| Square Miles. | |||
| Total | area of | Caspian Sea | 178,000 |
| ” | ” | Black Sea | 172,500 |
| ” | ” | Mediterranean | 976,000 |
| ” | ” | German Ocean | 244,000 |
| ” | ” | Baltic | 135,000 |
| ” | ” | White Sea | 40,000 |
[INDEX.]
- A.
- Addison, quotation from, [94]
- Aire and Calder Canal, [49];
- cost of transport on, [383];
- system of towage on, [402];
- sluices, [432];
- boats on, [461]
- Allen’s, Capt., proposals for Jordan route to India, [273]
- Allport, Sir James, on the cost of mineral traffic, [390]
- Alpine Canal, [106]
- Amazon river, [229]
- American canals, plans of, [266-267];
- lakes, cost of transport on, [386]
- Amsterdam Canal, [19], [147]
- Ancients, skilled in canal-making, [22]
- Aqueduct, Chirk, [48]
- Archipelago, first attempts to unite Ionian Sea with, [13]
- Arkwright’s first patent for spinning frame, [ 8]
- Austria-Hungary, waterways of, [185];
- Danube regulation works, [184];
- canals, [190]
- Avon, improvement of, [23]
- B.
- Backwater (India), [243]
- Bailey, Ald., on sea transport, [385];
- on canal transport, [401]
- Baltic and Caspian Seas, junction of, [18];
- canals connecting the, [175], [176]
- Barge, proposed, for mowing weeds, [466]
- Barges, on Leeds and Liverpool Canal, [400];
- use of as tugs, [401]
- Bartholomew, steamboat trains on Aire and Calder Canal, [383];
- system of towage on Aire and Calder, [402]
- Barton Aqueduct on Bridgwater Canal, [428]
- Belgium, waterways of, [134];
- ship canals of, [135];
- canal from Ostend to Bruges, [138];
- the Terneuzen Canal lift, [140];
- the Scheldt Navigation, [142];
- economical conditions of water transport in, [143];
- extent and income of Belgian canals, [143]
- Bengal, canal system, [240]
- Beresinsk Canal, [176]
- Berlin, traffic of, [133]
- Birmingham Canal, [49], [51];
- embankment of, [430];
- and London, water connection between, [58];
- proposed connection between and the sea, [89]
- Black Sea and German Ocean, first attempts to unite, [13];
- and Caspian, junction of, [18];
- and Azov Canal, [182]
- Blackman, Col., locks proposed by, for Nicaraguan Canal, [418]
- Blackmore, Sir R., quotation from, [116]
- Boats employed on British canals, [55];
- size of on different English canals, [56];
- on French canals, [414];
- numbers and tonnage capacity of, on French waterways, [115];
- on German waterways, [131], [133];
- on Russian canals, [183];
- on Indian canals, [239], [463];
- on American rivers and lakes, [388];
- on different canals, [460];
- on English canals, [462]
- Bourgogne Canal, [464]
- Brahmapootra river, [240]
- Bread, price of, in seventeenth century, [ 8]
- Briare, Canal de, [v]
- Bridgwater, Duke of, [11];
- canal, [24];
- history of, [41];
- cost of transport of coal on, [40];
- aqueduct on, [344];
- charges on, [387];
- system of transport on, [402];
- underground plane on, [412]
- Brindley, genius of, [11];
- projected system of main waterways by, [11];
- construction of Bridgwater Canal by, [43];
- his first lock, [411]
- Bristol and London, proposed improved waterway between, [88]
- British rivers, [23]
- ” shipping and the Suez Canal Company, [267]
- Briton Canal, [52]
- Brussels and Charleroi Canal, lift on, [421]
- Bude Canal, Cornwall, inclines on, [413]
- Buonaparte, Napoleon, and the Suez Canal, [249]
- Burke, Edmund, on our foreign commerce, [16];
- on tyranny, [469]
- C.
