The Microscope. Its History, Construction, and Application 15th ed. / Being a familiar introduction to the use of the instrument, and the study of microscopical science

by Jabez Hogg

Dr. Culpeper’s Microscope 1738.

INDEX.

• Abbé on microscopical vision, [37]
• Abbé’s apertometer, [59]
• —— condenser, [176]
• —— stereoscopic eye-pieces, [64]
• —— test-plate, [164]
• Aberration, chromatic, [25]
• —— of the eye, chromatic, [33]
• —— spherical, [23]
• Abraxas grossulariata, [598]
• Absolute alcohol as a hardening reagent, [287]
• Acaras domesticus, [625]
• Accessories of the microscope, [197]
• Achromatic condenser, Beck’s, [180]
• —— —— Gillett’s, [173]
• —— —— method of using, [190]
• —— —— Powell’s, [178]
• —— —— Ross’s, [176]
• —— —— Smith & Beck’s, [173]
• —— —— Watson’s, [177]
• Achromatic objective, the, [152]
• Acineta, [495]
• Actiniæ, [527]
• Actinophrys-sol, [489]
• Adams’s book on the microscope, [8]
• Adipose tissue, [644]
• Ædogoniaceæ, [409]
• Aerobic spores, [399]
• Agar-agar, to prepare nutrient, [330]
• Air bubbles, [348]
• Alcyonella, [534]
• Algæ, [399]
• —— media for preserving, [343]
• —— red, [413]
• Alvarez’s discovery of bacillus, [392]
• Amici prism, the, [190]
• Amœba, [480]
• Amphibian changes, [669]
• Amphistoma, [570]
• Amyot finder, the, [205]
• Anacharis alsinastrum, [419]
• Anemones, sea, [526]
• Angle of vision, [72]
• Anguillula, [567]
• Animal structures, staining, [292]
• Annulosa, [562]
• Antennæ of insects, [584]
• Antenna of silkworm moth, [605]
• Anthrax bacillus, [369]
• Anthrozoa, [523]
• Apertometer, Abbé’s, [59]
• Aperture, definition of, [45]
• —— measurement of, [57]
• —— numerical, [57]
• —— table, [58]
• Aphides, [587]
• Aphrophora bifasciata, [618]
• Apis mellifica, [598]
• Aplysiidæ, [549]
• —— dipilans, [549]
• Apparatus for mounting, [352]
• Appendices, [673]
• Arachnidæ, [618]
• Aragonite, [232]
• Arcella, [483]
• Arenicola, [577]
• Argyroneta aquatica, [621]
• Artemiæ, [581]
• Arteries, [622]
• Artery-needle, [303]
• Arthropoda, [583]
• Arthrospores, [366]
• Ascidian, [669]
• Astroides calyculcaris, [529]
• Babè’s method of staining bacteria, [334]
• Bacillus, anthrax, [369]
• —— of plague, [372]
• —— —— in rat’s blood, [372]
• —— splenic fever, [369]
• —— typhoid, [370]
• Bacteria, [317]
• —— aerobic, [399]
• —— classification of, [373]
• —— Cohn on multiplication of, [367]
• —— cultivation of, [327]
• —— —— in tubes, [331]
• —— —— on plates, [331]
• —— faculties of, [373]
• —— in butter, [393]
• —— in cheese, [393]
• —— in milk, [393]
• —— in sections of tissue, [337]
• —— invasion of potato-tubers by, [398]
• —— microscopical examination of, [333]
• —— phosphorescent, [373]
• —— reproduction of, [365]
• —— size of, [365]
• —— staining, [334]
• —— Winogradsky’s investigations of, [398]
• Bacterial action in tanning skins, [393]
• —— fermentations, [391]
• Bacteriological investigations, apparatus for, [318]
• —— —— mounting media, [320]
• —— —— reagents used, [320]
• —— microscope, the, [135]
• Bacteriology of the dairy, [393]
• Baker’s advanced student’s microscope, [123]
• —— collecting stick, [350]
• —— histological microscope, [125]
• —— micro-photographic apparatus, [217]
• —— microscope lamp, [191]
• —— microscopes, [120]
• —— Nelson condenser, [184]
• —— —— model microscope, [120]
• —— objectives, [168]
• —— student’s condenser, [184]
• Baird, Dr., on daphnia, [581]
• Barnacle, [539]
• Bartley’s warm-stage, [281]
• Batrachospermæ, [409]
• Beck’s binocular dissecting microscope, [101]
• —— —— National microscope, [99]
• —— complete microscope lamp, [202]
• —— compressor, [275]
• —— disc-holder, [198]
• —— large Continental model microscope, [98]
• —— microscopes, [95]
• —— objectives, [167]
• —— pathological microscope, [95]
• —— Star microscope, [101]
• Beggiatoa, [400]
• Benjamin Martin’s microscope, [5]
• Beroidæ, [519]
• Biaxial crystals, [228]
• Bilharzia hæmatobra, [573]
• Binocular microscope, advantage of, [69]
• —— —— Carpenter on, [69]
• —— —— Nachet’s, [62]
• —— —— Pillischer’s, [128]
• —— —— Riddell’s, [62]
• —— —— Stephenson’s erecting, [71]
• —— —— Wenham’s, [65]
• —— vision, [60]
• Bismarck-brown for staining protoplasm, [306]
• Bivalves, [538]
• Bleaching process, [315]
