Maritime enterprise, 1485-1558
James A. Williamson
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  • Gabriel, Russian skipper, [330–1].
  • Galvano, Antonio, explorer and historian, [91], [95];
    • quotation from, [91].
  • Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, [132].
  • Gerard, Sir William, merchant, investor in Barbary voyage, [275].
  • Gold, amounts of, obtained by Guinea expeditions, [280], [281], [285], [287], [294–5], [302], [304], [306].
  • Gold Coast. See [Guinea].
  • Gomara, Lopes de, historian, [87], [92–3];
    • quotation from, [87–8].
  • Gonsalves, João, Portuguese explorer, [104], [109];
    • pension granted to, [108].
  • Gonson, Richard, [234].
  • Gonson, William, merchant, [234].
  • Grain Coast. See [Guinea].
  • Grand Cham, the, [54], [77], [256], [257].
  • Gravelines, battle of, 1558, [406].
  • Gray, Richard, in the Mediterranean, [234];
    • agent of Russia Company, [327].
  • Graynfyld, John, privateer, exploit of, [403–4].
  • Greenland, in early maps, [115], [116];
    • confused with Labrador, [93], [116 note].
  • Gresham, Sir John, [230 note];
    • member of Russia Company, [311], [326].
  • Gresham, Sir Richard, [190].
  • Gresham, Sir Thomas, [146], [163], [165], [170], [194];
    • financial services to Government, [194–5];
    • member of Russia Company, [311].
  • Guinea, English voyages to, [277–306];
    • commodities obtained from, [277], [279], [285–6], [287];
    • voyages prohibited by the Privy Council, [287], [291–3], [295–6], [297];
    • defence of the English merchants, [289–91];
    • Wyndham’s voyage, 1553, [277–84], [290 note];
    • Locke’s voyage, 1554–5, [284–7], [288], [290 note];
    • Towerson’s first voyage, 1555–6, [293–5];
    • Towerson’s second voyage, 1556–7, [296–302];
    • Towerson’s third voyage, 1558, [302–6];
    • other English expeditions, [295], [298–9];
    • French voyages, [297–301], [303], [304];
    • the Portuguese in Guinea, [280].
  • Guldeford, Sir Edward, [232].
  • Hakluyt, Richard, [62], [63], [264].
  • Hamburg, cloth mart at, [172], [173], [175].
  • Hansa, Hanseatic League, [15], [16], [35], [39–44], [129], [133], [152–82];
    • policy of Henry VII towards, [41–4];
      • of Henry VIII, [132–3], [152], [155], [156–7], [158], [159], [160], [161];
      • of Somerset, [161–2];
      • of Northumberland, [162];
      • of Mary, [170–1], [176], [178];
      • of King Philip, [173–4], [176], [179];
      • of Elizabeth, [180–1];
    • privileges of, [38], [39–40], [123], [152], [161], [167], [170], [172], [178];
    • first revocation of privileges, 1552, [139], [163–9];
    • restoration, 1553, [151], [170];
    • second revocation, 1555, [174], [176];
    • treaties with England, [39], [176], [181];
    • grievances of, [42–4], [154–6], [157–8], [159];
    • diets with, 1491, [42];
      • 1497, [43];
      • 1499, [44];
      • 1520, [155–6];
      • 1542 (proposed), [159];
      • 1555–7 (proposed), [174], [176], [177–8];
    • negotiations with, 1558–1560, [180–1];
    • charges against, [162], [164–5], [166], [171–3], [177], [180];
    • embassies from, [165], [168–9], [174–6], [178], [179];
    • proclaims cessation of intercourse with England, 1557, [178–9];
    • banishes Englishmen, [178], [181];
    • final expulsion from England, 1598, [182];
    • suspected of heresy, 1526, [143];
    • temporary restraint of, 1535, [157];
    • furnishes ships for the English fleet, [160];
    • trade with Antwerp, [160], [167–8], [172–7];
    • threatened coalition of, with Denmark and France against England, 1557–8, [179];
    • dépôt of at Hull, [162], [168];
    • two Hanse ships captured by Towerson, [303], [350];
    • the Steelyard, [39];
    • attack on, 1493, [43].
  • Hawkins, Sir John, [225].
  • Hawkins, William, [241];
    • makes voyages to Brazil, 1530, [265–7];
    • commercial enterprises, [268–9];
    • letter from, to Cromwell, [268];
    • privateering exploits, [271];
    • further career, [270–1].
