Waterways and Water Transport in Different Countries / With a description of the Panama, Suez, Manchester, Nicaraguan, and other canals. - J. Stephen Jeans

**COMPARATIVE AREA OF SEAS.**
			Square Miles.
Total	area of	Caspian Sea	178,000
”	”	Black Sea	172,500
”	”	Mediterranean	976,000
”	”	German Ocean	244,000
”	”	Baltic	135,000
”	”	White Sea	40,000

[INDEX.]

A.
Addison, quotation from, [94]
Aire and Calder Canal, [49];
cost of transport on, [383];
system of towage on, [402];
sluices, [432];
boats on, [461]
Allen’s, Capt., proposals for Jordan route to India, [273]
Allport, Sir James, on the cost of mineral traffic, [390]
Alpine Canal, [106]
Amazon river, [229]
American canals, plans of, [266-267];
lakes, cost of transport on, [386]
Amsterdam Canal, [19], [147]
Ancients, skilled in canal-making, [22]
Aqueduct, Chirk, [48]
Archipelago, first attempts to unite Ionian Sea with, [13]
Arkwright’s first patent for spinning frame, [ 8]
Austria-Hungary, waterways of, [185];
Danube regulation works, [184];
canals, [190]
Avon, improvement of, [23]
B.
Backwater (India), [243]
Bailey, Ald., on sea transport, [385];
on canal transport, [401]
Baltic and Caspian Seas, junction of, [18];
canals connecting the, [175], [176]
Barge, proposed, for mowing weeds, [466]
Barges, on Leeds and Liverpool Canal, [400];
use of as tugs, [401]
Bartholomew, steamboat trains on Aire and Calder Canal, [383];
system of towage on Aire and Calder, [402]
Barton Aqueduct on Bridgwater Canal, [428]
Belgium, waterways of, [134];
ship canals of, [135];
canal from Ostend to Bruges, [138];
the Terneuzen Canal lift, [140];
the Scheldt Navigation, [142];
economical conditions of water transport in, [143];
extent and income of Belgian canals, [143]
Bengal, canal system, [240]
Beresinsk Canal, [176]
Berlin, traffic of, [133]
Birmingham Canal, [49], [51];
embankment of, [430];
and London, water connection between, [58];
proposed connection between and the sea, [89]
Black Sea and German Ocean, first attempts to unite, [13];
and Caspian, junction of, [18];
and Azov Canal, [182]
Blackman, Col., locks proposed by, for Nicaraguan Canal, [418]
Blackmore, Sir R., quotation from, [116]
Boats employed on British canals, [55];
size of on different English canals, [56];
on French canals, [414];
numbers and tonnage capacity of, on French waterways, [115];
on German waterways, [131], [133];
on Russian canals, [183];
on Indian canals, [239], [463];
on American rivers and lakes, [388];
on different canals, [460];
on English canals, [462]
Bourgogne Canal, [464]
Brahmapootra river, [240]
Bread, price of, in seventeenth century, [ 8]
Briare, Canal de, [v]
Bridgwater, Duke of, [11];
canal, [24];
history of, [41];
cost of transport of coal on, [40];
aqueduct on, [344];
charges on, [387];
system of transport on, [402];
underground plane on, [412]
Brindley, genius of, [11];
projected system of main waterways by, [11];
construction of Bridgwater Canal by, [43];
his first lock, [411]
Bristol and London, proposed improved waterway between, [88]
British rivers, [23]
” shipping and the Suez Canal Company, [267]
Briton Canal, [52]
Brussels and Charleroi Canal, lift on, [421]
Bude Canal, Cornwall, inclines on, [413]
Buonaparte, Napoleon, and the Suez Canal, [249]
Burke, Edmund, on our foreign commerce, [16];
on tyranny, [469]
C.
