capture of Washington, and naval fight on Lake
Champlain, in the war between England and the United States;
Hartford Convention of Federalists opposed to the war;
treaty of peace negotiated at Ghent.
Temporary recovery of Chile by the Spaniards.
Dictatorship of Dr. Francia established in Paraguay.
Building of the first locomotive of George Stephenson.
Publication of Scott's "Waverley."
Birth of Motley (d. 1877).
Birth of Edwin M. Stanton (d. 1869).
1815.
Return of Napoleon from Elba;
flight of Louis XVIII;
the Hundred Days of restored Empire;
the Waterloo campaign and end of the Corsican's career;
his final abdication, surrender to the English,
and captivity at St. Helena.
Second Bourbon restoration and second Treaty of Paris.
Execution of Marshal Ney.
Formation of the Holy Alliance.
Reconstruction of Germany;
formation of the Germanic Confederation.
Fall and death of Murat.
Establishment of the protectorate of Great Britain over
the Ionian Islands.
Enactment of the British Corn Law, to maintain high prices
for bread-stuffs.
Repulse of the British at New Orleans by General Jackson.
War of the United States with the Dey of Algiers.
Birth of Bismarck.
1816.
Agitation for Parliamentary Reform;
multiplication of Hampden Clubs.
Admission of Indiana into the American Union.
Charter granted to the second Bank of the United States.
Election of James Monroe President of the United States.
Bombardment of Algiers by Lord Exmouth.
First Seminole War.
Publication of Bryant's "Thanatopsis."
{3850}
1817.
Rioting in England;
march of the Blanketeers from Manchester.
Inauguration of James Monroe,
President of the United states.
Admission of Mississippi to the American Union.
Formation of the Burschenschaft in Germany.
Birth of Theodor Mommsen.
1818.
Complete establishment of Chilean independence.
General Jackson's invasion of Florida.
Publication of Irving's "Sketch Book."
1819.
"Peterloo Massacre" at Manchester, England.
Assassination of Kotzebue by the student, Sand.
Admission of Alabama to the American Union as a state.
First voyage across the Atlantic by a vessel
(the "Savannah ") using steam.
Discovery of Electro-magnetism, by Oersted.
Complete attainment of independence in Venezuela and
New Granada, under the lead of Bolivar.
Publication of Schopenhauer's
"Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung."
Birth of Marian Evans (George Eliot) (d. 1880).
Birth of Charles Kingsley (d. 1875).
Birth of James Russell Lowell (d. 1891).
1820.
Death of George III. of England;
accession of George IV.;
trial of Queen Caroline.
Adoption in the United States of the Missouri Compromise,
excluding slavery from the territories
north of latitude 36° 30';
admission of Maine to the Union.
Re-election of Monroe to the American presidency.
Assassination of the duke of Berry in France.
Revolution in Spain, restoring the constitution of 1812.
Revolution in Portugal,
instituting a constitutional government.
Revolution in Naples and Sicily, extorting a constitution
from the king.
Congress of sovereigns of the Holy Alliance at Laybach.
Publication of Keats' "Lamia," "Isabella,"
"Eve of St. Agnes," "Hyperion."
Birth of General Sherman (d. 1891).
Birth of Professor Tyndall (d. 1893).
1821.
Revolution in Mexico, establishing independence.
Liberation of Peru by San Martin and the Chileans.
Return of King John VI. from Brazil to Portugal.
Union of Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador in the
Republic of Colombia.
Cession of Florida to the United States by Spain.
Admission of Missouri to the American Union.
Revolt in Greece against the rule of the Turks.
Suppression of the constitutional movement in the Two
Sicilies by Austrian arms acting for the Holy Alliance.
Constitutional rising in Piedmont;
abdication of Victor Emmanuel I. in favor of his
brother Charles Felix;
interference of Austria;
suppression of the revolution.
Publication of De Quincey's "Confessions of an Opium Eater,"
and Cooper's "The Spy."
Birth of Jenny Lind (d. 1887).
1822.
Meeting of the Congress of Verona.
Canning made foreign Secretary in the British Government.
Proclamation of the independence of Brazil;
Dom Pedro crowned emperor.
Pronunciamento in Mexico, making Iturbide emperor.
Turkish massacre of the Greeks of Chios.
Publication of Lamb's "Essays of Elia," Heine's "Gedichte,"
and Wilson's "Noctes Ambrosianæ."
Birth of General Grant (d. 1885).
Birth of Matthew Arnold (d. 1888).
Birth of Pasteur.
Birth of Rosa Bonheur.
1823.
Enunciation of the "Monroe Doctrine," in the annual message
of the President of the United States.
Death of Marco Bozzaris, hero of the Greek insurrection.
Fall of Iturbide In Mexico;
establishment of a republic.
Intervention of France in Spain and overthrow
of the Constitution.
Birth of Renan (d. 1892).
1824-.
Presidential election in the United States,
resulting in no choice by the popular vote;
election of John Quincy Adams by the House of Representatives.
Visit of Lafayette to the United States.
Death of Louis XVIII., the restored king of France,
and accession of Charles X.
Death of Lord Byron in Greece.
The first Anglo-Burmese war.
Formation of the Catholic Association in Ireland.
Decisive battle of Ayacucho,
securing the independence of Brazil.
Founding of the Westminster Review.
Birth of Stonewall Jackson (d. 1863).
Birth of George W. Curtis (d. 1892).
1825.
Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway in
England—the first undertaking for the conveyance of
passengers and goods by steam locomotion.
Opening of the Erie Canal, from Lake Erie to
the Hudson River.