  • Henry VII, [54], [55], [57], [59], [78];
    • and Columbus, [71];
    • visits Bristol, [74];
    • grants letters patent to the Cabots, [53], [56], [59–60], [64–5], [74], [78];
    • to the Bristol syndicates, [104], [109];
    • policy of, [14], [17], [19], [20–7], [37], [41–7], [54], [65], [79], [106];
    • naval administration of, [372–4].
  • Henry VIII, character of, [120], [121], [128];
    • court of, [133];
    • policy of, [120], [121], [123–4], [126–8], [130–3], [142], [144], [161], [183–4], [186], [214];
    • his interest in discovery, [240], [245–8], [249];
    • exhorted by Robert Thorne, [250–1];
    • anecdote of, [264];
    • and William Hawkins, [271];
    • naval policy, [374], [399–400];
    • conduct of war, 1545, [397].
  • Hewster, John, Governor of Merchant Adventurers, [155].
  • Hickman, Anthony, merchant, factors of at Grand Canary, [226];
    • investor in Guinea expedition, [284].
  • Hojeda, Alonzo de, explorer, [99–100];
    • encounters English explorers (?), 1499, [100], [101].
  • Holstocke, William, Controller of the Navy, [234].
  • Holy League, the, [120–1].
  • Hore, Master, voyage of to Newfoundland, 1536, [262–4].
  • Howard, Sir Edward, Lord Admiral, engaged in Mediterranean trade, [232];
    • action with Barton, 1511, [374–5];
    • commands fleet against French, 1512–13, [376];
    • battle off Brest, 1512, [376–8];
    • blockades Brest, [379–83];
    • killed, 1513, [381–3];
    • character, [376], [378], [380], [383].
  • Howard, Thomas, Lord Admiral and Duke of Norfolk, [141];
    • engaged in Mediterranean trade, [232];
    • action with Andrew Barton, 1511, [374–5];
    • succeeds his brother as Admiral, [383–4];
    • commands in 1522–3, [386], [387–8].
  • Howard, Lord William, Lord Admiral, [403], [404–5], [406];
    • assists Guinea adventurers, [303];
    • member of Russia Company, [311].
  • Hull, port of, [371].
  • Hussey, Anthony, Governor of Merchant Adventurers, [296];
    • Consul of Russia Company, [326].
  • Hussey, Dr. Lawrence, [333–4].
  • Hutton, John, Governor of Merchant Adventurers, [188].
  • Iceland, fishery at and trade with, [41], [74], [199–203];
    • fighting in, [199–200];
    • conduct of the English in, [200–1];
    • number of ships going to, [201–2];
    • decline of the fishery, [202–3].
  • Ipswich, port of, [371].
  • Isabella, Queen of Castile, [20], [23].
  • Italy, trade with, overland, [16], [28], [29], [32], [150], [229];
    • by sea, [17], [28], [32], [48], [149], [230–1].
  • Ivan the Terrible, Czar, [324–6];
    • letter from to Edward VI, [325–326];
    • anecdote of, [327–8];
    • grants privileges to the English, [328];
    • letter to from Philip and Mary, [336].
  • Ivory Coast. See [Guinea].
  • James IV of Scotland, [375].
  • Jenkinson, Anthony, in the Mediterranean, [238];
    • goes to Russia, 1557, [336];
    • his explorations, [337].
  • John, Don, native chief in Guinea, [286], [294].
  • Johnson, John, merchant of the Staple, [204].
  • Johnson, Richard, description of the Samoyedes, [331–2].
  • Judde, Sir Andrew, merchant, member of Russia Company, [326].
  • Katherine of Aragon, [22], [23], [24];
    • divorce of, [186–7].
  • Killingworth, George, agent of Russia Company, [327–8].
  • Knotting, John, election of as Governor of Merchant Adventurers annulled, [189–90].
  • Knyvet, Sir Thomas, [232];
    • killed at Brest, 1512, [377–8].
  • Labrador, [88], [91], [93], [115–16], [117–19], [203–4];
    • origin of name, [91–2], [104 note];
    • confused with Greenland, [93], [116 note].
  • Lambert, Francis, merchant, investor in Barbary voyage, [275].
  • Lambert, Nicholas, merchant, [281];
    • abandoned in Benin, [282–3].
  • Lancerota, fight between Wyndham and Spaniards at, [276].