Cable Haulage on the St. Maurice Canal, [403]
Caerdyke, the, a Roman waterway, [23]
Cæsar, Julius, Caligula and Nero, canal-makers, [13]
Calcutta Canals, [240]
Caledonian Canal, [19], [69]
Camden, on the Clyde, [63];
on the Mersey, [28]
Canada, waterways of, [216];
Welland Canal, [216];
Cornwall Canal, [224];
Sault St. Marie Canal, [225];
Canadian canal system, [225];
Ottawa river, [227];
St. Lawrence river, [228]
Canadian dredger, the, [452];
canals, boats on, [461]
Canal Acts, period of first, [11], [365];
boats, [469];
categories of, [iii];
mania, [365-69];
engineering, [15];
companies’ shares, fluctuations in, [17];
system of Great Britain, [40];
gauge, differences of, [53];
extent of, [54];
examples of, [61];
traffic, [441];
navigation in England, chronology of, [475]
Canals, ship, projected in United Kingdom, [21], [82];
owned by railway companies and employés thereon, [53];
mileage of, connecting chief navigable rivers, [54];
system of, between London and Birmingham, [58];
advantages offered by, [60];
extent of, completed and projected in Germany, [133];
speed on, [435];
see English, French, German, Dutch, &c.
Capital expenditure on railways, [377]
Caspian and other seas, junction of, [19]
Centre, Canal du (France), [415]
Ceylon and India, proposed connecting canal, [241]
Chagres river, and Panama Canal, [305]
Chain traction in France, [395];
in Germany, [396]
Charlemagne, canals projected by, [13]
Charleroi Canal, [384]
Cheap canal transport, conditions required for, [474]
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, [206]
Chesney, Capt., and the Suez Canal, [249];
and the Euphrates Valley route, [271]
Chinese waterways, [232];
piers, [410]
Chronology of river improvement and canal navigation in England, [475]
Cities and seaboard facilities, [21];
boats, [466]
Clyde, the river, [63]
Coal, production of, 130 years ago, [ 2];
scarcity of in seventeenth century, [ 8];
transportation, cost of, [40];
supply of Paris, [96]
Colonies, British exports to, [16]
Compensation tolls, [473]
Competition of railways and canals, [369];
in France, [441]
Conder, Mr., on the cost of mineral traffic, [390]
Condreux excavator, [449], [458]
Conservancy of rivers, principles of, [36]
Contracts for works on Suez Canal, details of, [254]
Corinth, Isthmus of, canal attempted by Cæsar, Caligula and Nero, [13];
description of, [346]
Cornwall Canal (Canada), [224]
Cortez and the Isthmus of Panama, [274]
Cost of transport by turnpike roads and railways, [15];
reduction of by canals, [40-41];
of remodelling canal system of United Kingdom, [ x], [54];
present cost by English canals, [55];
of transport of coal to Paris, [115];
of works on the Dortmund and Emden Canal, [129];
on the Oder and Upper Spree Navigation, [130];
by different systems of transport, [281];
of Panama Canal, [287];
of the proposed Nicaraguan Canal, [324];
of water and land transport, [375];
on lakes and Erie Canal, [380];
on Elbe Canals, [383];
on Aire and Calder Canal, [383], [389];
horse and steam towing, [384]
Crapone, Adam de, canal maker, [14]
Crinan Canal, [72]
Cunda Canal, [170]
Cuttings, large, in England, [449]
D.
Dalsland Canal, [167]
Dampier, and the Panama Canal, [275]
Dams, principal canal, [433]
Danube and Rhine, first attempts to unite, [13];
river improvement, [185];
dredgers employed on, [457]
Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, [214]
” Raritan Canal, locks on, [423]
Density of traffic on German water- and railways, [132];
on French canals, [445], [446]
Desague Real de Huchuetoca, [230]
Deûle and Neufossés Canals, locomotive haulage on, [402]
Distance, saving of by the Suez Canal, [260];
by Nicaraguan Canal, [328];
by Isthmus of Corinth Canal, [346]
Dodd, Ralph, apparatus for canal excavation, [448]
Don river, [184]
Dortmund and Emden Canal, [128]
Dredger, the Couvreux, [451];
the Canadian, [452];
the Otago, [454];
the La Châtre, [454]
Dredging machines on Panama Canal, [309-312]
” operations, cost of, on Humber, [455];
on Clyde, Tyne, Wear, Tees, and Birmingham Canal, [456]
Dudley Canal, [51];
tunnel, [427]
Dutch Canals. See Holland.