• Blood as a test, [263]
• —— circulation of, in frog’s foot, [665]
• —— —— —— tadpole, [665]
• —— corpuscles, [638]
• —— —— double staining, [295]
• —— —— size of, [640]
• —— crystals, [641]
• —— spectrum, [252]
• Bombay plague, [371]
• Bone, [658]
• —— of fish, [661]
• —— of reptilia, [660]
• —— structure of, [659]
• Borax, [231]
• Boring sponges, [513]
• Botterill’s live-trough, [276]
• Brachiopoda, [538]
• Branchipodidæ, [580]
• Brewster’s microscope, [11]
• Brittleworts, [427]
• Browning-Huggins micro-spectroscope, [245]
• Browning’s pocket lens, [76]
• Bryophyta, [444]
• Bryozoa, [531]
• Buchner’s experiments on yeast, [389]
• Bull’s-eye condensing-lens, [199]
• Butter, bacteria in, [393]
• Butterfly’s tongue, [605]
• —— wings, [610]
• Calc-spar, [231]
• Cambridge rocking microtome, [290]
• Camera lucida, the, [207]
• —— —— the Abbé, [208]
• —— —— the Wollaston, [207]
• —— Swift’s horizontal, [213]
• Canada balsam, [293]
• Carbonate of lead, [232]
• Carmine as a nuclear stain, [312]
• Cartilage, [655]
• Catheart’s freezing microtome, [291]
• Cedar oil, use of, [171]
• Cell, definition of, [358]
• Cell-making turn-table, Walmsley’s [340]
• Cells, epithelial, [636]
• —— for living objects, [276]
• —— for mounting, [340]
• —— live, [277]
• Cellulose, [357]
• —— staining, [314]
• Cements, [347]
• —— list of, [676]
• Centipedes, [578]
• Cercariæ, [571]
• Cereal parasites, [381]
• Chætophoraceæ, [409]
• Chara, fructification of, [417]
• —— mounting, [347]
• —— vulgaris, [415]
• Characeæ, [415]
• Cheese, bacteria in, [393]
• —— mite, [625]
• Chilinidæ, [551]
• Chitonidæ, [545]
• Chloride of gold as stain, [297]
• —— of palladium as stain, [298]
• Chromatic aberration, [25]
• —— —— of the eye, [33]
• Chromic acid as hardening reagent, [288]
• Ciliata, [498]
• Circulation of the blood, [665]
• Cistula catenata, [558]
• Cladocera, [580]
• Clavatella prolifera, [521]
• Clearing agents, list of, [676]
• Clepsinidæ, [576]
• Clionæ, [513]
• Closterium, [424]
• —— lunula, [425]
• Cnidaria, [519]
• Cockchafer’s eye, [590]
• Coddington lens, the, [76]
• Codosiga, [497]
• Cœlenterata, [515]
• Cohn on multiplication of bacteria, [367]
• Cole’s direction for section cutting, [285]
• —— section-cutting microtome, [289]
• Collecting stick, Baker’s, [350]
• Collection of objects, [349]
• Compound microscope, [78]
• Compressor, Beck’s, [275]
• Compressorium, [274]
• —— Ross’s, [275]
• —— Rousselet’s, [275]
• Concave lenses, [23]
• —— surfaces, [17]
• Condenser, Abbé’s, [176]
• —— Baker’s Nelson, [184]
• —— —— student’s, [184]
• —— Beck’s achromatic, [180]
• —— Gillett’s achromatic, [173]
• —— method of using, [190]
• —— Powell’s achromatic, [178]
• —— Ross’s achromatic, [176]
• —— Smith & Beck’s achromatic, [173]
• —— —— substage, [193]
• Condenser, Swift’s, [183]
• —— Watson’s achromatic, [177]
• —— —— parachromatic, [182]
• —— Webster-Collins, [186]
• —— Wenham’s immersion, [189]
• —— —— parabolic, [186]
• Confervaceæ, [408]
• Conjugate foci, [17]
• —— real and virtual, [21]
• Continental microscopes, [130]
• Contrast stains, [313]
• Convex lens, [18]
• Copepoda, [580]
• Corals, [515], [525]
• —— true, [528]
• —— typical forms of, [533]
• Correction collar, Lister’s, [155]
• Coryne stauridia, [534]
• Cotton fibres, [474]
• Cover glass gauge, Zeiss’s, [165]
• Crinoids, [542]
• Critical angle, [14]
• Crookshank’s incubator, [324]
• —— method of staining bacteria, [335]
• Crustaceæ, [578]
• Crystals, formation and polarisation of, [239]
• Ctenophora, [518]
• Cuckoo-spit, [618]
• Culex pipiens, [596]
• Cultivation of bacteria, [327]
• —— of micro-organisms, [327]
• Cutleria dichotoma, [413]
• Cutting sections of hard woods, [316]
• Cuttle-fish, [556]
• Cyclops, [580]
• Cyclosis, phenomenon of, [359]
• Cyclostomata, [537]
• Cyclotus translucidus, [558]
• Cydippidæ, [518]
• Cymba olla, [557]
• Cymothordæ, [580]
• Dairy, bacteriology of, [393]
• Daphnia, enemies of, [581]
• —— ephippial eggs of, [580]
• Daphnia pulex, [580]
• De Bary’s investigations in parasitism, [395]
• Decalcifying and bleaching agents, list of, [677]
• Decalcifying solution as hardening reagent, [288]
• Demodex folliculorum, [627]
• Dental structure, [652]
• Dermestes lardarius, [627]
• Dermis, the human, [647]