Publication of De Vigny's "Cinq Mars," Cooper's "Last
of the Mohicans," and Heine's "Reisebilder."
Birth of Huxley.
1826.
Abduction of William Morgan and Anti-Masonic
excitement in New York.
Meeting of the Congress of Panama.
Creation of the republic of Bolivia in Upper Peru.
Insurrection and destruction of the Turkish Janissaries.
1827.
Canning's brief premiership in England and sudden death.
Intervention of Russia, England and France
in favor of the Greeks;
battle of Navarino and destruction of the Turkish fleet;
national independence of Greece established.
Extinction of slavery in the state of New r York.
Publication of Hallam's "Constitutional History of England,"
Keble's "Christian Year," and Alfred and Charles Tennyson's
"Poems by Two Brothers."
1828.
Formation of the Ministry of the duke of Wellington
in Great Britain.
Removal of political disabilities from Dissenters in England.
Election of General Andrew Jackson President of
the United States.
Beginning of the construction of the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
Russo-Turkish war;
siege and capture of Varna by the Russians.
Birth of Taine (d. 1893).
1829.
Inauguration of President Jackson;
introduction of the "Spoils System"
in American national politics.
Acknowledgment of Greek independence by the Porte.
Passage by the British Parliament of the
Catholic Emancipation Act for Ireland.
Abolition of slavery in Mexico.
Ending of the Russo-Turkish war by the Treaty of Hadrianople.
1830.
Death, in England, of George IV.;
accession of William IV.;
opening of the final agitation for Parliamentary Reform;
resignation of the Wellington Ministry, succeeded by that
of Earl Grey.
Debate between Webster and Hayne in the United States Senate.
French conquest of Algiers.
Revolution in Paris;
flight of Charles X.;
elevation of Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, to the throne.
Revolt in Poland.
Recognition of the autonomy of Servia by the Ottoman Porte.
Constitution of the Kingdom of Greece, with Prince Otho
of Bavaria on the throne.
Belgian revolt and separation from Holland.
Publication of the "Book of Mormon" at Palmyra, N. Y.
Publication of the first part of Comte's
"Cours de Philosophie."
{3851}
1831.
Introduction in the British Parliament and defeat of the
first ministerial bill for Parliamentary Reform;
dissolution of Parliament and appeal to the people.
Assumption of the name Conservatives by the English Tories.
Nat Turner's slave-rising in Virginia.
First publication of William Lloyd Garrison's anti-slavery
paper, "The Liberator."
Forced abdication of Dom Pedro I. in Brazil;
accession of Dom Pedro II.
Founding of the system of National Schools in Ireland.
Revolt in the Papal States and in Modena and Parma
suppressed by Austrian troops;
exile of Mazzini from Italy.
Creation of the Kingdom of Belgium, Prince Leopold of
Saxe Coburg king.
Rebellion of Mehemet Ali, Pasha of Egypt, against the Porte.
Discovery of Magneto-electricity, by Faraday.
Publication of Poe's "The Raven."
Birth of General Sheridan (d. 1888).
1832.
Passage by the British Parliament of the bill to
Reform the Representation.
Passage of the Nullification Ordinance of South Carolina;
proclamation of President Jackson against the nullification
movement;
re-election of President Jackson.
The Indian war in America, called the Black Hawk War.
Resistance of Holland to the separation of Belgium;
bombardment of Antwerp by the French and English.
Merciless suppression of the Polish rebellion.
Civil war in Portugal.
Birth of Castelar.
1833.
Compensated emancipation of slaves in the
British West Indies.
Passage of the Compromise Tariff Bill in the United States;
removal of government deposits from the United States
Bank by President Jackson.
Beginning of the revolt of Abd-el-Kader against the French
in Algiers.
Election of Santa Anna to the Presidency of Mexico.
Death of Ferdinand VII. of Spain;
regency of Maria Christina;
insurgent proclamation of Don Carlos;
beginning of the civil war between Carlists and Christinos.
First Prussian treaty which formed the German Zollverein.
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi between Russia and Turkey.
Publication of Carlyle's "Sartus Resartus," and
Faraday's "Experimental Researches in Electricity."
Birth of General Gordon (d. 1885).
1834.
Resignation of Earl Grey from the premiership in the
English Ministry, succeeded first by Lord Melbourne and
after a brief interval by Sir Robert Peel.
Abolition of slavery in the British colonies.
Organization of the Whig party in the United States.
End of civil war in Portugal.
Publication of Dickens' "Sketches by Boz," and
Balzac's "Père Goriot."
1835.
Recall of Lord Melbourne to the English Ministry, and
retirement of Peel.
Exclusion of anti-slavery literature from the
United States mails;
passage of the act against anti-slavery petitions called
the "Atherton Gag."
Beginning of the second Seminole War.
Death of the Emperor Francis of Austria and accession
of Ferdinand I.
Publication of Browning's" Paracelsus," Thirlwall's
"History of Greece," Strauss's" Das Leben Jesu," and
De Tocqueville's "La Democratie en Amerique."
1836.
Election of Martin Van Buren President of the United States.
Admission of Arkansas to the American Union.
Texan independence of Mexico declared and won at San Jacinto.
First futile attempt of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte to effect
a revolution in France.
Publication of Dickens' "Pickwick."
1837.
Death of William IV. of England, and
accession of Queen Victoria.
Great commercial collapse In the United States;
Introduction of the sub-treasury system.
Founding of Melbourne in Australia.
Outbreak of the rebellion in Canada called
"the Patriot War."