Dykes, repair of canal, in Holland, [151]
E.
Edinburgh Review on the Suez Canal, [19], [266];
on the Panama Canal, [310];
on canal property, [471]
Egypt, occupation of by England, [264]
Eiffel, M., sluices for Panama Canal, [301], [409]
Elbe, the river, [116];
canals, cost of transport on, [383];
early propulsion, experiments on, [395]
Elbing Highland Canals, [148]
Ellesmere Canal, [47];
viaduct on the, [427]
Embankments, [424]
Employés on British Railways and Canals, comparison of, [53]
Ems, the river, [117], [118]
Engineers, hydraulic, [12]
England and Wales, rivers of, [23];
canals of, [40];
boats on, [462];
progress of inland navigation in, [ v]
Epochs in history of canals, [18]
Erewash Canal, [18]
Erie Canal, [194], [202], [215];
competition of with railways, [379]
Euphrates Valley route to India, [270]
Excavators, [449]
Exeter Canal, [11]
Exports from United Kingdom, [16]
Eyder, the river, [123];
the canal, [124]
F.
Falmark, Capt., and the Panama route, [276]
Farrar, Sir Thomas, on state of British Canals, [472]
Finland, canals of, [183]
Florida Ship Canal, proposed, [213]
Forth and Clyde Canal, [66];
section of, [67];
proposed new canal, [83]
” Bridge, the, [73]
Fossdyke navigation, [18];
Roman origin of, [23]
France, cost of canal system of, in 1880, [97];
cost of river improvement in, [98];
expenditure on ports of, [98];
traffic of principal river basins, [99];
early canals of, [99];
canal of Languedoc, [100];
Crappone Canal, [105];
Alpines Canal, [106];
Lens La Deûle Canal, [107];
Marne Canal, [108];
canalisation of the Moselle, [110];
Mediterranean and Biscay Canal, [111];
Rhone Canals, [112];
St. Louis Canal, [112];
mania for canals, in, [ v]
French canals: Charolais, [14];
Languedoc, [14];
waterways, [93];
general character of system, [94];
total tonnage carried on canals, [94];
canals compared with railways, [95];
density of traffic on, [98];
size of locks on principal, [113];
law of 1879 as to dimensions of, [113];
cost of transport on, [387];
locks on, [414]
French rivers, [115]
Froude, Mr., on Panama Canal, [310]
G.
Ganges, river, [240]
German Ocean and Black Sea, first attempts to unite, [13];
waterways, traffic on, [382];
railways, cost of transport on, [383]
Germany, waterways of, [116];
river systems, [116];
the Rhine, [117];
the Ems, [118];
the Mosel, [118];
the Rhine and Danube Canal, [119];
the Oder and Elbe Canal, [120];
the Holstein Canal, [121];
North Sea and Baltic Ship Canal, [122];
Rhine-Ems Canal, [127];
Scheldt and Rhine Canal, [127];
Dortmund and Emden Canal, [128];
Oder and Upper Spree Canal, [129];
traffic on German waterways, [130]
Glamorganshire and Aberdare Canal, [52]
Gloucester and Berkeley Canal, system of towage on, [402]
Gotha Canal (Sweden), [164];
West Gotha Canal, [167]
Government control of waterways, [470]
Grand Canal (Ireland), [80];
(China), [232], [302]
” Junction Canal, locks on, [415]
Great sluice, Boston, [37]
H.