  • Lane, Henry, agent of Russia Company, [321], [327], [337].
  • Lee, Dr., English ambassador in Spain, [251], [260].
  • Letters of Marque. See [Privateering].
  • Levant, trade with. See [Mediterranean].
  • Lisle, Lord. See [Dudley].
  • Livery Companies, the, invited to set forth a voyage of discovery, 1521, [245–8].
  • Locke, John, merchant, commands Guinea expedition, 1554, [284–7], [288].
  • Locke, Thomas, merchant, [284].
  • London, port of, [131];
    • growth of, [367–8], [371].
  • Low Countries. See [Netherlands].
  • Lutterell, Sir John, merchant, [274].
  • Magellan, Ferdinand, voyage round the world, 1519–21, [246].
  • ‘Mantuan Gentleman,’ relation of the, [88–9], [93–4], [97].
  • Marco Polo, [72];
    • quotation from, [77 note].
  • Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, [19], [21].
  • Martyr, Peter, historian, [86], [92];
    • quotation from, [86–7].
  • Mary, Queen, policy of, [150–1], [170–1], [176], [288], [291], [292], [303];
    • letter from to the Czar, 1557, [336];
    • naval administration of, [404].
  • Medina del Campo, treaty of, [22].
  • Medina Sidonia, Duke of, [216];
    • grants privileges to English merchants, [216–17], [218].
  • Mediterranean, commodities obtained from, [230];
    • English trade with, [15], [17], [46], [129–30], [228–39];
    • Acts relating to, [228 note];
    • decay of, [148–9], [238–9].
  • Merchant Adventurers, the, [16], [19], [31], [33–6], [127], [138], [140], [145], [146], [161], [163], [168], [183–96];
    • constitution of, [34], [35], [187], [194 note];
    • Act relating to, [35];
    • head-quarters transferred to Calais, 1493, [19];
    • treatment of, in the Netherlands, [184–6], [195];
    • threatened transference of head-quarters to Calais, 1527, [187];
    • threatened arrest of, in Netherlands, 1527, [187];
    • relations with English Government, [187–8], [194 note];
    • pay a benevolence in lieu of taxes, [191];
    • arrest of at Antwerp, 1545, [191–2];
    • suffer from Hanse competition, [191–2];
    • loans to Government, [163], [194 note];
    • attack privileges of the Hansa, [163], [164–5], [171–4];
    • petition the Council, 1554, [173];
    • disputes among, [35], [139], [189–190], [193–4];
    • indiscipline of, [189], [193], [195];
    • wealth of, [140–1];
    • members fined, [188–9], [194];
    • religion of, [195–6];
    • relative decline of, [196].
  • Merchant Adventurers for the discovery of new lands, &c. See [Russia Company].
  • Merchants, social position of. See [Social Changes].
  • Merchants, foreign, in England;
    • Flemish, [127], [141];
    • French, [141], [212];
    • German, see [Hansa];
    • Italian, [26], [44], [46–8], [141], [150];
    • Spanish, [44–6].
  • Merchants of the Staple. See [Staple].
  • Merchant Venturers of Bristol, [370–1].
  • Michiel, Giovanni, Venetian ambassador, [150], [321], [327 note], [329 note].
  • Milan, Duke of, [55].
  • Mina, or El Mina, Portuguese head-quarters in Guinea, [280], [285].
  • Mordeyne, Miles, merchant, forbidden to trade with Guinea, [296];
    • member of Russia Company, [326].
  • More, Sir Thomas, [155].
  • Muscovy Company. See [Russia Company].
  • Navigation Acts, 1485 and 1489, [19], [45], [128], [209–10], [212–13];
    • repeal of, [145–6], [214–15];
      • 1540, [128–30], [158], [213], [223];
    • licences to infringe, [19], [212];
    • Spanish Acts, [24], [27], [131], [219].
  • Navigation, Science of. See [Ships].
  • Netherlands, trade with, [19], [20], [129], [130], [131–2], [147], [184–7], [190–2], [196].
  • Newcastle, port of, [367], [371].
  • Newfoundland, in Thorne’s map, [115], [116];
    • Hore’s voyage to, 1536, [262–4];
    • fishery at, [56], [64], [87], [106–7], [118], [203–4];
    • Acts relating to, [203].
  • New Interlude of the Four Elements, The, [111], [114];
    • quotation from, [111–13].
