FIG.PAGE
[1.]Skeleton2
[2.]Fourth Thoracic Vertebra3
[3.]Fourth Thoracic Vertebra3
[4.]Thoracic Vertebræ5
[5.]Lumbar Vertebræ7
[6.]Sacrum9
[7.]Sacrum9
[8.]Caudal Vertebra11
[9.]Caudal Vertebra11
[10.]Cervical Vertebræ12
[11.]Sixth Cervical Vertebra13
[12.]Atlas13
[13.]Axis15
[14.]Ligaments of the Odontoid Process18
[15.]Rib19
[16.]Sternum20
[17.]Occipital Bone22
[18.]Occipital Bone22
[19.]Interparietal25
[20.]Sphenoid25
[21.]Presphenoid29
[22.]Temporal31
[23.]Temporal31
[24.]Tympanic Bulla33
[25.]Petrous Bone34
[26.]Frontal37
[27.]Maxillary Bone39
[28.]Maxillary Bone39
[29.]Premaxillary41
[30.]Nasal42
[31.]Ethmoid and Vomer43
[32.]Ethmoid and Vomer43
[33.]Palatine45
[34.]Lachrymal46
[35.]Malar46
[36.]Mandible48
[37.]Mandible48
[38.]Hyoid49
[39.]Skull, Dorsal Surface50
[40.]Skull, Side View53
[41.]Skull, Ventral Surface55
[42.]Cavities of Skull57
[43.]Skull, Median Section60
[44.]Scapula62
[45.]Scapula62
[46.]Clavicle64
[47.]Humerus65
[48.]Humerus65
[49.]Radius and Ulna68
[50.]Radius and Ulna68
[51.]Bones of the Hand70
[52.]Ligaments of the Elbow74
[53.]Ligaments of the Elbow74
[54.]Innominate Bone of Kitten76
[55.]Innominate Bone77
[56.]Femur79
[57.]Tibia and Fibula81
[58.]Bones of the Foot83
[59.]Calcaneus83
[60.]Knee-joint89
[61.]Knee-joint89
[62.]Muscles of the Skin94
[63.]Muscles on Dorsal Side of Head97
[64.]Muscles of Face102
[65.]Ventral Muscles of Thorax, Neck, and Head109
[66.]Pterygoid and Palatal Muscles112
[67.]Muscles of Tongue, Hyoid, and Pharynx114
[68.]First Layer of Body Muscles117
[69.]Deep Muscles of the Vertebræ and Ribs125
[70.]Dorsal Muscles of Lumbar and Caudal Regions127
[71.]Deep Muscles of Neck135
[72.]Muscles on the Ventral Surface of the Cervical Vertebræ143
[73.]Second Layer of Body Muscles149
[74.]Diaphragm152
[75.]Lateral Muscles of Arm158
[76.]Origin of Lateral Muscles on Scapula160
[77.]Medial Muscles of Arm162
[78.]Origin of Medial Muscles on Scapula163
[79.]Deep Medial Muscles of Arm167
[80.]Deep Lateral Muscles of Arm169
[81.]Areas of Origin of Muscles on Ventral Surface of Humerus171
[82.]Areas of Origin of Muscles on Medial Side of Humerus171
[83.]Areas of Origin of Muscles on Dorsal Surface of Left Humerus171
[84.]Tendons on Back of Hand175
[85.]Deep Muscles of Forearm177
[86.]Insertions of Muscles on Radius and Ulna178
[87.]Insertions of Muscles on Radius and Ulna182
[88.]Mm. Lumbricales, etc.183
[89.]Deep Muscles of Palm of Hand184
[90.]Lateral Muscles of the Leg192
[91.]Medial Muscles of the Leg197
[92.]Deep Medial Muscles of Thigh200
[93.]Teeth of the Upper Jaw225
[94.]Teeth of the Lower Jaw226
[95.]Tongue, Epiglottis, etc.227
[96.]Muscles of Tongue, Hyoid, and Pharynx229
[97.]Stomach235
[98.]Colon and Cæcum238
[99.]Ileocolic Valve238
[100.]Liver240
[101.]Liver240
[102.]Pancreas and Spleen242
[103.]Cartilages of Nose244
[104.]Cartilages of Larynx247
[105.]Muscles of Larynx250
[106.]Bronchi253
[107.]Thymus Gland254
[108.]Kidney255
[109.]Section of Kidney255
[110.]Testis260
[111.]Male Genital Organs262
[112.]Female Urogenital Organs265
[113.]Muscles of Urogenital Organs and Anus in Male270
[114.]Muscles of Urogenital Organs of Female272
[115.]Heart276
[116.]Heart276
[117.]Inside of Heart278
[118.]Vessels of Thorax282
[119.]Common Carotid and Internal Jugular284
[120.]Branches of External Carotid288
[121.]Arteries of Brain291
[122.]Vessels and Nerves of the Axilla295
[123.]Vessels and Nerves of the Arm299
[124.]Palmar Arch301
[125.]Cœliac Artery302
[126.]Abdominal Blood-vessels305
[127.]Medial Vessels and Nerves of the Leg310
[128.]Deep Arteries of Foot314
[129.]Thoracic Blood-vessels317
[130.]Superficial Vessels and Nerves of the Forearm319
[131.]Blood-vessels of the Face322
[132.]Portal Vein327
[133.]Spinal Cord, cranial portion336
[134.]Section of Spinal Cord337
[135.]Origin of Spinal Nerves337
[136.]Cauda Equina, etc.338
[137.]Brain, Dorsal View340
[138.]Brain, Ventral View342
[139.]Diagram of Brain343
[140.]Diagram of Brain343
[141.]Dorsal View of Midbrain and ’Tween-brain350
[142.]Ventral View of Midbrain and ’Tween-brain352
[143.]Longitudinal Section of Brain356
[144.]Lateral View of Brain358
[145.]Diagram of Sulci and Gyri359
[146.]Diagram of Sulci and Gyri361
[147.]Corpus Callosum363
[148.]Fornix, Hippocampus, and Corpus Striatum364
[149.]Transverse Section of Brain366
[150.]Transverse Section of Brain366
[151.]Transverse Section of Brain366
[152.]Transverse Section of Brain367
[153.]Transverse Section of Brain367
[154.]Cranial Nerves374
[155.]Nerves of Face376
[156.]Cranial Nerves in the Neck379
[157.]Sympathetic and Vagus in the Thorax381
[158.]Nerves of the Neck384
[159.]Brachial Plexus387
[160.]Nerves and Vessels of Axilla389
[161.]Nerves and Vessels of Forearm391
[162.]Lumbar and Sacral Nerves398
[163.]Great Sciatic Nerve401
[164.]Sympathetic and Vagus in Abdomen407
[165.]Nictitating Membrane410
[166.]Muscles of Eyeball411
[167.]Diagram of Eye413
[168.]Cartilage of External Ear417
[169.]Muscles of External Ear419
[170.]Tympanic Membrane422
[171.]Malleus and Incus423
[172.]Stapes424
[173.]Membranous Labyrinth425