Hamburg, traffic of, [133]
Hargreaves, invention of spinning-jenny by, [ 9]
Haskew’s excavator, [448]
Haulage and transport, systems of, [391];
cost of different methods of, [440]
Henry II. and the canal of Charolais (France), [14]
History, personal, of canal navigation, [13]
Holland, waterways of, [145];
North Holland Canal, [145];
Haarlem Canal, [146];
North Sea Canal, [146];
Amsterdam Ship Canal, [147];
Elbing Highland Canals, [148];
Voorne Canal, Niewe-waterweg, Walcheren and South Beveland Canals, [149];
Afwaterings Kanaal; canalised river Ijssel;Keulsche Vaart, Meppelerdiep,
Drentsche, Hoofdvaart, Kolonievaart, and Willemsvaart, [150];
Apeldoorn Canal, Noordervaart, and Dokkum Canal, [151];
construction of canals in seventeenth century, [365]
Holstein Canal, the, [121]
Hoogly river, [240]
Horace Walpole, robbed in streets of London, [ 3]
Horse towing, cost of, [384]
Humboldt, on the volcanoes of Nicaragua, [317]
Hungary, canals of, [190]
Hyegra and Kovja Canal, [181]
I.
Ice on Canals, dealing with, [467]
Inclines for canals, [413]
India, British, waterways of, [237];
Madras Presidency, and Delta Canals, [238];
Godavery delta, [239];
Calcutta Canal, [240];
Naddea rivers, [240];
Madras Canals, [241];
Ramisseram Canal, [241];
Indus canals, [242];
Ganges and Hoogly, [239], [442];
recent Indian Canals, [243];
South Malabar and Travancore Canals, [243];
projected Palk Straits Canal, [244]
India, Euphrates Valley route to, [270];
Jordan route to, [272];
boats on canals of, [463]
Indus river, the, [243]
Inventions of 18th century, [ 8]
Ireland linen manufacture of, [ 9];
waterways of, [74]
Irish rivers and canals, minor, [78]
” Sea and Birkenhead Ship Canal, proposed, [87]
Iron, production of, 130 years ago, [ 2]
Irrigation canals in Italy, [160];
tanks or reservoirs in India, [241]
Irwell and Mersey, proposed improvement of, [26], [35]
Isthmian Canals, [xii]
Italy, waterworks of, [153];
early canals in, [153];
the Tiber, [157];
the Villoresi Canal, [158];
the canals of Venice, [159];
irrigation canals, [160];
river Po, [162];
projected canals, [163];
early sluice-gates in, [409]
Itchin Dyke, a Roman waterway, [24]
J.
Johnson, Dr., an enemy to canals, [369]
Jordan, proposed canal from Acre to the, [273]
K.
Kattegat and Skager Rack, [126]
Kennet and Avon Canal, [45]
Ketley, William, first inclined plane, [411]
L.
Lakes, American, commerce of the, [213];
transport on, [386];
areas of, [494]
La Louviére hydraulic lift, [420]
Land transport, conditions of, [376]
Languedoc Canal, [ v], [14], [19], [100]
Leeds and Liverpool Canal, [12], [44]; cost of transport on, [383]
Lens la Deûle Canal, [106]
Lesseps, M. de, portrait of, [261]; plans of, for Suez Canal, [250]
Level, differences of, on English canals, [436]
Levy’s system of cable haulage, [403]
Lifts, canal, [420]
Liverpool and Manchester, cost of transport between, [40];
traffic carried between, [41];
Goole and Hull, section of navigation between, [50]
Lloyd, Capt., and the Panama route, [276];
E. J., on best size of locks, [417];
Samuel, on national canal, [viii]
Locking, length of operation, [464]
Locks size of, between London and Birmingham, [58];
dimensions of on principal French canals, [113], [415];
different systems of, [409], [414];
earliest, [411];
on English canals, [415];
on St. Mary’s Falls and Welland canals, [417];
on Manchester Ship Canal, [418];
on Nicaraguan Canal, [418]
Locomotive haulage on canals, [402];
on French canals, [403]
London, condition of streets of, in eighteenth century, [ 3];
through water routes between, and manufacturing districts, [12];
and Birmingham, water routes between, [58];
and Bristol, canal connection between, [88];
traffic of port of, [97]
Lord Clarence Paget, on the Languedoc canal, [100]
Loughborough Canal, [18]
Louis XIV. and the Languedoc Canal, [14]
Louvain Canal, cost of horse towing on, [384]
M.