Publication of Carlyle's" French Revolution,"
and Thackeray's "Yellowplush Papers."
Birth of Grover Cleveland.
Birth of Swinburne.
1838.
Beginning of the Chartist agitation in England.
Interference of England in affairs of Afghanistan.
The burning of the "Caroline" in Niagara river;
suppression of the Canadian rebellion.
Beginning of practically successful steam navigation
on the ocean.
Beginning of Cobden's agitation for the repeal of the
English Corn Laws.
1839.
Resignation of Lord Melbourne from the Government in England;
wreck of Peel's Ministry on the "Bedchamber Question";
return of Melbourne to office.
Invasion of Afghanistan by British forces and
dethronement of Dost Mahomed.
Daguerre's discoveries in photography.
1840.
Marriage of Queen Victoria of England to
Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg.
Adoption of Penny Postage in England.
Election of General William Henry Harrison
President of the United States;
the "Log-cabin and Hard-cider campaign."
Settlement of the Mormons at Nauvoo.
Second revolutionary attempt of
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte in France;
his imprisonment at Ham.
Reunion of Upper and Lower Canada.
Opium War of England with China.
Quadruple alliance for the settlement
of the Egyptian question;
British bombardment of Alexandria;
hereditary possession of the pashalik of Egypt secured
to Mehemet Ali.
1841.
Fall of the Melbourne Ministry in England;
Peel made Prime Minister.
Death of President Harrison;
advancement of Vice President John Tyler to the
Presidency of the United States;
his breach with the Whig party.
Revolt in Afghanistan;
frightful retreat and destruction of the British.
Founding of the Brook Farm Association in Massachusetts.
Birth of the Prince of Wales.
1842.
Negotiation of the Ashburton Treaty between Great Britain and
the United States, settling the northeastern boundary question.
Return of British forces to Cabul, Afghanistan.
End of the Opium War;
treaty of peace between England and China.
The Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island.
1843.
Disruption of the Church of Scotland.
Publication of Ruskin's "Modern Painters."
1844.
Election of James K. Polk President of the United States.
Completion, between Washington and Baltimore, of the first
line of electric telegraph, under the direction of Prof.
Morse.
Passage of the English Bank Charter Act.
Murder of Joe Smith, the founder of Mormonism, by a mob.
Publication of Dumas' "Trois Mousquetaires."
{3852}
1845.
Annexation of Texas to the American Union;
splitting of the Democratic party of the United States into
Hunkers and Barnburners, or Hard-Shells and Soft-Shells.
Beginning of the war of the English with the Sikhs.
Arctic expedition of Sir John Franklin from which he never
returned.
Publication of Carlyle's "Cromwell's Letters and Speeches,"
and Hawthorne's "Mosses from an Old Manse."
1846.
Repeal of the British Corn Laws.
The Potato Famine in Ireland.
War of the United States with Mexico;
defeat in the United States Senate of the "Wilmot Proviso,"
to exclude slavery from territory about to be acquired
from Mexico;
American conquest of California;
migration of the Mormons from Nauvoo to Great Salt Lake.
Settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute.
Adams' and Le Verrier's discovery of the planet Neptune
by mathematical calculation.
Patenting of the Sewing-machine by Elias Howe.
End of resistance to the French in Algiers;
surrender and imprisonment of Abd-el-Kader.
Publication of the first volume of Grote's
"History of Greece."
1847.
Successful campaign of General Scott in Mexico.
Civil war in Switzerland;
suppression of the Sonderbund.
Death of Daniel O'Connell.
Publication of Charlotte Bronte's "Jane Eyre," the first
part of Thackeray's "Vanity Fair,"
and Longfellow's "Evangeline."
Birth of Edison.
1848.
Revolution in France:
abdication and flight of the king;
creation of the National Workshops;
insurrection of the workmen, suppressed by General Cavaignac;
organization of the Second Republic,
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte President.
Revolutionary movement in Germany:
rioting in Berlin;
meeting of National Assembly at Frankfort;
election of Archduke John of Austria to be
Administrator of Germany;
forcible dispersion of the Prussian National Assembly.
Revolutionary risings in Austria and Hungary:
bombardment of Prague and Vienna;
abdication of the Emperor Ferdinand and accession of
Francis Joseph.
Revolutionary movements in Italy:
Neapolitan insurrection crushed by King Ferdinand II.;
expulsion of Austrians from Milan and Venice;
undertaking of Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, to support
and head the revolution, and his defeat by the Austrian
general Radetzky;
ineffectual concessions of Pope Pius IX. to the Romans;
his flight to Gaeta;
expulsion of the dukes of Modena and Parma and extortion
of a constitution from the grand-duke of Tuscany.
Suppression of the "Young Ireland" rebellion.
Schleswig-Holstein war in Denmark.
Revision of the constitution of the Swiss Confederation.
Last demonstration of the Chartists in England.
Organization of the Free Soil party of the United States
in convention at Buffalo;
election, by the Whigs, of General Zachary Taylor President
of the United States.
Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo between the United States and
Mexico;
purchase and cession of New Mexico and California to the
United States;
discovery of gold in California;
admission of Wisconsin to the American Union.
Publication of the first two volumes of Macaulay's
"History of England."
Birth of Arthur J. Balfour.
1849.
Framing of a constitution for a new Empire of Germany by
the National Assembly at Frankfort;
offer of the imperial crown to the king of Prussia and
its refusal;
failure of the work of the Assembly and end of the
revolutionary movement in Germany.