- Cable Haulage on the St. Maurice Canal, [403]
- Caerdyke, the, a Roman waterway, [23]
- Cæsar, Julius, Caligula and Nero, canal-makers, [13]
- Calcutta Canals, [240]
- Caledonian Canal, [19], [69]
- Camden, on the Clyde, [63];
- on the Mersey, [28]
- Canada, waterways of, [216];
- Welland Canal, [216];
- Cornwall Canal, [224];
- Sault St. Marie Canal, [225];
- Canadian canal system, [225];
- Ottawa river, [227];
- St. Lawrence river, [228]
- Canadian dredger, the, [452];
- canals, boats on, [461]
- Canal Acts, period of first, [11], [365];
- boats, [469];
- categories of, [iii];
- mania, [365-69];
- engineering, [15];
- companies’ shares, fluctuations in, [17];
- system of Great Britain, [40];
- gauge, differences of, [53];
- extent of, [54];
- examples of, [61];
- traffic, [441];
- navigation in England, chronology of, [475]
- Canals, ship, projected in United Kingdom, [21], [82];
- owned by railway companies and employés thereon, [53];
- mileage of, connecting chief navigable rivers, [54];
- system of, between London and Birmingham, [58];
- advantages offered by, [60];
- extent of, completed and projected in Germany, [133];
- speed on, [435];
- see English, French, German, Dutch, &c.
- Capital expenditure on railways, [377]
- Caspian and other seas, junction of, [19]
- Centre, Canal du (France), [415]
- Ceylon and India, proposed connecting canal, [241]
- Chagres river, and Panama Canal, [305]
- Chain traction in France, [395];
- in Germany, [396]
- Charlemagne, canals projected by, [13]
- Charleroi Canal, [384]
- Cheap canal transport, conditions required for, [474]
- Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, [206]
- Chesney, Capt., and the Suez Canal, [249];
- and the Euphrates Valley route, [271]
- Chinese waterways, [232];
- piers, [410]
- Chronology of river improvement and canal navigation in England, [475]
- Cities and seaboard facilities, [21];
- boats, [466]
- Clyde, the river, [63]
- Coal, production of, 130 years ago, [ 2];
- scarcity of in seventeenth century, [ 8];
- transportation, cost of, [40];
- supply of Paris, [96]
- Colonies, British exports to, [16]
- Compensation tolls, [473]
- Competition of railways and canals, [369];
- in France, [441]
- Conder, Mr., on the cost of mineral traffic, [390]
- Condreux excavator, [449], [458]
- Conservancy of rivers, principles of, [36]
- Contracts for works on Suez Canal, details of, [254]
- Corinth, Isthmus of, canal attempted by Cæsar, Caligula and Nero, [13];
- description of, [346]
- Cornwall Canal (Canada), [224]
- Cortez and the Isthmus of Panama, [274]
- Cost of transport by turnpike roads and railways, [15];
- reduction of by canals, [40-41];
- of remodelling canal system of United Kingdom, [ x], [54];
- present cost by English canals, [55];
- of transport of coal to Paris, [115];
- of works on the Dortmund and Emden Canal, [129];
- on the Oder and Upper Spree Navigation, [130];
- by different systems of transport, [281];
- of Panama Canal, [287];
- of the proposed Nicaraguan Canal, [324];
- of water and land transport, [375];
- on lakes and Erie Canal, [380];
- on Elbe Canals, [383];
- on Aire and Calder Canal, [383], [389];
- horse and steam towing, [384]
- Crapone, Adam de, canal maker, [14]
- Crinan Canal, [72]
- Cunda Canal, [170]
- Cuttings, large, in England, [449]
- D.
- Dalsland Canal, [167]
- Dampier, and the Panama Canal, [275]
- Dams, principal canal, [433]
- Danube and Rhine, first attempts to unite, [13];
- river improvement, [185];
- dredgers employed on, [457]
- Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, [214]
- ” Raritan Canal, locks on, [423]
- Density of traffic on German water- and railways, [132];
- on French canals, [445], [446]
- Desague Real de Huchuetoca, [230]
- Deûle and Neufossés Canals, locomotive haulage on, [402]
- Distance, saving of by the Suez Canal, [260];
- by Nicaraguan Canal, [328];
- by Isthmus of Corinth Canal, [346]
- Dodd, Ralph, apparatus for canal excavation, [448]
- Don river, [184]
- Dortmund and Emden Canal, [128]
- Dredger, the Couvreux, [451];
- the Canadian, [452];
- the Otago, [454];
- the La Châtre, [454]
- Dredging machines on Panama Canal, [309-312]
- ” operations, cost of, on Humber, [455];
- on Clyde, Tyne, Wear, Tees, and Birmingham Canal, [456]
- Dudley Canal, [51];
- tunnel, [427]
- Dutch Canals. See Holland.