Macaulay, Lord, on inventions which abridge distance, [ 1];
on condition of England at end of seventeenth century, [ 4]
Maclaren, Charles, on railways and canals, [368];
on economical transport, [436]
Madras, canal system, [241]
Magdalena river, [229]
Maintenance, expense of, on railway and canals,
Manchester Ship Canal, [19], [329];
probable trade of, [330];
history of, [332];
docks, [333];
works, [337];
sections, [340];
Brindley’s aqueduct, [343];
and Liverpool, cost of transport between, [40];
works on, [448]
Marco Polo, [232]
Markets often inaccessible at end of seventeenth century, [ 6]
Marne Canal, [108]
Masonry weir on Cavour Canal, [434]
Menes, construction of waterways by, [13]
Menocal, on the Nicaraguan Canal, [323]
Merchandise, general, on canals, [441]
Mersey and Irwell, proposed improvement of, [26];
development of, [26], [27]
Miami and Erie Canal, [202]
Milan, canals of, [153], [411]
Milton, on British rivers, [23]
Monkland Canal, [68];
inclines employed on, [413]
Morris Canal, 205; inclines on, [413]
Mosel or Moselle, the river, [118];
canalisation of the, [110]
N.
Napoleon III. and the Nicaraguan Canal, [14], [316].
See Buonaparte
Natural condition of earth’s surface, [ 2]
Navigation, length of, on principal English canals, [56];
map showing extent of English canal, [57];
between London and Birmingham, [58];
development of inland, in England, [vi]
Neath Canal, [52]
Nene and Ouse, the, [34]
Nero, a canal builder, [13]
Netherton tunnel, [427]
Neutralisation of waterways, importance of, [ 9]
New York State, canals of, see United States; Act of Legislature, [465]
Nicaragua lake, [317]
Nicaraguan Canal [14], [314];
history of, [317];
description of proposed, [319];
locks, [321];
basins, [322];
estimates of cost, [324];
harbours, [327];
saving of distances by, [328];
locks proposed for, [418]
Nieman, the river, [116]
North and Caspian Seas, junction of, [19]
North Sea and Baltic Ship Canal, [122]
North Sea Canal, [146]
O.
Oder, the river, [116];
and Elbe Canal, [120];
and Upper Spree Navigation, [129]
Ohio Canal, [208]
Orebro Canal, [170]
Ottawa river, [227]
Ourcq Canal (Paris), [97]
P.
Pack-horse, cost of transport by, [ 7]
Palmerston, Lord, and the Suez Canal, [264]
Panama Canal, cost of, [19];
history of, [295];
proceedings at Congress of geographical science, [278];
proposals of M. de Lesseps, [280];
rival projects, [280];
works required, [282];
progress of operations, [286];
capital, expenditure of, [287];
difficulties, [288];
mortality, [289];
cost of labour, [290];
financial troubles, [292];
suspension of the company, [293];
decision of Chamber of Deputies, [294];
comparison of railway and canal experiences, [296];
technical description, [298];
profile and tracing of canal, [298];
plans of proposed sluices, [299];
calculations of traffic, [203];
the Chagres river, [305];
American opinion, [307];
dredging machines, [309-312]
Papin’s digester, Watt’s first experiment with, [ 8]
Paris, traffic of by railways and waterways, [95];
coal supply of, [96], [97]
Peel, Sir Robert, print works of, [ 9]
Perekop Canal, [180]
Peter the Great and Catherine as canal-makers, [14];
canals planned by, [173]
Pitchora river, [184]
Planes, locks, sluice-gates, and lifts, [408];
first inclined, for waterways, [411]
Po, the river, [162]
Ports of France, expenditure on, [98]
Poutiloff Canal, [177]
Price-Williams, R., on the cost of mineral traffic, [390]
Priestley, on British canals, [54]
Provinces, condition of, in eighteenth century, [ 4]
Ptolemy II., a canal-builder, [13]
Q.