Declaration of Hungarian independence and formation of the
Hungarian Republic, with Louis Kossuth for its President;
interference of Russia to aid the Austrians in suppressing
the Magyar revolt;
surrender of Görgei;
escape of Kossuth and other leaders into Turkey.
Renewed attempt of Charles Albert of Sardinia against the
Austrians in Lombardy and his crushing defeat at Mortara
and Novara;
his resignation of the crown in favor of his son,
Victor Emmanuel II.;
siege and subjugation of Venice by Haynau.
End of the Schleswig-Holstein war.
Annexation of the Punjab to British India.
Repeal of the English Navigation Laws.
First explorations of Dr. Livingstone in Africa.
Determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat, by Joule.
Publication of the first part of Dickens'
"David Copperfield," Kingsley's "Alton Locke," and
Emerson's "Representative Men."
Sainte-Beuve's "Causerie du Lundi" begun
in the "Constitutionel."
1850.
Death of General Taylor, President of the United States,
and succession of the Vice President, Millard Fillmore;
slavery agitation on the question of the admission of
California;
Clay's Compromise measures;
Webster's Seventh of March Speech;
Seward's Higher Law Speech;
the Omnibus Bill;
passage of the Fugitive Slave Law.
Negotiation of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty between the
United States and Great Britain.
Restoration of the Roman episcopate in England.
Publication of Mrs. Browning's "Sonnets from the Portuguese,"
and Tennyson's "In Memoriam."
1851.
The Coup d' Etat of Louis Napoleon, destroying the French
Republic and making himself dictator.
Dismissal of Lord Palmerston from the British cabinet.
Discovery of gold in Australia;
separation of the colony of Victoria from New South Wales.
Outbreak of the Taiping Rebellion in China.
The Lopez filibustering expedition to Cuba.
Passage of the Massachusetts Free Public Library Act.
The first World's Fair, in London.
Visit of Kossuth to America.
Publication of Spencer's "Social Statics."
1852.
Defeat and resignation of the Russell Ministry;
the first Derby-Disraeli Ministry:
the Aberdeen Ministry.
Rise of the Know Nothing or American party in the
United States;
election by the Democratic party of Franklin Pierce
President of the United States.
Publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin."
Promulgation of a new Constitution for France by the dictator,
Louis Napoleon, soon followed by the revival of the Empire.
Second Anglo-Burmese War;
annexation of Pegu to British India.
1853.
Expedition of Commodore Perry to Japan.
Dispute between Russia and Turkey, leading to the Crimean War.
1854.
Repeal of the Missouri Compromise, in the United States,
by the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill;
rise of the Republican Party.
Negotiation of the Reciprocity Treaty between the United
States and Canada.
Treaties of Japan with the United States and Great Britain,
opening the former country to trade.
Promulgation by Pope Pius IX. of the dogma of the Immaculate
Conception of the Virgin Mary.
Alliance of England, France and Sardinia with Turkey
against Russia in the Crimean War;
siege of Sebastopol;
battles of the Alma, Balaclava, and Inkerman;
siege of Kars.
{3853}
1855.
Fall of the Aberdeen Ministry in England;
rise of Palmerston to the head of government.
Continued siege of Sebastopol.
Beginning of the struggle for Kansas between the supporters
and the opponents of Slavery in the United States.
Rise to power in Abyssinia of an adventurer afterwards
known as King Theodore.
Introduction of Civil Service Reform in Great Britain.
Walker's first filibustering invasion of Nicaragua.
Abolition of the Stamp tax on newspapers in England.
1856.
Assault on Mr. Sumner in the United States Senate by
Preston Brooks of South Carolina;
continued struggle in Kansas;
election of James Buchanan President of the United States.
Operations of the San Francisco Vigilance Committee.
Quarrel of England with China over the affair of the "Arrow."
Congress of Paris and treaty ending the Crimean War.
Publication of first part of Lotze's "Mikrokosmos."
1857.
Dred Scott decision by the Supreme Court of the United States.
Triumphant appeal of Palmerston to English voters on the
question of war with China;
alliance with France in the war;
capture of Canton.
The Sepoy Mutiny in India:
siege and capture of Delhi;
massacre of English at Cawnpore;
siege and relief of Lucknow.
Mountain Meadows Massacre and Mormon rebellion in Utah.
Publication of the first volume of Buckle's
"History of Civilization."
1858.
Fall of Palmerston, consequent on his Conspiracy Bill;
second Derby-Disraeli Ministry in England.
Debate between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, as
candidates for the United States Senate, from Illinois.
Regency of Prussia assumed by Prince William in consequence
of the mental incapacity of the king.
Treaty of peace between England, France and China.
Discovery of gold in Colorado.
Laying of the first Atlantic Cable, which quickly failed.
Assumption of the government of India by the British crown.
Beginning of the Fenian movement in Ireland.
Discovery of Lake Victoria Nyanza by Captain Speke.
Publication of George Eliot's "Scenes of Clerical Life,"
Tennyson's "Idylls of the King," and Holmes' "Autocrat of
the Breakfast Table."
1859.
War of Sardinia and France with Austria;
battles of Montebello, Magenta and Solferino;
defeat of Austria;
treaties of Villafranca and Zurich;
cession of Lombardy to Sardinia.
John Brown's invasion of Virginia and
seizure of Harper's Ferry;
his capture, trial and execution.
Admission of Oregon to the American Union.
Publication of Darwin's "Origin of Species,"
and George Eliot's "Adam Bede."
Return of Palmerston to the English premiership.
Separation of the colony of Queensland from New South Wales.
Renewed war of England and France with China.