• Desmidiaceæ, [420]
• —— reproduction of, [423]
• Diamond microscope, Pritchard’s, [9]
• Diaphragm, the, [194]
• —— the iris, [176]
• Diatomaceæ, [420], [427]
• —— fossilised, [437]
• —— Max Schultze’s researches, [430]
• —— where found, [428]
• Diatoms, mounting medium, [343]
• —— movements of, [431]
• Didymoprium grevelli, [420]
• Difflugia, [482]
• Digestive system of insects, [587]
• Dipping-tubes, [279]
• Disc-holder, Beck’s, [198]
• Dissecting-knives, [284]
• Dog-tick, [624]
• Double convex lens, [19]
• Draparnaldia glomerata, [409]
• Draw-tube, Swift’s, [116]
• —— Watson’s, [104]
• Drone fly, [594]
• Dytiscus marginalis, [607]
• Echinococcus, [565]
• Echinodermata, [539]
• Eggs of insects, [612]
• Elementary optics, [12]
• Embedding fluids, list of, [678]
• —— in paraffin wax, [285]
• Entomological specimens, mounting, [341]
• Entozoa, [562]
• Eosin stain, [315]
• Eozoon, [492]
• Epeira diadema, [619]
• Epidermis of plants, [455]
• Epithelial cells, [636]
• Epithelium, mounting, [295]
• Equisetaceæ, [449]
• Ergot of rye, [382]
• Eristalis tenax, [594]
• Erysiphe Tuckeri, [380]
• Eudorina, [406]
• Euglypta, [482]
• Eurotium repens, [383]
• Exposure table for photo-micrography, [213]
• Eye, chromatic aberration of the, [33]
• —— of cockchafer, [590]
• —— of fly, [588]
• —— of whirligig beetle, [608]
• —— the human, [30]
• Eye-piece, Abbé’s stereoscopic, [64]
• —— compensating, [147]
• —— —— Zeiss’s, [147]
• —— Huyghenian, [139]
• —— Jackson’s micrometer, [143]
• —— Ramsden, [142]
• —— —— micrometer, [145]
• —— Ross’s, [68]
• —— Wenham’s double, [63]
• —— Zeiss’s, [147]
• Eye-pieces, [139]
• —— achromatic, [149]
• —— magnifying powers of, [169]
• —— projections, [150]
• —— to clean, [259]
• Eyes of insects, [584]
• Favellidium, [415]
• Feet of insects, observation of, [604]
• Felices, [446]
• Fermentation experiments, [361]
• Fermentations, bacterial, [391]
• Ferns, [446]
• —— development of, [446]
• Fibro-cartilage, [657]
• Fibrous tissue, [642]
• —— —— mounting, [296]
• Filaria sanguinis hominis, [568]
• Finder, the, [204]
• —— the Amyot, [205]
• —— the Maltwood, [204]
• —— the Okeden, [205]
• —— Pantacsek’s, [205]
• Fission formation, [365]
• Fixing solutions, list of, [678]
• Flabellum, [528]
• Flagella, staining of, [336]
• Flagellate infusoria, [495]
• Flatness of field, [262]
• Flax, fibres of, [474]
• Flea, [629]
• Florideæ, [413]
• Flowering plants, [451]
• Fluke, the, [569]
• Flustra, [532]
• Fly, eye of, [588]
• —— foot of, [602]
• Focal length of lenses, [22]
• Focus, method of finding, [271]
• Foot of fly, [602]
• Foraminifera, [483]
• Forceps, [283]
• —— for mounting, [294]
• —— stage, [198]
• Formation and polarisation of crystals, [239]
• Fossil plants, [475]
• Fossilised diatomaceæ, [438]
• Freezing agents, list of, [678]
• —— microtome, Cathcart’s, [291]
• —— —— directions for using, [291]
• Frog-bit, [418]
• —— plate, [277]
• Froth-fly, [618]
• Fungi, industrial uses of, [391]
• Fungoid diseases, [374]
• Fungus on plants, [376]
• —— root, benefit to trees from, [396]
• —— sewage, [400]
• —— where found, [379]
• Gall-fly, [596]
• Gapeworm, [572]
• Gelatine, to prepare nutrient, [328]
• German yeast, [388]
• Gillett’s achromatic condenser, [173]
• Globigerina, [486]
• Glycerine agar-agar, [330]
• —— jelly, to make, [297]
• Gnat, [596]
• Gnathia, [579]
• Goniometer, Dr. Leeson’s, [150]
• Gorgoniidæ, [530]
• Gosse on noctiluca, [496]
• Gram’s method of staining bacteria, [335], [338]
• Grant’s researches on sponges, [507]
• Gregarinæ, [482], [563]
• Gromia, [484]
• Grove’s recommendations for mounting, [299]
• Gyrinus, eye of, [608]
• —— leg of, [608]
• Hæmatoxylin stain, [312]
• Hairs, structure of, [648]
• Haliotis splendens, [559]
• —— tuberculatus, [557]
• Hansen’s investigations of yeast, [387]
• Hard structures, mounting, [307]
• —— woods, cutting sections of, [316]
• Hardening agents, list of, [677]
• —— —— absolute alcohol, [287]
• —— —— chromic acid as, [288]
• —— —— decalcifying solution as, [288]
• —— —— methylated spirit as, [288]
• —— —— Muller’s fluid as, [288]
• —— —— potassium bichromate, [288]
• Hardening reagents, [287]
• —— tissue, [283]
• Hartea elegans, [535]
• Heliozoa, [489]
• Helix absoluta, [558]
• —— pomatia, [558]