Quarterly Review on the Suez Canal, [266];
on the early railways, [366]
R.
Railroad, the Callao, Lima, and Oroya, [15]
Railway rates, prohibitive character of, [ 9];
Liverpool and Manchester, [367];
and canal traffic Acts, 1888, [374]
Railways, average cost of, per mile, in different countries, [10];
traffic carried on, in United Kingdom, [15], [17];
in Germany, traffic on and waterways compared, [133];
and canals, general comparison of [364];
cost of, [377];
canals owned by, [vii]
Rainhill locomotive contest, [367]
Rates, railway, [376];
railway and canal compared, [378];
on New York State canals, [381];
inland navigation in Germany, [388];
on British canals, [387]
Regulations for Dutch canals, [152]
Rhine, wire ropes used for traction on, [397];
Marne canals, [110]
Rhine and Danube, attempted union of by Charlemagne, [13];
proposed canal between, [119];
characteristics of, [117];
Rhine Ems Canal, [127];
and Scheldt, [127]
Rhone, systems of haulage on, [392];
canals of the, [112]
Ribble, the river, [31]
Rio Grande river, [317]
Rio San Francisco, [317]
Riquet, M., and the Languedoc Canal, [100]
Rivers in England, number of made navigable, [12];
conservancy and improvement of, [36];
suggested department for control of, [37];
shipping trade of [37];
particulars of principal, [38];
basins, principal, [491]
Rivers of England and Wales, [23];
of France, [115];
of Germany, [116];
of Italy, [157], [162];
of Russia, [184];
of United States, [191];
of Canada, [227]
Roads, condition of, in middle of eighteenth century, [ 3];
from Kensington to London, [ 3];
difference between macadamised and other, [ 7]
Rokeby, Justice, on going circuit at end of seventeenth century, [ 5]
Romans, the, as canal makers, [ v];
and British waterways, [23]
Rope traction, [395]
Rotterdam, canals of, [149]
Royal Canal (Ireland), [81]
Rundall, General, on advantages and defects of canals, [60]
Russia, waterways of, [172];
canals projected by Peter the Great, [173];
Baltic and Caspian Sea canals, [175];
Baltic and Black Sea canals, [176];
Beresinski Canal, [176];
Ognisky Canal, [176];
King’s Canal, [176];
canal communication with Bay of Finland, [176];
Iwanoff Canal, [177];
Kamüshinski Canal, [177];
the Poutiloff Canal, [177];
Perekop Canal, [180];
Baltic and White Sea Canal, [181];
Volga and Don Canal, [181];
Hyegra and Kovja Canal, [181];
Black Sea and Azov Canal, [182];
the canals of Finland, [183];
river systems of Russia, [184];
early canals of, [365]
S.
Sailing ships and steamers, and Suez Canal, [260]
Salwarp, proposed improvement of, [23], [25]
Sandys, William, and the Avon improvement, [23];
and Salwarp Navigation, [23];
100 years before Brindley, [24];
improvement of Wye by, [24]
San Juan de Nicaragua river, [316]
” del Norte, [320]
” del Sur, port of, [316]
Saône, weirs on the, [431]
Sault St. Marie Canal, [209];
locks on, [417]
Scheldt and Rhine Canal; and Meuse Canal, [415]
Schuylkill Navigation, [205]
Scotland, waterways of, [63]
Seaboard, struggle for by modern nations, [ 9]
Sea transport, cost of, [385];
seas, areas of, [494]
Seine, regulating weirs on the, [431]
Sesostris, a canal builder, [13]
Severn and Thames, proposals for connection of, [25];
improvement of the, [32];
section of navigation between, and the Thames, [50]
Shannon, the, [74]
Sheffield and Goole Canal, proposed, [85]
Ship Canal projects, [20].
See Panama, Suez, Nicaragua, Manchester, &c.