Nationalization of Church property in Mexico;
suspension of payments on foreign debts.
1860.
Election of Abraham Lincoln President of the United States;
secession of South Carolina;
disunion message of President Buchanan;
the Crittenden Compromise and its failure;
treachery of Floyd, Secretary of War; occupation of
Fort Sumter by Major Anderson.
Franco-English capture of Pekin and destruction of
the summer palace.
Annexation of the Central Italian states to Sardinia
by popular vote;
cession of Savoy and Nice to France.
Negotiation of the Cobden-Chevalier commercial treaty
between England and France.
1861.
Secession of Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Louisiana,
Alabama and Texas from the American Union;
seizure of United States arsenals, arms and forts in
the seceded States;
abortive Peace Convention at Washington;
admission of Kansas to the Union;
adoption of a Constitution for the "Confederate States
of America," and organization of a Confederate government;
inauguration of Abraham Lincoln President of the United States;
outbreak of civil war by the attack of Confederate forces
on Fort Sumter;
rising of the North on President Lincoln's call to arms;
attack on Massachusetts Volunteers in Baltimore;
Secession of Virginia and North Carolina;
blockade of Southern ports;
proclamation of British neutrality by Queen Victoria;
declaration of General Butler that slaves are
Contraband of War;
fight at Big Bethel;
Secession of West Tennessee;
campaign of General McClellan in West Virginia;
Union advance from Washington and defeat at Bull Run;
depredations by the Confederate cruiser Sumter;
struggle with secession in Missouri, battles of Boonville
and Wilson's Creek;
appointment of General McClellan to the chief command
of the Union forces;
creation of the Army of the Potomac;
expedition against Fort Hatteras;
Fremont's emancipation proclamation modified by the President;
campaign of Rosecrans against Lee in West Virginia;
General Grant's first battle at Belmont;
Union disaster at Ball's Bluff;
Port Royal expedition;
the Trent affair (arrest of Mason and Slidell on a
British steamer) and its settlement.
Death of King Frederick William IV. of Prussia and
accession of his brother, William I.
Liberation of Sicily and Naples by Garibaldi;
Sardinian occupation of Umbria and the Marches;
proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy;
death of Cavour.
Polish insurrection at Warsaw.
1862.
Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley,
battle of Kernstown;
capture of Forts Henry and Donelson by General Grant;
expulsion of the Confederates from Missouri,
battle of Pea Ridge;
expedition of Burnside to Roanoke and capture of Newbern;
siege and capture of Fort Pulaski;
Union advance up the Tennessee and battle of Shiloh;
proposal of compensated emancipation by President Lincoln,
approved by Congress;
battle of the Monitor and the Merrimac in Hampton Roads;
capture of New Madrid on the Mississippi and Island No. 10;
movement of McClellan against Richmond by way of the
peninsula, battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, or Seven
Pines, Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Savage Station,
Glendale and Malvern Hill;
forcing of the lower Mississippi and capture of New Orleans;
separation of West Virginia from the Old Dominion;
abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia;
passage of the Homestead Act and the Legal Tender Act;
arming of freed negroes, evacuation of Norfolk by the
Confederates and destruction of the Merrimac;
second campaign of Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley;
first undertakings against Vicksburg;
capture of Memphis;
Confederate invasion of Kentucky by Bragg, battle of Perryville:
confiscation of the slave property of rebels;
beginning of the destructive career of the
Confederate cruiser Alabama;
end of the peninsular campaign and withdrawal of the
Army of the Potomac;
campaign under General Pope, battles of Cedar Mountain,
Second Bull Run and Chantilly;
Lee's invasion of Maryland and check by McClellan at
South Mountain and Antietam;
preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation by President Lincoln;
successes by Grant at Iuka and Corinth;
battle of Prairie Grove in Arkansas;
removal of McClellan from command of the Army of
the Potomac and appointment of Burnside;
disastrous attack on Fredericksburg;
second Union attempt against Vicksburg;
victory of Rosecrans at Stone River.
Land-grant of the United States for industrial colleges.
Intervention of Louis Napoleon in Mexico;
creation of the empire under Maximilian of Austria.
Bismarck made chief minister of the king of Prussia.
Revolution in Greece;
deposition of King Otho;
election of Prince George of Denmark to the Greek throne;
annexation of the Ionian Islands.
Attempt of Garibaldi against Rome checked by the
Italian government;
his defeat and capture at Aspromonte.
Publication of Spencer's "First Principles."
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1863.
President Lincoln's final Proclamation of Emancipation;
passage of the National Bank Act, and the Conscription Act;
Hooker's disaster at Chancellorsville;
death of Stonewall Jackson;
naval attack on Charleston;
Grierson's raid;
Grant's siege and capture of Vicksburg;
Banks' siege and capture of Port Hudson;
Lee's second invasion of the North;
battle of Gettysburg;
Draft riots in the city of New York;
Morgan's raid into Ohio and Indiana;
assault on Fort Wagner;
battles of Bristol Station and Rappahannock Station;
Burnside's advance into East Tennessee;
defeat of Rosecrans at Chickamauga;
siege and reduction of Fort Wagner;
Grant's victory at Chattanooga;
siege of Knoxville;
President Lincoln's Address at Gettysburg, and
Proclamation of Amnesty.
Death of Frederick VII. of Denmark and
accession of Christian IX.;
reopening of the Schleswig-Holstein question;
coalition of Prussia and Austria against Denmark.
Appointment of General Gordon to command in China.
Confederation of the United States of Colombia.
Rebellion in Poland.
Political organization of Socialism in Germany by Lassalle.