ANATOMY OF THE CAT.

THE SKELETON OF THE CAT.

The skeleton of the cat consists of 230 to 247 bones exclusive of the sesamoid bones (44) and the chevron bones (8). These are divided as follows: head 35-40, vertebral column 52-53, ribs 26, sternum 1-8, pelvis 2-8, upper extremities 62, lower extremities 54-56. The number of bones varies with the age of the individual, being fewer in the old than in the young animal, owing to the fact that in an old animal some bones that were originally separate have united.

I. THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN. COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS.

The vertebral column, spinal column, or back-bone, consists of a varying number of separate bones, the vertebræ. At its cranial end are seven vertebræ (cervical, [Fig. 1], c) which are without ribs and support the head; caudad of these are thirteen rib-bearing vertebræ (thoracic, [Fig. 1], m); caudad of these are seven that are again without ribs (lumbar, [Fig. 1], o); these are followed by three vertebræ (sacral, [Fig. 1], x) which are united into a single bone, the sacrum, which supports the pelvic arch. Following the sacral vertebræ are twenty-two or twenty-three small ribless vertebræ which support the tail (caudal, [Fig. 1], y).

[Fig. 1.]—Skeleton of Cat.

a, skull; b, hyoid; c, cervical vertebræ; d, clavicle; e, scapula; f, sternum; g, humerus; h, radius; i, ulna; j, carpus; k, metacarpus; l, phalanges; m, thoracic vertebræ; n, ribs; o, lumbar vertebræ; p, innominate bones; q, femur; r, patella; s, fibula; t, tibia; u, tarsus; v, metatarsus; w, phalanges; x, sacrum; y, caudal vertebræ.