  • Norfolk, Duke of. See [Howard].
  • North-East Passage, search for, [310–32], [337];
    • causes leading to, [310–11];
    • voyage of Willoughby, 1553–4, [314–22];
    • of Chancellor, 1553–4, [322–4];
    • of Stephen Borough, 1556, [329–32].
    • See also [Russia Company].
  • North-West Passage, search for, [88], [89–90], [91], [94], [96], [98], [101], [103], [118], [119];
    • alleged voyage, 1516–17, [241–5];
    • projected voyage, 1521, [245–8];
    • Rut’s voyage, 1527, [252–8];
    • Hore’s voyage, 1536, [262–4];
    • projected voyage, 1541, [265].
  • Northumberland, Duke of. See [Dudley].
  • Novaia Zemlia, discovered by Sir Hugh Willoughby, [318–19].
  • Olaus Magnus, historian, quotation from, [200].
  • Orkneys and Shetlands, proposed raid on, 1542, [201].
  • Osep Nepea, Russian ambassador, sails with Chancellor, 1556, [332–3];
    • reception in London, [334];
    • negotiates a treaty, [334–5];
    • description of, [335–6];
    • departure, [336].
  • Ostrich, Henry, merchant, [308].
  • Ostrich, William, Governor of English merchants in Spain, [220], [222].
  • Packer, the, duties of, [135].
  • Paris Map, the. See [Sebastian Cabot].
  • Pasqualigo, Lorenzo, letter from, describing Cabot’s voyage, [54–55], [66].
  • Pembroke, Earl of, member of Russia Company, [311].
  • Pery, Thomas, imprisoned and tortured in Spain, [222–3], [224].
  • Pet, Arthur, [314], [332].
  • Petre, Sir William, [175].
  • Philip, Archduke and King of Castile, [20–1], [30].
  • Philip, King, consort of Mary, influence of in England, [174], [287–8];
    • policy of towards Hansa, [173–4], [176];
    • towards Guinea adventurers, [287–8], [291–3], [295–296], [302];
    • towards Russia Company, [337].
  • Phillips, John, voyage of to Brazil and West Indies, 1540, [267–8].
  • Pilotage, [30].
  • Pinteado, Antonio Anes, Portuguese pilot and renegade, [277–84].
  • Piracy, [28–9], [365–7];
    • Act concerning, 1536, [366].
  • Pisa, proposed wool-staple at, [25], [229].
  • Plantagenet, Arthur, son of Edward IV, [380].
  • Plymouth and Fowey, port of, [371].
  • Pole, Cardinal, [126].
  • Poole, port of, [371].
  • Popenruyter, Hans, gunfounder, [184], [361–2].
  • Portsmouth, fighting at, 1545, [392–7].
  • Portuguese, discoveries of the, [49–50], [72];
    • in America, [106–7], [116–17];
    • offence taken by at English voyages to Africa, [276–277], [279], [287];
    • negotiations with, [287–93];
    • fighting with on Gold Coast, [294], [299–300], [304].
  • Porzmoguer, Hervé de, French captain, [377–8].
  • Poynings, Sir Edward, [373].
  • Prato, Albert de, Canon of St. Paul’s and explorer, [252], [255], [258];
    • letter from to Wolsey, [255];
    • death of (?), [256].
  • Prégent de Bidoux, French captain, commands squadron of galleys, 1512–14, [379];
    • forces blockade of Brest, [353], [380–1];
    • beats off English attack, [381–3];
    • burns Brighton, [384–5].
  • Prices, rise of, [135], [146–7];
    • of sugar, [135];
    • of wines, [24], [213];
    • of wool, [146–7];
    • of corn, [148].
  • Prima Vista, land named, [64].
  • Privateering, [29], [138], [214], [224], [225], [270–1], [272], [367], [390–1], [403–4].
  • Proclamation abolishing protection for seven years, 1539, [126–127], [130], [132].
  • Prussia, trade with, [42].
    • See also [Danzig].
  • Pudsey, —, merchant of Southampton, voyage of to Brazil, 1542, [267].
  • Puebla, Dr. Ruy Gonsales de, Spanish ambassador, [27];
    • character, [45–6];
    • letter to, [53–4];
    • letter from, describing Cabot’s voyage, [59], [79].
  • Purchas, Samuel, historian, [253], [255], [321].
  • Purchas, William, Lord Mayor, [62].