• Hepaticæ, [442]
• Hexactinia, [526]
• Hirudina medicinalis, [576]
• Hirudinidæ, [575]
• His’s method of staining bacteria, [334]
• Holland’s simple microscope, [75]
• Holman’s life slide, [277]
• —— moist chamber, [277]
• —— syphon slide, [278]
• Holothurioidea, [543]
• Honey bee, [598]
• Horse-tails, [449]
• House fly, eye of, [588]
• —— proboscis of, [591]
• —— tongue of, [592]
• Human eye, the, [30]
• —— hair as a test, [269]
• Huyghenian eye-piece, [139]
• Hydra, [516]
• —— fasca, [516]
• —— stinging, [519]
• —— viridis, [516]
• Hydractinia echinata, [523]
• Hydroid polyps, colony of, [537]
• Hydrozoa, [515]
• Ianthinidæ, [550]
• Iceland spar, [221]
• Illumination arrangements of the microscope, [673]
• —— Mercer on, [673]
• Incubation, apparatus for, [322]
• —— test for, [263]
• Incubator, Crookshank’s, [324]
• Incubators, [324]
• Indigo plant, [392]
• Infusoria, [493]
• Infusorial life, [349]
• Injecting, directions for, [304]
• —— insects, [306]
• —— lower animals, [305]
• —— mollusca, [305]
• —— small animal bodies, [302]
• —— —— —— —— syringe for, [302]
• —— with different colours, [304]
• Injections, to prepare, [303]
• —— —— subjects for, [303]
• Injurious insects, [632]
• Insects, [578], [583]
• —— antennæ of, [584]
• —— digestive systems, [586]
• —— distinctive character of, [583]
• —— eggs of, [612]
• —— eyes of, [584]
• —— injecting, [306]
• —— injurious, [632]
• —— mouths of, [584]
• —— muscles of, [585]
• —— reproduction of, [587]
• —— respiratory system of, [607]
• —— thorax of, [585]
• —— wings of, [609]
• Interpretation, errors of, [263]
• Iris diaphragm, [176]
• Isthmia enervis, [436]
• Ixodidæ, [622]
• Ixodes ricinus, [624]
• Jackson’s micrometer eye-piece, [143]
• Jelly-fish, [519], [523]
• Jungermannia, [442]
• Koch’s method of staining flagella, [336]
• Lamp, Baker’s microscope, [191]
• —— Beck’s complete microscope, [202]
• —— shells, [539]
• —— the microscope, [201]
• —— Watson’s microscope, [203]
• Lard, embedding in, [285]
• Larvæ of sea-anemones, [529]
• Lathe for cutting sections of teeth, [308]
• Laticiferous tissues, [466]
• Leaf tissue, [466]
• Leeson’s goniometer, [150]
• Leeuwenhoek’s microscope, [4]
• Leitz’s dissecting microscope, [132]
• —— microscopes, [132]
• Lens, bull’s-eye condensing, [199]
• —— Steinheil’s aplanatic, [77]
• —— the Coddington, [76]
• Lenses, concave, [23]
• —— convex, [18]
• —— double convex, [19]
• —— focal length of, [22]
• —— forms of, [18]
• —— meniscus form of, [24]
• —— optical centre of, [20]
• —— plano-convex, [19]
• Lepas, [539]
• Lepisma saccharina, [612]
• —— scales of, as test, [264]
• Leptothrix buccalis, [400]
• Lichenaceæ, [439]
• Lichens, [439]
• —— erratic, [441]
• Lieberkühn’s microscope, [4]
• Lieberkühn, the, [198]
• Light, polarisation of, [219]
• Limax maximus, [558]
• —— rufus, [558]
• Limnæan, teeth of, [554]
• Limnæidæ, [551]
• Limnæus stagnalis, [551]
• Lingula pyramidata, [538]
• Lingulidæ, [538]
• List of salts, [240]
• Lister’s correction collar, [155]
• —— flasks, [322]
• —— microscope, [81]
• —— object glass, [154]
• Live-cages, [274]
• Live-cells, [277]
• Live-trough, Botterill’s, [276]
• Liverworts, [442]
• Lobosa, [482]
• Löffler’s method of staining flagella, [336]
• Logwood, staining by, [293]
• Lophopus crystallinus, [535]
• Lyda campestris, [598]
• Lymph corpuscles, [638]
• Maddox growing stage, the, [280]
• Magnifying powers of eye-pieces and objectives, [169]
• Maltwood finder, the, [204]
• Maple aphis, [617]
• Mapping spectra, [253]
• Marchantia polymorphia, [442]
• Martin’s microscope, [5]
• Marzoni’s objective, [152]
• Mayall’s illuminator, [184]
• —— mechanical stage, [124]
• Medusæ, [515], [521]
• —— a colony of budding, [537]
• Melicerta ringens, [505]
• Melolontha vulgans, eye of, [590]
• Meniscus form of lens, [24]
• Mercer on illumination, [673]
• Mesoglæa, [525]
• Mesoglia vermicularis, [410]
• Methylated spirit as hardening reagent, [288]
• Metric system of weights and measures, [687]
• Micrometer, Ramsden’s, [145], [206]
• —— the stage, [206]
• Micrometers, [205]
• Micro-organisms, [373]
• —— cultivation of, [327]
• Micro-photography, [210], [674]
• —— Baker’s apparatus for, [217]
• —— exposure table, [213]
• —— Pringle’s apparatus, [217]