- Dykes, repair of canal, in Holland, [151]
- E.
- Edinburgh Review on the Suez Canal, [19], [266];
- on the Panama Canal, [310];
- on canal property, [471]
- Egypt, occupation of by England, [264]
- Eiffel, M., sluices for Panama Canal, [301], [409]
- Elbe, the river, [116];
- canals, cost of transport on, [383];
- early propulsion, experiments on, [395]
- Elbing Highland Canals, [148]
- Ellesmere Canal, [47];
- viaduct on the, [427]
- Embankments, [424]
- Employés on British Railways and Canals, comparison of, [53]
- Ems, the river, [117], [118]
- Engineers, hydraulic, [12]
- England and Wales, rivers of, [23];
- canals of, [40];
- boats on, [462];
- progress of inland navigation in, [ v]
- Epochs in history of canals, [18]
- Erewash Canal, [18]
- Erie Canal, [194], [202], [215];
- competition of with railways, [379]
- Euphrates Valley route to India, [270]
- Excavators, [449]
- Exeter Canal, [11]
- Exports from United Kingdom, [16]
- Eyder, the river, [123];
- the canal, [124]
- F.
- Falmark, Capt., and the Panama route, [276]
- Farrar, Sir Thomas, on state of British Canals, [472]
- Finland, canals of, [183]
- Florida Ship Canal, proposed, [213]
- Forth and Clyde Canal, [66];
- section of, [67];
- proposed new canal, [83]
- ” Bridge, the, [73]
- Fossdyke navigation, [18];
- Roman origin of, [23]
- France, cost of canal system of, in 1880, [97];
- cost of river improvement in, [98];
- expenditure on ports of, [98];
- traffic of principal river basins, [99];
- early canals of, [99];
- canal of Languedoc, [100];
- Crappone Canal, [105];
- Alpines Canal, [106];
- Lens La Deûle Canal, [107];
- Marne Canal, [108];
- canalisation of the Moselle, [110];
- Mediterranean and Biscay Canal, [111];
- Rhone Canals, [112];
- St. Louis Canal, [112];
- mania for canals, in, [ v]
- French canals: Charolais, [14];
- Languedoc, [14];
- waterways, [93];
- general character of system, [94];
- total tonnage carried on canals, [94];
- canals compared with railways, [95];
- density of traffic on, [98];
- size of locks on principal, [113];
- law of 1879 as to dimensions of, [113];
- cost of transport on, [387];
- locks on, [414]
- French rivers, [115]
- Froude, Mr., on Panama Canal, [310]
- G.
- Ganges, river, [240]
- German Ocean and Black Sea, first attempts to unite, [13];
- waterways, traffic on, [382];
- railways, cost of transport on, [383]
- Germany, waterways of, [116];
- river systems, [116];
- the Rhine, [117];
- the Ems, [118];
- the Mosel, [118];
- the Rhine and Danube Canal, [119];
- the Oder and Elbe Canal, [120];
- the Holstein Canal, [121];
- North Sea and Baltic Ship Canal, [122];
- Rhine-Ems Canal, [127];
- Scheldt and Rhine Canal, [127];
- Dortmund and Emden Canal, [128];
- Oder and Upper Spree Canal, [129];
- traffic on German waterways, [130]
- Glamorganshire and Aberdare Canal, [52]
- Gloucester and Berkeley Canal, system of towage on, [402]
- Gotha Canal (Sweden), [164];
- West Gotha Canal, [167]
- Government control of waterways, [470]
- Grand Canal (Ireland), [80];
- (China), [232], [302]
- ” Junction Canal, locks on, [415]
- Great sluice, Boston, [37]
- H.
- Hamburg, traffic of, [133]
- Hargreaves, invention of spinning-jenny by, [ 9]
- Haskew’s excavator, [448]
- Haulage and transport, systems of, [391];
- cost of different methods of, [440]
- Henry II. and the canal of Charolais (France), [14]
- History, personal, of canal navigation, [13]
- Holland, waterways of, [145];
- North Holland Canal, [145];
- Haarlem Canal, [146];
- North Sea Canal, [146];
- Amsterdam Ship Canal, [147];
- Elbing Highland Canals, [148];
- Voorne Canal, Niewe-waterweg, Walcheren and South Beveland Canals, [149];
- Afwaterings Kanaal; canalised river Ijssel;Keulsche Vaart, Meppelerdiep,
- Drentsche, Hoofdvaart, Kolonievaart, and Willemsvaart, [150];
- Apeldoorn Canal, Noordervaart, and Dokkum Canal, [151];
- construction of canals in seventeenth century, [365]
- Holstein Canal, the, [121]
- Hoogly river, [240]
- Horace Walpole, robbed in streets of London, [ 3]
- Horse towing, cost of, [384]
- Humboldt, on the volcanoes of Nicaragua, [317]
- Hungary, canals of, [190]
- Hyegra and Kovja Canal, [181]
- I.
- Ice on Canals, dealing with, [467]
- Inclines for canals, [413]
- India, British, waterways of, [237];
- Madras Presidency, and Delta Canals, [238];
- Godavery delta, [239];
- Calcutta Canal, [240];
- Naddea rivers, [240];
- Madras Canals, [241];
- Ramisseram Canal, [241];
- Indus canals, [242];
- Ganges and Hoogly, [239], [442];
- recent Indian Canals, [243];
- South Malabar and Travancore Canals, [243];
- projected Palk Straits Canal, [244]
- India, Euphrates Valley route to, [270];
- Jordan route to, [272];
- boats on canals of, [463]
- Indus river, the, [243]
- Inventions of 18th century, [ 8]
- Ireland linen manufacture of, [ 9];
- waterways of, [74]
- Irish rivers and canals, minor, [78]
- ” Sea and Birkenhead Ship Canal, proposed, [87]
- Iron, production of, 130 years ago, [ 2]
- Irrigation canals in Italy, [160];
- tanks or reservoirs in India, [241]
- Irwell and Mersey, proposed improvement of, [26], [35]
- Isthmian Canals, [xii]
- Italy, waterworks of, [153];
- early canals in, [153];
- the Tiber, [157];
- the Villoresi Canal, [158];
- the canals of Venice, [159];
- irrigation canals, [160];
- river Po, [162];
- projected canals, [163];
- early sluice-gates in, [409]
- Itchin Dyke, a Roman waterway, [24]
- J.
- Johnson, Dr., an enemy to canals, [369]
- Jordan, proposed canal from Acre to the, [273]
- K.
- Kattegat and Skager Rack, [126]
- Kennet and Avon Canal, [45]
- Ketley, William, first inclined plane, [411]
- L.
- Lakes, American, commerce of the, [213];
- transport on, [386];
- areas of, [494]
- La Louviére hydraulic lift, [420]
- Land transport, conditions of, [376]
- Languedoc Canal, [ v], [14], [19], [100]
- Leeds and Liverpool Canal, [12], [44]; cost of transport on, [383]
- Lens la Deûle Canal, [106]
- Lesseps, M. de, portrait of, [261]; plans of, for Suez Canal, [250]
- Level, differences of, on English canals, [436]
- Levy’s system of cable haulage, [403]
- Lifts, canal, [420]
- Liverpool and Manchester, cost of transport between, [40];
- traffic carried between, [41];
- Goole and Hull, section of navigation between, [50]
- Lloyd, Capt., and the Panama route, [276];
- E. J., on best size of locks, [417];
- Samuel, on national canal, [viii]
- Locking, length of operation, [464]
- Locks size of, between London and Birmingham, [58];
- dimensions of on principal French canals, [113], [415];
- different systems of, [409], [414];
- earliest, [411];
- on English canals, [415];
- on St. Mary’s Falls and Welland canals, [417];
- on Manchester Ship Canal, [418];
- on Nicaraguan Canal, [418]
- Locomotive haulage on canals, [402];
- on French canals, [403]
- London, condition of streets of, in eighteenth century, [ 3];
- through water routes between, and manufacturing districts, [12];
- and Birmingham, water routes between, [58];
- and Bristol, canal connection between, [88];
- traffic of port of, [97]
- Lord Clarence Paget, on the Languedoc canal, [100]
- Loughborough Canal, [18]
- Louis XIV. and the Languedoc Canal, [14]
- Louvain Canal, cost of horse towing on, [384]
- M.