” Railway, proposed by Captain Eads, [422];
canals, future of, [viii]
Shipping trade of chief British rivers, [37];
of Clyde, [66];
of Tyne, [31];
of Suez Canal, [259], [267]
Shropshire Canal, planes on, [413]
Single-width canals, [467]
Sluices proposed for Panama Canal, [311];
on Aire and Calder Canal, [432];
on the Weaver, [432];
earliest in Italy, [409];
at Trolhätta in Sweden, [430]
Sluice-valves, substitution of, for let-offs, [429]
Sluiceways on Aire and Calder Canal, [432]
Smeaton, construction of great sluice by, [37]
Smiles, Samuel, on canal development, [369]
Sone Canal (India), boats on, [463]
South and Central America, waterways of, [229]
Speed, details of, [399];
on Belgian Canals, [399], [435];
on Lea, [399];
on Grand Junction Canal, [435];
on Rotterdam Canal, [435];
increase of by lifts or inclined planes, [436];
effect of breaking waves on, [437];
on Suez Canal, [437];
in Sweden and Holland, [437];
effect of size and number of locks on, [438];
depth of English canals, [439];
canal and railway compared, [439]
Squires, Mr., and the American isthmus, [277]
Stafford and Worcester Canal, [41];
first locks on, [411]
Stage-coach and railway travelling compared, [ 6]
Stage-coaches, rate of speed of, [ 7]
State acquisition and control of canals, [469]
State, English waterways under control of, [11];
ownership of, versus private enterprise, [ x], [11]
Steam locomotives on common roads, proposed by Robinson, [ 8];
towing, cost of, [384];
on shallow canals, [399];
application of, to locks, [423]
Stephenson, Robert, and the Suez Canal, [265]
St. Lawrence river, [228];
plan of locks on canals, [416]
St. Mary’s Falls Canal. See Sault St. Marie
St. Maurice Canal, cable haulage on, [403]
Stockton and Darlington Railway, [366]
Stourbridge Canal, [51]
Stour, river, [25]
Suez Canal, inauguration of new era by, [18];
cost of, [19];
history of, [245];
canal of Rameses, [247];
proposals of M. de Lesseps, [250];
concessions granted, [251];
contracts, [253];
progress of work, [255];
effect of Suez Canal, [257];
saving of distance, [260];
size of ships, [260];
income and working expenditure, [259];
Euphrates Valley route, [270];
enlargement of canal, [268];
Trebizonde and Tigris Valley routes, [272];
proposed parallel canal, [273]
Swansea Canal, [52]
Sweden, waterways of, [164];
the Gotha Canal, [164];
West Gotha Canal, [167];
Dalsland Canal, [167];
Cunda Canal, [170];
Orebro Canal, [170];
projected canals, [170]
T.
Tehuantepec, Isthmus of, [278];
proposed ship railway for, [422]
Tees, the, [34]
Telford, Thomas, and the Gotha Canal, [165];
locks on Caledonian Canal, [417]
Textile industries, condition of, in eighteenth century, [ 3]
Thames, early propulsion on, [394]
Thames, Severn and Mersey, communication between, [12];
conservancy of, [37]
Thames, the river, [353];
extent of commerce of, [354];
ship canal, [356];
Tilbury docks, [357];
comparison of proposed ship canal with Suez Canal, [358];
plan of the, [360];
navigable facilities of Thames, [361];
the upper Thames, [362]
Thread and gauze, manufacture of, begun at Paisley, [ 8]
Tiber, the river, [157]
Tigris Valley route to India, [272]
Tolls, examples of on English Canals, [387]
Torksey, a Roman town and fort, [23]
Towing, cost of, [381];
by horse and steam, [384];
by men, [399];
on Aire and Calder canal, [402];
on Gloucester and Berkeley Canal, [402];
paths, [429]
Traffic carried on French waterways, [94], [115];
on German waterways, [130];
canal, character and density of, [441];
on English waterways, [442]
Trajan interested in canals, [iv], [13]
Transport and haulage, systems of, [391]
Transport and working of canals, [364];
water and land, compared, [375];
cost of, by different systems, [380], [381];
cost of, on German railways, [383]
Transportation, higher cost of in United Kingdom, [10];
cost of coal, to Paris, [115];
conditions of in United States, [214]
Trolhätta, cataract of, [430]
Tugs, employed on Danube, [397];
on Rhine, [399];
wire-rope, [398];
Jacquel’s system, on Saar coal canal, [398]
Tunnels, viaducts, embankments, and weirs, [424];
on Bridgwater Canal, [424];
on Shropshire Canal, [426];
length of chief on English canals, [426];
on Birmingham system of canals, [427];
Dudley and Netherton, [427]
Turf and wood, fuel, used in seventeenth century, [ 8]
Tyne, the river, [29]
U.