• —— rules for, [214]
• —— Stringer-Watson’s apparatus for, [674]
• —— Swift’s apparatus for, [213]
• Microscope, accessories of the, [197]
• —— Baker’s advanced student’s, [123]
• —— —— histological, [125]
• —— —— Nelson model, [120]
• —— Beck’s binocular dissecting, [101]
• —— —— —— National, [99]
• —— —— large Continental model, [98]
• —— —— pathological, [95]
• —— —— Star, [101]
• —— binocular, Pillischer’s, [128]
• —— —— Wenham’s, [65]
• —— Carpenter on binocular, [69]
• —— compound, [78]
• —— early history of, [1]
• —— Holland’s simple, [75]
• —— Hooke’s water, [2]
• —— illumination arrangements of the, [673]
• —— invention of, [2]
• —— lamp, the, [201]
• —— —— Baker’s, [191]
• —— —— Beck’s, [202]
• —— —— Watson’s, [203]
• —— Leitz’s dissecting, [132]
• —— Leeuwenhoek’s, [4]
• —— Lieberkühn’s, [4]
• —— Lister’s, [81]
• —— manipulation and mode of using the, [258]
• —— Martin’s, [5]
• —— Nachet’s, [133]
• —— —— binocular, [62]
• —— Pillischer’s binocular, [128]
• —— —— International, [126]
• —— Pillischer’s “Kosmos,” [128]
• —— Powell & Lealand’s, [85]
• —— —— student’s, [88]
• —— Pritchard’s diamond, [9]
• —— Riddell’s binocular, [62]
• —— Ross’s “Eclipse,” [89]
• —— —— New Industrial, [90]
• —— Ross-Jackson, [82]
• —— Ross-Jackson-Zentmayer, [83]
• —— Ross-Zentmayer, [91]
• —— Rousselet’s tank, [126]
• —— simple, [30], [72], [77]
• —— simple pocket, [73]
• —— Sir David Brewster’s, [11]
• —— Stephenson’s erecting binocular, [71]
• —— Swift’s advanced student’s, [118]
• —— —— bacteriological, [116]
• —— —— four-legged, [114]
• —— —— histological student’s, [116]
• —— the bacteriological, [135]
• —— Watson’s bacteriological, [108]
• —— —— Edinburgh student’s, [102]
• —— —— histological, [107]
• —— —— petrological, [111]
• —— —— portable, [110]
• —— —— Van Heurck’s, [108]
• —— Wenham’s binocular, [65]
• —— —— radial, [90]
• —— Wollaston’s simple, [74]
• —— Zeiss’s, [130]
• Microscopes, Baker’s, [120]
• —— Beck’s, [95]
• —— Continental, [130]
• —— Leitz’s, [132]
• —— Pillischer’s, [126]
• —— Ross’s, [88]
• —— Swift’s, [113]
• —— Watson’s, [102]
• Microscopic forms of life, [353]
• —— vision, principles of, [45]
• —— —— theory of, [37]
• Micro-spectroscope, the, [243]
• Micro-spectroscopic eye-piece, the Sorby-Browning, [247]
• —— method of using, [250]
• —— the Browning-Huggins, [245]
• Microtome, Cambridge rocking, [290]
• —— Cathcart’s freezing, [291]
• —— Cole’s section-cutting, [289]
• —— method of using, [289]
• Milk, bacteria in, [393]
• Millipedes, [578]
• Mineral and geological kingdoms, [670]
• Mirror, manipulation of, [260]
• —— the, [195]
• Mite, cheese, [625]
• Mites and ticks, [622]
• Moist stage, [280]
• Molecular rotation, [238]
• Mollusca, [545]
• —— injecting, [305]
• —— shell of, [558]
• Monads in rat’s blood, [372]
• Monoxenia, [523]
• Moss-animals, [531]
• Mosses, [443]
• Moulds, [380], [381]
• Mounting apparatus, [352]
• —— cells for, [340]
• —— chara, [347]
• —— entomological specimens, [341]
• —— epithelium, [295]
• —— fibrous tissue, [296]
• —— forceps, [294]
• —— hard structures, [307]
• —— media, list of, [678]
• —— nerve tissue, [296]
• —— non-striated muscle, [296]
• —— objects, materials required, [339]
• —— rock sections, [309]
• —— spring clip for, [296], [342]
• —— teeth sections, [308]
• —— vegetable tissues, [310]
• Mouse, hair of, [650]
• Mouth, leptothrix, [400]
• Mouths of insects, [584]
• Müller’s fluid, a hardening reagent, [288]
• Musca domestica, [588]
• Musci, [443]
• Muscidæ, [588]
• Muscles of insects, [585]
• Muscular fibre, [644]
• —— —— mounting, [296]
• Mycetoma, [378]
• Mycetozoa, [482]
• Mycorhiza, [396]
• Nachet’s binocular microscope, [62]
• Nails, structure of, [648]
• Navicula, [427]
• Neckera antiphyretica, [445]
• Needles for teasing out sections, [286]
• Nematoid worms, [556]
• Nerve tissue, mounting, [296]
• Nicol prism, [220]
• Nitella, [418]
• Nitrate of silver as stain, [297], [298]
• Noctiluca, [496]
• Non-striated muscle, mounting, [296]
• Nose-pieces, [203]
• Nuclear stains, [311]
• —— —— carmine, [312]
• —— —— hæmatoxylin, [312]
• Nudibranchiata, [547]
• Nutrient agar-agar, to prepare, [330]
• —— gelatine, to prepare, [328]
• —— jelly, to inoculate with bacteria, [331]
• Object glass, Lister’s, [154]