- Macaulay, Lord, on inventions which abridge distance, [ 1];
- on condition of England at end of seventeenth century, [ 4]
- Maclaren, Charles, on railways and canals, [368];
- on economical transport, [436]
- Madras, canal system, [241]
- Magdalena river, [229]
- Maintenance, expense of, on railway and canals,
- Manchester Ship Canal, [19], [329];
- probable trade of, [330];
- history of, [332];
- docks, [333];
- works, [337];
- sections, [340];
- Brindley’s aqueduct, [343];
- and Liverpool, cost of transport between, [40];
- works on, [448]
- Marco Polo, [232]
- Markets often inaccessible at end of seventeenth century, [ 6]
- Marne Canal, [108]
- Masonry weir on Cavour Canal, [434]
- Menes, construction of waterways by, [13]
- Menocal, on the Nicaraguan Canal, [323]
- Merchandise, general, on canals, [441]
- Mersey and Irwell, proposed improvement of, [26];
- development of, [26], [27]
- Miami and Erie Canal, [202]
- Milan, canals of, [153], [411]
- Milton, on British rivers, [23]
- Monkland Canal, [68];
- inclines employed on, [413]
- Morris Canal, 205; inclines on, [413]
- Mosel or Moselle, the river, [118];
- canalisation of the, [110]
- N.
- Napoleon III. and the Nicaraguan Canal, [14], [316].
- See Buonaparte
- Natural condition of earth’s surface, [ 2]
- Navigation, length of, on principal English canals, [56];
- map showing extent of English canal, [57];
- between London and Birmingham, [58];
- development of inland, in England, [vi]
- Neath Canal, [52]
- Nene and Ouse, the, [34]
- Nero, a canal builder, [13]
- Netherton tunnel, [427]
- Neutralisation of waterways, importance of, [ 9]
- New York State, canals of, see United States; Act of Legislature, [465]
- Nicaragua lake, [317]
- Nicaraguan Canal [14], [314];
- history of, [317];
- description of proposed, [319];
- locks, [321];
- basins, [322];
- estimates of cost, [324];
- harbours, [327];
- saving of distances by, [328];
- locks proposed for, [418]
- Nieman, the river, [116]
- North and Caspian Seas, junction of, [19]
- North Sea and Baltic Ship Canal, [122]
- North Sea Canal, [146]
- O.
- Oder, the river, [116];
- and Elbe Canal, [120];
- and Upper Spree Navigation, [129]
- Ohio Canal, [208]
- Orebro Canal, [170]
- Ottawa river, [227]
- Ourcq Canal (Paris), [97]
- P.
- Pack-horse, cost of transport by, [ 7]
- Palmerston, Lord, and the Suez Canal, [264]
- Panama Canal, cost of, [19];
- history of, [295];
- proceedings at Congress of geographical science, [278];
- proposals of M. de Lesseps, [280];
- rival projects, [280];
- works required, [282];
- progress of operations, [286];
- capital, expenditure of, [287];
- difficulties, [288];
- mortality, [289];
- cost of labour, [290];
- financial troubles, [292];
- suspension of the company, [293];
- decision of Chamber of Deputies, [294];
- comparison of railway and canal experiences, [296];
- technical description, [298];
- profile and tracing of canal, [298];
- plans of proposed sluices, [299];
- calculations of traffic, [203];
- the Chagres river, [305];
- American opinion, [307];
- dredging machines, [309-312]
- Papin’s digester, Watt’s first experiment with, [ 8]
- Paris, traffic of by railways and waterways, [95];
- coal supply of, [96], [97]
- Peel, Sir Robert, print works of, [ 9]
- Perekop Canal, [180]
- Peter the Great and Catherine as canal-makers, [14];
- canals planned by, [173]
- Pitchora river, [184]
- Planes, locks, sluice-gates, and lifts, [408];
- first inclined, for waterways, [411]
- Po, the river, [162]
- Ports of France, expenditure on, [98]
- Poutiloff Canal, [177]
- Price-Williams, R., on the cost of mineral traffic, [390]
- Priestley, on British canals, [54]
- Provinces, condition of, in eighteenth century, [ 4]
- Ptolemy II., a canal-builder, [13]
- Q.