Publication of Huxley's "Man's Place in Nature,"
and Renan's "Vie de Jesus."
1864.
Reconstruction in Louisiana and Arkansas, the President's
plan and the Congressional plan;
Sherman's Meridian expedition;
Kilpatrick and Dahlgren's raid to Richmond;
appointment of General Grant to
the chief command of the army;
Banks' Red River expedition;
Price's invasion of Missouri;
Forrests' capture of Fort Pillow and massacre
of colored soldiers;
Grant's movement on Richmond, battles of the Wilderness,
Spottsylvania Court House, and Cold Harbor;
Sherman's movement on Atlanta, battles of New Hope Church,
Kenesaw and Peach Tree Creek;
Sheridan's raids to Richmond and Trevelyan Station;
Grant's siege of Petersburg, battle of Reams' station;
destruction of the Alabama by the Kearsarge;
Greeley and Jaques-Gilmore peace missions;
Early's invasion of Maryland;
Farragut's great battle in Mobile Bay;
Sheridan's campaign against Early in the Shenandoah Valley,
battles of Winchester, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek;
Sherman's clearing of Atlanta;
Hood's movement into Tennessee and defeat by Thomas at
Franklin and Nashville;
re-election of President Lincoln;
St. Albans raid from Canada;
Cushing's destruction of the ram Albemarle;
Sherman's March to the Sea and occupation of Savannah.
Schleswig-Holstein war: Austro-Prussian
conquest of the duchies.
Detention and imprisonment of foreigners in Abyssinia
by King Theodore.
End of the Taiping Rebellion in China.
Publication of the Encyclical "Quanta cura" and the
Syllabus of Pope Pius IX.
Organization at London of the International.
1865.
Adoption by the Congress of the United States of the
Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment, prohibiting
slavery forever;
creation of the Freedman's Bureau;
Hampton Roads Peace Conference;
evacuation of Charleston by the Confederates;
Sherman's northward march from Savannah;
battle of Bentonsville;

occupation of Wilmington by Schofield;
battle of Kinston;
second inauguration of President Lincoln;
battle of Five Forks;
evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond by the Confederates;
battle of Sailor's Creek;
surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court House;
assassination of President Lincoln;
succession of Andrew Johnson, Vice President,
to the Presidency;
surrender of General Johnston;
fall of Mobile;
capture of Jefferson Davis;
end of the Rebellion;
opening of the conflict between Congress and
President Johnson on questions of Reconstruction.
Death of Lord Palmerston in England;
premiership of Lord John Russell.
Transfer of the capital of Italy to Florence.
Ferocious suppression of an insurrection in Jamaica
by Governor Eyre.
Beginning of war between Paraguay and Brazil.
1866.
Quarrel of Austria and Prussia over the administration
of Schleswig and Holstein;
alliance of Prussia with Italy;
outbreak of the Seven Weeks War;
decisive Prussian victory at Sadowa, or Königgrätz;
treaty of Prague;
exclusion of Austria from the Germanic political system;
formation of the North German Confederation;
incorporation of the kingdom of Hanover, the electorate of
Hesse, the duchies of Nassau, Schleswig and Holstein, and
the free city of Frankfort, by Prussia.
Success of Austria in the war with Italy, at Custozza on
the land and at Lissa on the sea;
success of Italy in the settlement of peace, receiving
Venetia, on the demand of Prussia.
Wreck of the Ministry of Lord John Russell on a reform bill;
third Derby-Disraeli administration.
Fenian invasion of Canada from the United States.
Laying of the first successful Atlantic Cable.
Beginning of the struggle of the Cretans for deliverance
from the Turkish yoke.
Reconstruction riot in New Orleans.
Organization of the Patrons of Husbandry in the United States.
Passage of the first Civil Rights Bill by the Congress of
the United States over the President's veto;
Congressional adoption of the Fourteenth Constitutional
Amendment.
Formation of the Ku-Klux Klan in the Southern States.
1867.
Passage of the Disraeli Reform Bill by the British Parliament.
Purchase of Alaska by the United States from Russia.
Federation of Austria and Hungary in the Austro-Hungarian
Empire.
Federation of the provinces of British America, forming
the Dominion of Canada.
Purchase of the title of Khedive from the Sultan by Ismail
Pasha of Egypt.
Fenian risings in Ireland.
Renewed attempt by Garibaldi to liberate Rome from the
Papal government;
his defeat by the French at Mentana.
Withdrawal of the French from Mexico;
fall of the empire;
execution of Maximilian.
Passage of the Military Reconstruction Acts by the
Congress of the United States;
extension of suffrage to blacks in the District of Columbia.
{3855}
1868.
Withdrawal of Lord Derby from the British Ministry;
advancement of Disraeli to the premiership;
passage of reform bills for Scotland and Ireland;
defeat of the ministry on the Irish Church question;
resignation of Disraeli;
first administration of Mr. Gladstone.
Revolution in Spain and flight of Queen Isabella to France.
British expedition for the rescue of captives in Abyssinia;
storming of Magdala;
suicide of King Theodore.
Negotiation of the Burlingame Treaty between China and
the United States.
Revolution in Japan;
abolition of the Shogunate;
restoration of the authority of the Mikado.
Occupation of Samarcand by the Russians
Impeachment, and trial of President Johnson in
the United States;
election of General Grant to the American Presidency.
Ratification by the States of the Fourteenth Amendment
to the Constitution of the United States.
1869.
Disestablishment of the Irish Church.
Negotiation of the Johnson-Clarendon Treaty between the
United States and Great Britain, rejected by the
United States Senate.