• —— to clean, [260]
• Objective, achromatic, [152]
• —— changers, [203]
• —— Powell & Lealand’s oil immersion, [166]
• Objectives, Baker’s, [168]
• —— Beck’s, [167]
• —— English and German, [159]
• —— high power, [171]
• —— magnifying powers of, [169]
• —— Pillischer’s, [169]
• —— Ross’s, [166]
• —— Swift’s, [168]
• —— Watson’s, [167]
• Objects, collection of, [349]
• Oblique illumination, [186]
• Oidium albicans, [384]
• Okeden finder, the, [205]
• Onion, raphides of, [472]
• Opisthobranchiata, [548]
• Optical centre of lenses, [20]
• Optics, elementary, [12]
• Oscillariaceæ, [407]
• Osmic acid as stain, [298]
• Palates of gastrapods, [556]
• Palmellaceæ, [407]
• Palmoglæa macrococca, [401]
• Pandorina morum, [406]
• Parabolic reflector, [188]
• Paraffin wax, embedding in, [285]
• Parasites, cereal, [381]
• —— sponge, [512]
• —— vine, [380]
• Parasitic diseases of plants, [372]
• —— fungi of men and animals, [383]
• Parasitism, De Bary’s investigations in, [395]
• Patella radiata, [556]
• Pearls, structure of, [559]
• Pectinibranchs, [550]
• Pediastreæ, [422]
• Pedicellanæ, [543]
• Peltogaster curvatus, [539]
• Penetration in objective, [261]
• Pennatulidæ, [530]
• Pentacrinoids, [540]
• Pepperworts, [451]
• Peronospora viticola, [381]
• Petiole, [466]
• Phanerogamiæ, [451]
• Phanerogams, structure of, [453]
• Phloem of plants, [454]
• Pholadidæ, [545]
• Phomauvicola, [381]
• Photo-micrography, [210]
• —— apparatus for, [213]
• —— Baker’s apparatus for, [217]
• —— exposure table, [213]
• —— rules for, [214]
• —— Swift’s apparatus for, [213]
• Phylactolæmata, [533]
• Phylloxera vastatrix, [381]
• Physalia, [521]
• Physidæ, [551]
• Picro-carmine as stain, [299]
• Pigment cells, [446]
• Pillischer’s binocular microscope, [128]
• —— International microscope, [126]
• —— “Kosmos” microscope, [128]
• —— objectives, [169]
• Pinna ingens, [559]
• Pinnulariæ, [434]
• Pipette, [319]
• —— Pasteur’s bulb, [322]
• Plague, bacillus of, [370]
• —— the Bombay, [371]
• Planariæ, [575]
• Plano-convex lens, [19]
• Plants, epidermis of, [455]
• —— fibro-vascular system of, [460]
• —— flowering, [451]
• —— fossil, [475]
• —— ground tissue, system of, [458]
• —— hairs, [457], [473]
• —— parasitic diseases of, [374]
• —— raphides in, [472]
• —— reproductive organs of, [467]
• —— spores of parasitic fungus on, [376]
• —— structure of, [453]
• —— tissue systems of, [454]
• —— vascular system of, [464]
• Plasmodia, [482]
• Pleurobranchus aurantiacus, [548]
• —— plumula, [557]
• Pleurosigma angulatum, [429]
• —— as a test, [267]
• —— attenuatum, [429]
• Plumularia, [521]
• Pocket lens, Browning’s, [76]
• —— Coddington’s, [76]
• Podura-scale test, [268]
• —— villosa, [611]
• Polarisation apparatus, [223]
• —— of light, [219]
• —— prism, [220]
• —— —— method of employing, [224]
• —— rotation of plane of, [231]
• Polarised crystal of quinidine, [235]
• Polarising apparatus, Watson’s, [224]
• Pollen grains, [467]
• —— —— method of mounting, [467]
• Polycystina, [489]
• Polymorphina, [486]
• Polypomedusæ, [519]
• Polytrichum undulatum, [445]
• Polyzoa collecting, [350]
• Pond-snails, [551]
• Porifera, [506]
• Portable microscope, Watson’s, [110]
• Potassium bichromate as hardening reagent, [288]
• —— nitrate, crystal of, [232]
• Powell & Lealand’s microscope, [85]
• —— oil immersion objective, [166]
• —— student’s microscope, [88]
• —— formula for objective, [166]
• Preparing tissue, [283]
• Primordial cell, [357]
• Principal focus, [18]
• Pringle’s micro-photography apparatus, [217]
• Prism, [15]
• —— Nicol’s, [220]
• Pritchard’s diamond microscope, [9]
• Proboscis of house fly, [591]
• Proteolepas, [539]
• Protococcus invalis, [380]
• —— pluvialis, [401]
• Protoplasm, [356]
• —— staining living, [306]
• Protozoa, [478]
• Puccinia graminis, [375]
• Pyrocystis, [496]
• Quartz, [231]
• Quekett on Martin’s microscope, [6]
• Quinidine, crystals of, [235]
• Radiolaria, [490]
• Ramsden eye-piece, [142]
• —— micrometer eye-piece, [145]
• Raphides in plants, [472]
• Rayleigh’s theory of formation of optical images, [44]
• Reflection, [16]
• Reflector, Sorby’s, [199]
• Refraction, [13]
• —— through prism, [15]
• Reproductive organs of plants, [467]
• Resolving power, [262]
• Retiform tissue, [644]