Ulloas, de, and the Panama route, [276]
Union Canal (Scotland), [68];
Pennsylvania, [205]
United Kingdom, coast line of, [9].
See England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland
United States, waterways of the, [191];
river systems, [191];
historical notes on early canals, [192];
Erie Canal, [194];
Ohio canals, [195];
Indiana and Illinois, [196];
growth of traffic, [197];
details of chief canals, [201];
extent of system, [202];
Miami and Erie, [202];
Morris Canal, Union Canal, and Schuylkill Navigation, [205];
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, [206];
Ohio Canal, [208];
Sault St. Marie Canal, [209];
projected canals, [213];
transportation in the United States, [214];
contest between railways and canals in, [370]
Ural, the, [184]
V.
Vasa, Gustavus, as a canal-maker, [14]
Venice, Doges of, as canal-makers, [14];
canals of, [159]
Vernon-Harcourt, on canal inclines, [413]
Vessels. See boats
Viaducts, embankments, tunnels and weirs, [424];
on the Ellesmere Canal, [427]
Villoresi Canal, Italy, [158]
Vinci, Leonardo da, as a canal-maker, [13]
Vishni Volotchok Canal, [443]
Vistula, the river, [116]
Volga, the, [184];
Volga and Don Canal, [181]
Voyage of Lord Clarence Paget on the Canal du Midi, [102]
W.
Wafer, Lionel, and the Panama route, [275]
Wages, rates of, in seventeenth century, [ 7];
paid on Panama canal works, [302]
Wales, canal facilities of, [53]
Waller, quotations from, [40]
Warwickshire canals, compensation tolls paid by, [273]
Water and land transport compared, [375];
elements affecting cost of, [377]
Waterways: of England and Wales, rivers, [23];
canals, [40];
of Scotland, [63];
of Ireland, [74];
of France, [93];
of Germany, [116]
Waterways, results of construction of, [ 8];
neglect of, in United Kingdom, [12];
total length of, in United Kingdom, [12];
Roman, in Great Britain, [23];
traffic carried on, and length of, principal in Germany, [130-131];
making of, [447];
Government control of, [471];
cost of transport by, [ix], [472]
Watt, James, personal details of, [72];
as a canal-maker, [72]
Watt’s first experiment on the power of steam, [ 8]
Wear, the river, [36]
Weaver, the, [28];
cost of transport on, [385];
lift on the, [420];
sluices on the, [432]
Wedgwood ware, manufacture of first begun, [ 8]
Weirs, [424];
regulating, on the Seine, [431]
Welland Canal, [216];
plan of locks on, [416]
Weser, the river, [117]
Wheelwright, Mr., and the Panama route, [277]
Whittier, quoted, [447]
Willebroeck Canal, cost of towing on, [384]
Windmills, use of in Holland, [151]
Wire rope traction, [397];
unsuccessful in England, [402]
Witham, the, [33]
Wood, Nicholas, calculations as to cost of transport, [15];
on speed on railways, [366];
on cost of transport of minerals, [367]
Worcester and Birmingham Canal, [51]
Wye, improvement of, by Sandys, [24]
Y.
Yarranton, Andrew, and river improvement, [25];
proposal to deepen the Salwarp, [25];
Stour navigation improved by, [25];
proposed connection of Thames and Severn by, [25];
personal details of, [25]
Yellow river, or Ho-hang-ho, [233]

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

Transcriber's Notes: