*Rosenthal, Toledot Hebrat Marbe Haskalah, i., St. Petersburg, 1885; ii., ibid., 1890.
*Rubinow, Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor, No. 72, Washington, Sept., 1907.
*San Donato, The Jewish Question, St. Petersburg, 1883.
Sbornik of the Ministry of Education, in., St. Petersburg.
Schechter, Studies in Judaism, i., Philadelphia, 1896; ii., ibid., 1908.
*Scholz, Die Juden in Russland, Berlin, 1900.
*Seiberling, Gegen Brafmann's Buch des Kahals, Vienna, 1881.
Shatzkes, Ha-Mafteah, Warsaw, 1866-1869.
*Shereshevsky, O Knigie Kahala, St. Petersburg, 1872.
Silber, Elijah Gaon, New York, 1906.