• Rezner’s mechanical finger, [343]
• Rhizocarpeæ, [451]
• Rhizopoda, [482]
• Riddell’s binocular microscope, [62]
• Rochelle salt, [232]
• Rock limpet, [556]
• —— sections, mounting, [309]
• Ross’s achromatic condenser, [176]
• —— compressorium, [275]
• —— Eclipse microscope, [89]
• —— eye-pieces, [68]
• —— microscopes, [88]
• —— object glass, [154]
• —— objectives, [166]
• Ross-Hepworth arc lamp, [218]
• Ross-Jackson microscope, [82]
• Ross-Jackson-Zentmayer microscope, [83]
• Ross-Zentmayer microscope, [91]
• Rotatoria, mounting, [345]
• Rotifera, [502]
• Rousselet’s compressorium, [275]
• —— method of mounting rotatoria, [345]
• —— tank microscope, [126]
• Rye, ergot of, [382]
• Saccharomyces cerevisiæ, [384]
• —— ellipsoideus, [385]
• —— mycoderma, [384]
• Saccharomycetes, industrial uses of, [391]
• Salts, list of, [240]
• Saprolegnia ferox, [411]
• Sarcode, [357]
• Saw-fly, [598]
• Scalariidæ, [550]
• Scales of butterfly’s wings, [610]
• Scapander ligniarius, [557]
• Schäfer’s warm-stage, [282]
• Scyphomedusæ, [523]
• Sea-anemone, larvæ of, [529]
• Sea-anemones, [526]
• Sea-cucumber, [540], [543]
• Sea-hares, [549]
• Sea-mats, [532]
• Sea-urchin, [540]
• Sea-weeds, [409]
• Section cutting, [283]
• —— —— Cole’s directions for, [285]
• Section-cutting microtome, Cole’s, [289]
• —— lifters, [319]
• —— scissors, [283]
• Sections of hard wood, cutting, [316]
• Selenite, [225]
• Sepia officinalis, [556]
• Sertularia, [521]
• Shadbolt’s turn-table, [295]
• Sheep-tick, [624]
• Shell, structure of, [558]
• —— formation in limnæa, [552]
• Sieve-tubes, [465]
• Silk filaments, [474]
• Silk-worm, [605]
• Silk-worms, disease of, [363]
• Silver-side reflector, [198]
• Simple microscopes, [30], [72], [77]
• Siphonophora, [521]
• Sirax gigas, [597]
• Skin, [646]
• Smith & Beck’s achromatic condenser, [173]
• Snow crystals, [237]
• Sorby-Browning micro-spectroscopic eye-piece, [247]
• Sorby’s reflector, [199]
• Spectroscope, cells for use with, [251]
• —— the, [244]
• Spectrum of chromule, [255]
• Sphæroplea annulina, [409]
• Sphærosira volvex, [406]
• Sphagnaceæ, [446]
• Spherical aberration, [23]
• Spiders, [619]
• Spirilla, [368]
• Spiro-bacteria, [368]
• Splenic fever bacillus, [369]
• Sponges, [506]
• —— boring, [513]
• —— Geodia Barretti, [510]
• —— Grant’s researches on, [507]
• —— hyalonema, [512]
• —— parasite on, [512]
• —— reproduction of, [510]
• Spongia coalita, [507]
• Spongiadæ, [506]
• Spore of parasitic fungus on plants, [576]
• Spores, [366]
• Spores, aerobic, [399]
• —— endogenous, [366]
• —— staining of, [336]
• Spring clip for mounting, [296], [342]
• Stage, Bartley’s warm, [281]
• —— forceps, [198]
• —— Maddox growing, [280]
• —— Mayall’s mechanical, [124]
• —— moist and warm, [280]
• —— Schäfer’s, [282]
• —— Stricker’s, [282]
• —— Watson’s semi-mechanical, [107]
• Stain, eosin, [315]
• Staining animal structures, [292]
• —— bacteria, [334], [338]
• —— by logwood, [293]
• —— cellulose, [314]
• —— double, [293]
• —— double and treble, [300]
• —— living protoplasm, [306]
• —— of flagella, [336]
• —— of spores, [336]
• —— tissue, [283]
• Stains and staining methods, list of, [679]
• Stains, chloride of gold, [297]
• —— chloride of palladium, [298]
• —— contrast, [313]
• —— double and treble, [300]
• —— nitrate of silver, [297], [298]
• —— osmic acid, [298]
• —— picro-carmine, [299]
• —— single, [298]
• Starch, [238]
• —— granules, [469]
• —— —— of arrowroot, [470]
• —— —— of potato, [470]
• —— —— of wheat, [470]
• Star-fish, [540]
• Steinheil’s aplanatic lens, [77]
• Stentors, [501]
• Stephanoceros, [504]
• Stephanosphæra pluvialis, [403]
• Stephenson’s erecting binocular microscope, [71]
• Stereoscope, the, [60]
• Stereoscopic binocular vision, [60]
• Sterilised instruments, [321]
• Sterilisers, [324]
• —— Hearson’s, [325]
• —— steam, [325]
• —— —— Dr. Koch’s, [325]
• Sting of bee, [596]
• —— of wasp, [596]
• Stock-bottle, [279]
• Stomata of iris, [456]
• —— water pores, [457]
• Stone-lilies, [542]
• Stonewort, [415]
• Stricker’s warm stage, [282]
• Stringer’s apparatus for micro-photography, [674]
• Stylonychia mytilus, [500]
• Stylopidæ, [628]
• Substage condenser, [193]
• Subterranean fungi, [397]
• Sun-animalcules, [489]