Expiration of the charter of the Hudson Bay Company and
incorporation of its territory in the Dominion of Canada.
Creation of the United States Bureau of Education.
Opening of the Suez Canal.
"Black Friday" in New York.
Organization of the Knights of Labor.
Congressional adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment to the
Constitution of the United States.
Adoption of a monarchical constitution in Spain;
regency of Marshal Serrano.
Adoption of Woman Suffrage at municipal elections in
England, and at all elections in Wyoming Territory.
Publication of Hartmann's "Philosophie des Unbewusstens."
1870.
Sudden occurrence of the Franco-German War:
invasion of France by the Germans;
victories at Wörth, Spichern, Gravelotte, and Sedan;
captivity of the French emperor;
revolution at Paris;
fall of the Empire;
investment and siege of Paris by the Germans;
surrender of Bazaine at Metz;
unsuccessful resistance in the provinces.
Completion of the new Germanic Confederation, embracing the
states of South Germany, with the North German Confederation,
and having the king of Prussia for its president.
Passage of Mr. Gladstone's first Irish Land Bill by
the British Parliament.
Passage of the Education Bill in England.
Occupation of Rome by the troops of the king of Italy;
plebiscite for annexation to the Italian kingdom;
end of the temporal sovereignty of the Pope.
Election of Amadeo, of Italy, to the Spanish throne.
Completed reconstruction of the American Union;
ratification of the Fifteenth Constitutional Amendment.
1871.
Capitulation of Paris;
peace preliminaries of Versailles and treaty of Frankfort;
French cession of Alsace and part of Lorraine, with five
milliards of francs indemnity;
election and meeting of a National Assembly at Bordeaux;
organization of the Third Republic with Thiers
as its President;
evacuation of Paris by the Germans, followed by the
insurrection of the Communists and their seizure of the city;
siege and reduction of Paris by the national government.
Assumption by King William of Prussia of the title
"German Emperor";
proclamation of the constitution of the new Empire.
Negotiation and ratification of the Treaty of Washington,
between the United States and Great Britain;
meeting of the Tribunal of Arbitration at Geneva, for the
settlement of the Alabama claims.
Gradual emancipation of slaves enacted in Brazil.
First attempts at Civil Service Reform in the United States,
made by President Grant.
Exposure of the Tweed Ring in New York.
The Great Fire in Chicago.
Transfer of the capital of Italy from Florence to Rome.
Abolition of feudalism in Japan.
Passage of the Force Bill by the Congress of the United States.
The finding of Dr. Livingstone in Africa by Henry M. Stanley.
Publication of Darwin's "Descent of Man," and
Swinburne's "Songs before Sunrise."
1872.
Award of the Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration in settlement
of the Alabama Claims.
Re-election of General Grant, President of the United States.
The Credit Mobilier Scandal in the United States Congress.
1873.
Resignation of President Thiers in France and
election of Marshall MacMahon.
Passage of the May Laws in the Prussian Diet, opening the
contest with the Catholic Church known as the Kulturkampf.
Appearance of the Home Rule movement in Irish politics.
Abdication of the throne of Spain by Amadeo;
unsuccessful attempt at republican government.
Financial panic in the United States.
1874.
Fall of the Gladstone Government in England;
return of Disraeli to power.
General Gordon's first appointment in the Sudan.
Restoration of monarchy in Spain, under Alphonso XII.,
son of Queen Isabella.
Publication of the first volume of Stubb's
"Constitutional History."
1875.
Adoption of a constitution in France.
Revolt against Turkish rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Passage of the second Civil Rights Bill by the
Congress of the United States.
1876.
Founding of the International African Association by
King Leopold of Belgium.
Insurrection in Bulgaria, suppressed with atrocious
cruelty by the Turks.
Holding of the United States Centennial Exhibition
at Philadelphia.
First exhibition of the Telephone, by Professor Graham Bell.
Disputed Presidential Election in the United States.
1877.
War of Servia with the Turks;
defeat of the Servians.
Russo-Turkish War;
sieges of Plevna and Kars.
Assumption by Queen Victoria of the
title "Empress of India."
First election of Porfirio Diaz to the Presidency of
the Mexican republic.
Creation of the Electoral Commission in the United States;
award of the Presidential election to Rutherford B. Hayes.
Return of Stanley from his expedition across Africa,
exploring the Congo.
1878.
Second war of the English in Afghanistan.
End of the Russo-Turkish war;
Treaty of San Stefano, superseded by the Congress and
Treaty of Berlin;
independence secured to Servia and Roumania;
transfer of Bosnia to Austria;
division of Bulgaria into two states.
Election of Pope Leo XIII.
Passage of the Bland Silver Bill in the United States.
1879.
Resignation of the Presidency of the French Republic
by Marshal MacMahon and election of M. Jules Grevy.
Massacre of English in Cabul;
occupation of the Afghan capital by British forces;
deposition of the Ameer.
Beginning of war between Chile and Peru.
Organization of the Land League in Ireland.
Zulu War in South Africa.
Formation of the International Congo Association.
{3856}
1880.
Resignation of Disraeli from the British Ministry and
return of Gladstone to power;
passage of Gladstone's Second Irish Land Act.
Renewed war against the English in Afghanistan.
Election of James A. Garfield
President of the United States.
1881.
Occupation of Tunis by the French.
Evacuation of Afghanistan by the British forces.
Submission of Peru to Chile.
Advent of the Mahdi in the Sudan.
Arabi's revolt in Egypt.