- Quarterly Review on the Suez Canal, [266];
- on the early railways, [366]
- R.
- Railroad, the Callao, Lima, and Oroya, [15]
- Railway rates, prohibitive character of, [ 9];
- Liverpool and Manchester, [367];
- and canal traffic Acts, 1888, [374]
- Railways, average cost of, per mile, in different countries, [10];
- traffic carried on, in United Kingdom, [15], [17];
- in Germany, traffic on and waterways compared, [133];
- and canals, general comparison of [364];
- cost of, [377];
- canals owned by, [vii]
- Rainhill locomotive contest, [367]
- Rates, railway, [376];
- railway and canal compared, [378];
- on New York State canals, [381];
- inland navigation in Germany, [388];
- on British canals, [387]
- Regulations for Dutch canals, [152]
- Rhine, wire ropes used for traction on, [397];
- Marne canals, [110]
- Rhine and Danube, attempted union of by Charlemagne, [13];
- proposed canal between, [119];
- characteristics of, [117];
- Rhine Ems Canal, [127];
- and Scheldt, [127]
- Rhone, systems of haulage on, [392];
- canals of the, [112]
- Ribble, the river, [31]
- Rio Grande river, [317]
- Rio San Francisco, [317]
- Riquet, M., and the Languedoc Canal, [100]
- Rivers in England, number of made navigable, [12];
- conservancy and improvement of, [36];
- suggested department for control of, [37];
- shipping trade of [37];
- particulars of principal, [38];
- basins, principal, [491]
- Rivers of England and Wales, [23];
- of France, [115];
- of Germany, [116];
- of Italy, [157], [162];
- of Russia, [184];
- of United States, [191];
- of Canada, [227]
- Roads, condition of, in middle of eighteenth century, [ 3];
- from Kensington to London, [ 3];
- difference between macadamised and other, [ 7]
- Rokeby, Justice, on going circuit at end of seventeenth century, [ 5]
- Romans, the, as canal makers, [ v];
- and British waterways, [23]
- Rope traction, [395]
- Rotterdam, canals of, [149]
- Royal Canal (Ireland), [81]
- Rundall, General, on advantages and defects of canals, [60]
- Russia, waterways of, [172];
- canals projected by Peter the Great, [173];
- Baltic and Caspian Sea canals, [175];
- Baltic and Black Sea canals, [176];
- Beresinski Canal, [176];
- Ognisky Canal, [176];
- King’s Canal, [176];
- canal communication with Bay of Finland, [176];
- Iwanoff Canal, [177];
- Kamüshinski Canal, [177];
- the Poutiloff Canal, [177];
- Perekop Canal, [180];
- Baltic and White Sea Canal, [181];
- Volga and Don Canal, [181];
- Hyegra and Kovja Canal, [181];
- Black Sea and Azov Canal, [182];
- the canals of Finland, [183];
- river systems of Russia, [184];
- early canals of, [365]
- S.
- Sailing ships and steamers, and Suez Canal, [260]
- Salwarp, proposed improvement of, [23], [25]
- Sandys, William, and the Avon improvement, [23];
- and Salwarp Navigation, [23];
- 100 years before Brindley, [24];
- improvement of Wye by, [24]
- San Juan de Nicaragua river, [316]
- ” del Norte, [320]
- ” del Sur, port of, [316]
- Saône, weirs on the, [431]
- Sault St. Marie Canal, [209];
- locks on, [417]
- Scheldt and Rhine Canal; and Meuse Canal, [415]
- Schuylkill Navigation, [205]
- Scotland, waterways of, [63]
- Seaboard, struggle for by modern nations, [ 9]
- Sea transport, cost of, [385];
- seas, areas of, [494]
- Seine, regulating weirs on the, [431]
- Sesostris, a canal builder, [13]
- Severn and Thames, proposals for connection of, [25];
- improvement of the, [32];
- section of navigation between, and the Thames, [50]
- Shannon, the, [74]
- Sheffield and Goole Canal, proposed, [85]
- Ship Canal projects, [20].
- See Panama, Suez, Nicaragua, Manchester, &c.