• Swift’s advanced student’s microscope, [118]
• —— bacteriological microscope, [116]
• —— draw-tube, [116]
• —— four-legged microscope, [114]
• —— histological student’s microscope, [116]
• —— horizontal camera, [213]
• —— illuminating apparatus, [183]
• —— microscopes, [113]
• — objectives, [168]
• Tables, aperture, [58]
• Tænia, [564]
• Tanning skins, [393]
• Tardigrada, [631]
• Teasing out sections, needles for, [286]
• —— —— —— under condensed light, [287]
• Teeth, [652]
• —— lathe for cutting sections of, [308]
• —— method of cutting sections of, [308]
• —— mounting, [308]
• Tenent-hairs, [603]
• Terebella littoralis, [577]
• Terebratulata rubicuna, [559]
• Testacella maugei, [556]
• Test for illumination, [263]
• Test object, blood as a, [263]
• Test object, human hair as, [269]
• —— —— lepisma as, [264]
• —— —— pleurosigma, [267]
• —— —— podura-scale, [268]
• Test-plate, Abbé’s, [164]
• Threadworm, [566]
• Thorax of insects, [585]
• Thuricola valvata, [500]
• Tick, dog, [624]
• —— sheep, [624]
• Ticks, [622]
• Tissue, adipose, [644]
• —— bacteria in sections of, [337]
• —— fibrous, [642]
• —— hardening, [283]
• —— preparing, [283]
• —— retiform, [644]
• —— staining, [283]
• —— systems of plants, [454]
• Tongue of butterfly, [605]
• —— of house fly, [592]
• —— of wasp, [595]
• Tooth substance, [654]
• Topaz, [231]
• Tourmaline, [225]
• Trematode worms, [569]
• Trichina spiralis, [567]
• Trichomes of plants, [457]
• Troughs, [274]
• Truffle, [397]
• Tuber cibarium, [397]
• Tubicola, [576]
• Tubipora, [530]
• Tubularia dumortierii, [537]
• Tunicata, [549]
• Turbo marmoratus, [557]
• Turn-table, Shadbolt’s, [295]
• Typhoid bacillus, [370]
• Ulvaceæ, the, [411]
• Ulva lactuca, [411]
• —— thermalis, [411]
• Urinary salts, [236]
• Vallisneria, [418]
• Varley’s live-box, [274]
• Varnishes, [339]
• Vascular system of plants, [464]
• Vaucheria, [410]
• Vegetable tissues, staining and mounting, [310]
• Veins, [662]
• Velutina lævigata, [557]
• Vertebrata, [633]
• Vine parasites, [380]
• Violet sea-snail, [550]
• Visual angle, [72]
• —— judgment, [37]
• Volvocineæ, [404]
• Vorticellidæ, [499]
• Walmsley’s turn-table, [340]
• Warm chamber, Pfeiffer’s, [323]
• —— stage, [280]
• —— —— Bartley’s, [281]
• —— —— Schäfer’s, [282]
• —— —— Stricker’s, [282]
• Wasp, sting of, [596]
• —— tongue of, [595]
• Water thyme, [419]
• Watson’s achromatic condenser, [177]
• —— bacteriological Van Heurck’s microscope, [108]
• —— Edinburgh student’s microscope, [102]
• —— histological microscope, [107]
• —— mechanical draw-tube, [104]
• —— microscope lamp, [203]
• —— microscopes, [102]
• —— parachromatic condenser, [182]
• —— petrological microscope, [111]
• —— portable microscope, [110]
• —— semi-mechanical stage, [107]
• Webster-Collins condenser, [186]
• Weights and measures, metric system of, [687]
• Wenham’s binocular microscope, [65]
• —— double eye-piece, [189]
• —— immersion condenser, [189]
• —— parabolic condenser, [186]
• —— —— reflector, [187]
• —— radial microscope, [90]
• Wheat rust, [374]
• —— starch, [470]
• Wheel animalcules, [502]
• Whirligig-beetle, eyes of, [608]
• —— —— leg of, [608]
• Wings of butterfly, [610]
• —— of insects, [609]
• —— of moth, [610]
• Winogradsky’s investigations of bacteria, [398]
• Wollaston’s simple microscope, [74]
• Wood, formation of, [462]
• Wool, [474]
• Worms, [562]
• Wort-gelatine, [330]
• Xylem of plants, [462]
• Yeast cells, [384]
• —— German, [388]
• —— Hansen’s investigations of, [387]
• Zeiss’s compensating eye-piece, [147]
• —— cover-glass gauge, [165]
• —— microscope, [130]
• Zentmayer’s Holman syphon slide, [278]
• Zoophytes, [515]

BRADBURY, AGNEW, & CO. LD., PRINTERS, LONDON AND TONBRIDGE.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] My earliest acquaintance with the Microscope occurred in the thirties, when I fortunately became possessed of a Culpeper-Scarlet instrument, figured in the title-page.

[2] At the time this was written, scarcely a book of the kind had been published at a price within the reach of the student.

[3] For fuller information, see the Cantor Lectures on the Microscope, by the late John Mayall, F.R.M.S., “Society of Arts Journal,” 1885.

[4] “A Practical Treatise on the Use of the Microscope.” London, 1855.