Suppression of the Irish Land League and arrest of
Mr. Parnell and others.
Institution of local assemblies in Japan.
Assassination of the Czar Alexander II.
Capture of Geok Tepe by Skobeleff, the Russian general.
War of Great Britain with the Boers.
Assassination of President Garfield;.
succession of Vice President Arthur to the
Presidency of the United States.
1882.
Death M. Gambetta, in France.
Elevation of Servia to the rank of a kingdom.
British bombardment of Alexandria.
Phœnix Park murders, of Lord Frederick Cavendish and
Mr. Burke, at Dublin.
Beginning of work on De Lesseps' Panama Canal.
1883.
Death of the Comte de Chambord (called Henry V. by his
supporters), claimant of the crown of France and last of
the elder line of the Bourbons.
Passage in England of the Act for Prevention of
Corrupt and Illegal Practices at Elections.
Destruction of Hicks Pasha and his army by the
Mahdists of the Sudan.
Passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Bill in
the United States.
Suppression of Arabi's rebellion;
British occupation of Egypt.
1884.
War of the French in Tonquin and with China.
Passage in England of the Third Reform Bill.
Meeting of the Berlin Conference to settle questions of
acquisition in Africa.
Beleaguerment of General Gordon at Khartoum by the Mahdists;
British rescue expedition.
Occupation of Merv by the Russians and completed conquest
of the Turcomans.
Election of Grover Cleveland President of the United States.
1885.
Overthrow of the Gladstone Government in Great Britain and
brief reign of Lord Salisbury.
Revolutionary reunion of the two Bulgarias.
Fall of Khartoum and death of Gordon.
Transformation of the Congo Association into the
Independent State of Congo.
1886.
Banishment of the Bourbon princes from France.
Recall of Gladstone to the head of
the Government in England;
his Home Rule Bill for Ireland and its defeat;
resignation of Gladstone and return of Salisbury;
division of the Liberal Party.
Anarchist crime in Chicago.
Undertaking of the "Plan of Campaign" in Ireland.
1887. Forced resignation of President Grevy, in France,
and election of M. Sadi Carnot.
Revision of the constitution of the
kingdom of the Netherlands.
Tariff Message of President Cleveland.
African expedition of Stanley to rescue Emin Pasha.
1888.
Threatening intrigues of General Boulanger in France;
his prosecution and flight.
Bankruptcy of the Panama Canal Company.
Death of the German Emperor William I.;
accession and death of Frederick III.,
and accession of William II.
Incorporation in the German Zollverein of Hamburg and
Bremen, the last of the Free Cities.
Final abolition of slavery in Brazil.
Inquiry into Irish matters by the Parnell Commission.
Defeat of the Mills Tariff Bill in the United States Senate.
Election of General Benjamin Harrison
President of the United States.
1889.
Abdication of King Milan of Servia in favor of his young son.
Revolution in Brazil;
expulsion of the Emperor and royal family from the country.
Promulgation of the Constitution of Japan.
Opening of Oklahoma to settlement.
Destruction of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, by flood.
Admission of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and
Washington, to the American Union.
Chartering of the British South Africa Company.
Publication of Bryce's "American Commonwealth."
1890.
Dismissal of Bismarck from office by the
German Emperor William II.
Commercial collapse and political revolution in the
Argentine Republic.
Organization of the Republic of the United States of Brazil.
Expulsion of Jews from Russia.
Passage of the McKinley Tariff Act in the United States.
Admission of Idaho and Wyoming to the American Union.
Passage of the Sherman Silver Act.
Anglo-German Convention defining boundaries in Africa.
1891.
Dictatorship proclaimed by President Fonseca of Brazil,
producing revolt;
resignation of the President;
installation of Floriano Peixoto.
Civil war in Chile;
defeat and suicide of President Balmaceda.
Establishment of free schools in England.
Death of Mr. Parnell.
1892.
The Panama Canal Scandal in France.
Election in Great Britain of a Parliament favorable to
Home Rule for Ireland;
resignation of the Salisbury Ministry;
reascendency of Gladstone;
passage of the Irish Home Rule Bill by the House of Commons
and its defeat by the Lords.
Evacuation of Uganda by the British East Africa Company.
Passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act by the Congress
of the United States.
Election of Grover Cleveland President of the United States.
Revolution in Venezuela.
Difficulty between the United States and Chile.
1893.
The World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago.
Revolution in the Hawaian Islands.
Suspension of free coinage of silver in India.
Repeal of the Sherman Silver Act by the
Congress of the United States.
Revision of the Belgian Constitution.
War of the British South Africa Company with the Matabele.
Popular vote in Colorado for the extension of equal
suffrage to women.
1894.
Assassination of President Carnot, in France;
election of M. Casimir-Périer.
War between Japan and China.
The strike at Pullman, Illinois, and the "sympathy strike"
of the American Railway Union.
The "Coxey movement" in the United States.
Passage of the Wilson Tariff Act.
Turkish atrocities in Armenia.
Passage of enabling act for the admission of Utah
to the American Union.
Triumph of the Peixoto government over the insurgents in Brazil.
Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Ship Canal.
Death of Alexander III., Czar of Russia;
accession of Nicholas II.
1895.
Resignation of M. Casimir-Périer,
President of the French Republic;
election of M. François Felix Faure to succeed him.
Armistice pending negotiations between China and Japan.
{3857}

LINEAGE OF THE WEST SAXON KINGS OF ENGLAND and

LINEAGE OF THE DUKES OF NORMANDY TO THE CONQUEST OF ENGLAND.

{3858}