- ” Railway, proposed by Captain Eads, [422];
- canals, future of, [viii]
- Shipping trade of chief British rivers, [37];
- of Clyde, [66];
- of Tyne, [31];
- of Suez Canal, [259], [267]
- Shropshire Canal, planes on, [413]
- Single-width canals, [467]
- Sluices proposed for Panama Canal, [311];
- on Aire and Calder Canal, [432];
- on the Weaver, [432];
- earliest in Italy, [409];
- at Trolhätta in Sweden, [430]
- Sluice-valves, substitution of, for let-offs, [429]
- Sluiceways on Aire and Calder Canal, [432]
- Smeaton, construction of great sluice by, [37]
- Smiles, Samuel, on canal development, [369]
- Sone Canal (India), boats on, [463]
- South and Central America, waterways of, [229]
- Speed, details of, [399];
- on Belgian Canals, [399], [435];
- on Lea, [399];
- on Grand Junction Canal, [435];
- on Rotterdam Canal, [435];
- increase of by lifts or inclined planes, [436];
- effect of breaking waves on, [437];
- on Suez Canal, [437];
- in Sweden and Holland, [437];
- effect of size and number of locks on, [438];
- depth of English canals, [439];
- canal and railway compared, [439]
- Squires, Mr., and the American isthmus, [277]
- Stafford and Worcester Canal, [41];
- first locks on, [411]
- Stage-coach and railway travelling compared, [ 6]
- Stage-coaches, rate of speed of, [ 7]
- State acquisition and control of canals, [469]
- State, English waterways under control of, [11];
- ownership of, versus private enterprise, [ x], [11]
- Steam locomotives on common roads, proposed by Robinson, [ 8];
- towing, cost of, [384];
- on shallow canals, [399];
- application of, to locks, [423]
- Stephenson, Robert, and the Suez Canal, [265]
- St. Lawrence river, [228];
- plan of locks on canals, [416]
- St. Mary’s Falls Canal. See Sault St. Marie
- St. Maurice Canal, cable haulage on, [403]
- Stockton and Darlington Railway, [366]
- Stourbridge Canal, [51]
- Stour, river, [25]
- Suez Canal, inauguration of new era by, [18];
- cost of, [19];
- history of, [245];
- canal of Rameses, [247];
- proposals of M. de Lesseps, [250];
- concessions granted, [251];
- contracts, [253];
- progress of work, [255];
- effect of Suez Canal, [257];
- saving of distance, [260];
- size of ships, [260];
- income and working expenditure, [259];
- Euphrates Valley route, [270];
- enlargement of canal, [268];
- Trebizonde and Tigris Valley routes, [272];
- proposed parallel canal, [273]
- Swansea Canal, [52]
- Sweden, waterways of, [164];
- the Gotha Canal, [164];
- West Gotha Canal, [167];
- Dalsland Canal, [167];
- Cunda Canal, [170];
- Orebro Canal, [170];
- projected canals, [170]
- T.
- Tehuantepec, Isthmus of, [278];
- proposed ship railway for, [422]
- Tees, the, [34]
- Telford, Thomas, and the Gotha Canal, [165];
- locks on Caledonian Canal, [417]
- Textile industries, condition of, in eighteenth century, [ 3]
- Thames, early propulsion on, [394]
- Thames, Severn and Mersey, communication between, [12];
- conservancy of, [37]
- Thames, the river, [353];
- extent of commerce of, [354];
- ship canal, [356];
- Tilbury docks, [357];
- comparison of proposed ship canal with Suez Canal, [358];
- plan of the, [360];
- navigable facilities of Thames, [361];
- the upper Thames, [362]
- Thread and gauze, manufacture of, begun at Paisley, [ 8]
- Tiber, the river, [157]
- Tigris Valley route to India, [272]
- Tolls, examples of on English Canals, [387]
- Torksey, a Roman town and fort, [23]
- Towing, cost of, [381];
- by horse and steam, [384];
- by men, [399];
- on Aire and Calder canal, [402];
- on Gloucester and Berkeley Canal, [402];
- paths, [429]
- Traffic carried on French waterways, [94], [115];
- on German waterways, [130];
- canal, character and density of, [441];
- on English waterways, [442]
- Trajan interested in canals, [iv], [13]
- Transport and haulage, systems of, [391]
- Transport and working of canals, [364];
- water and land, compared, [375];
- cost of, by different systems, [380], [381];
- cost of, on German railways, [383]
- Transportation, higher cost of in United Kingdom, [10];
- cost of coal, to Paris, [115];
- conditions of in United States, [214]
- Trolhätta, cataract of, [430]
- Tugs, employed on Danube, [397];
- on Rhine, [399];
- wire-rope, [398];
- Jacquel’s system, on Saar coal canal, [398]
- Tunnels, viaducts, embankments, and weirs, [424];
- on Bridgwater Canal, [424];
- on Shropshire Canal, [426];
- length of chief on English canals, [426];
- on Birmingham system of canals, [427];
- Dudley and Netherton, [427]
- Turf and wood, fuel, used in seventeenth century, [ 8]
- Tyne, the river, [29]
- U.
