Izgur, Shalosh Tekufot, Niezhin, 1898.
*Jastrow, Beleuchtungen, etc., Hamburg, 1859.
*Jewish Encyclopedia, 12 vols., New York, 1901-1906.
Jost, Culturgeschichte, Berlin, 1847.
Jost, Freimüthige Beleuchtung, Berlin, 1830.
Kahan, Beërot Nishbarim, St. Petersburg, 1879.
Kahan, Meahore ha-Pargud, St. Petersburg, 1886.
Katz, Le-Korot ha-Yehudim be-Russyah, Polin, we-Lita, Berlin, 1889.
Katz, Toledot Haskalat ha-Yehudim be-Russyah, Ha-Zeman, St. Petersburg, 1903.