- Ulloas, de, and the Panama route, [276]
- Union Canal (Scotland), [68];
- Pennsylvania, [205]
- United Kingdom, coast line of, [9].
- See England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland
- United States, waterways of the, [191];
- river systems, [191];
- historical notes on early canals, [192];
- Erie Canal, [194];
- Ohio canals, [195];
- Indiana and Illinois, [196];
- growth of traffic, [197];
- details of chief canals, [201];
- extent of system, [202];
- Miami and Erie, [202];
- Morris Canal, Union Canal, and Schuylkill Navigation, [205];
- Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, [206];
- Ohio Canal, [208];
- Sault St. Marie Canal, [209];
- projected canals, [213];
- transportation in the United States, [214];
- contest between railways and canals in, [370]
- Ural, the, [184]
- V.
- Vasa, Gustavus, as a canal-maker, [14]
- Venice, Doges of, as canal-makers, [14];
- canals of, [159]
- Vernon-Harcourt, on canal inclines, [413]
- Vessels. See boats
- Viaducts, embankments, tunnels and weirs, [424];
- on the Ellesmere Canal, [427]
- Villoresi Canal, Italy, [158]
- Vinci, Leonardo da, as a canal-maker, [13]
- Vishni Volotchok Canal, [443]
- Vistula, the river, [116]
- Volga, the, [184];
- Volga and Don Canal, [181]
- Voyage of Lord Clarence Paget on the Canal du Midi, [102]
- W.
- Wafer, Lionel, and the Panama route, [275]
- Wages, rates of, in seventeenth century, [ 7];
- paid on Panama canal works, [302]
- Wales, canal facilities of, [53]
- Waller, quotations from, [40]
- Warwickshire canals, compensation tolls paid by, [273]
- Water and land transport compared, [375];
- elements affecting cost of, [377]
- Waterways: of England and Wales, rivers, [23];
- canals, [40];
- of Scotland, [63];
- of Ireland, [74];
- of France, [93];
- of Germany, [116]
- Waterways, results of construction of, [ 8];
- neglect of, in United Kingdom, [12];
- total length of, in United Kingdom, [12];
- Roman, in Great Britain, [23];
- traffic carried on, and length of, principal in Germany, [130-131];
- making of, [447];
- Government control of, [471];
- cost of transport by, [ix], [472]
- Watt, James, personal details of, [72];
- as a canal-maker, [72]
- Watt’s first experiment on the power of steam, [ 8]
- Wear, the river, [36]
- Weaver, the, [28];
- cost of transport on, [385];
- lift on the, [420];
- sluices on the, [432]
- Wedgwood ware, manufacture of first begun, [ 8]
- Weirs, [424];
- regulating, on the Seine, [431]
- Welland Canal, [216];
- plan of locks on, [416]
- Weser, the river, [117]
- Wheelwright, Mr., and the Panama route, [277]
- Whittier, quoted, [447]
- Willebroeck Canal, cost of towing on, [384]
- Windmills, use of in Holland, [151]
- Wire rope traction, [397];
- unsuccessful in England, [402]
- Witham, the, [33]
- Wood, Nicholas, calculations as to cost of transport, [15];
- on speed on railways, [366];
- on cost of transport of minerals, [367]
- Worcester and Birmingham Canal, [51]
- Wye, improvement of, by Sandys, [24]
- Y.
- Yarranton, Andrew, and river improvement, [25];
- proposal to deepen the Salwarp, [25];
- Stour navigation improved by, [25];
- proposed connection of Thames and Severn by, [25];
- personal details of, [25]
- Yellow river, or Ho-hang-ho, [233]
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
Transcriber's Notes: