Maritime enterprise, 1485-1558

by James A. Williamson

• Ralph, John, captain in Guinea expeditions, [293].
• Ramusio, Giovanni Battista, historian, [88], [93–4], [97], [114];
  • quotations from, [88–9], [89–90].
• Ransoms, raising of, for prisoners of the Turks, [233–4].
• Reformation, effects of, on maritime expansion, [141–4].
• Reneger, John, son of Robert Reneger, [272].
• Reneger, Robert, merchant of Southampton, makes voyages to Brazil, c. 1540, [267];
  • career of, [272–3];
  • captures Spanish treasure-ship, 1545, [272];
  • lends ships to the king, 1545, [391].
• Ribault, Jean, French explorer, [90].
• Rotz, John, his Book of Hydrography, [345].
• Russia Company, [311–37];
  • formation of, 1552–3, [311];
  • incorporated by Edward VI, [312];
  • Sebastian Cabot Governor of, [312], [326];
  • capital of, [312];
  • distinguished from Merchant Adventurers, [312–13];
  • first expedition, 1553–4, [314–26];
  • obtains fresh charter, 1555, [326–7];
  • second expedition, 1555, [327–9];
  • obtains privileges from the Czar, [328];
  • third expedition, 1556, [329–33];
  • disasters at sea, [332–3];
  • fourth expedition, 1557, [336];
  • factories in Russia, [337].
• Rut, John, commander of North-West voyage, 1527, [252–8];
  • letter from to Henry VIII, [253–4];
  • in the West Indies, [255–6], [257 note].
• Rutter, John, gunmaker, [361].

• Salt, Isle of, Towerson at, [305].
• San Lucar, English merchants at, [216–17], [218], [220], [222], [225].
• Santa Cruz, Alonzo de, geographer, [91], [94];
  • quotations from, [91–2].
• Savages brought from America, 1502, [62], [63], [110], [117].
• Scandinavia, trade with, [15].
• Schleswig, Duke of, letter from to Queen Mary, [179], [198].
• Scotland, wars with, 1490, [373];
  • 1497, [373–4];
  • 1513, [384];
  • 1522–4, [387];
  • 1543–5, [388–9], [390];
  • 1547–8, [401–2].
• Searcher, duties of the, [135–6].
• Senjen, island of, Willoughby at, [318].
• Seven Cities, the, [58], [74].
• Seymour, Thomas, Lord Admiral, [366], [391], [403].
• Ships: development of ship-building, [232], [338–41], [346];
  • the mediaeval round ship, [339];
  • the galley, [339], [359–60], [380–1], [386], [393], [397–8];
  • English sailing ships called galleys, [355–6];
  • the carrack, [345], [350];
  • the caravel, [349–50];
  • the hulk, [350–1];
  • row-barges, [356], [393];
  • English ships, late fifteenth century, [341–2];
  • a merchantman of 1519, [344];
    • of 1527, [345];
  • warships, development of, [340–1], [351–2], [355], [356–7];
  • size of ships, [342–3], [345], [400];
  • cost of ships, [343–4];
  • sails and rigging, [346–8], [356–7];
  • ships’ boats, [346];
  • navigation, improvement of, [30], [240–1], [348–9];
  • seamen, health of, [362–3], [397], [399];
  • wages, [363];
  • victualling, [363];
  • private trading, [363];
  • officers, [363–4];
  • discipline, [364–5].
• Ships: English (those marked * belonged to the Navy), the Anne, [336];
  • Barbara, [267–8];
  • Barke Aucher, [235–8];
  • Bartholomew, [284];
  • Bona Confidentia, [314–22], [328], [332];
  • Bona Esperanza, [314–22], [328], [332–3];
  • Botolph, [275];
  • Christ,* [233];
  • Christopher, [302–6];
  • Edward Bonaventure, [314–18], [322–6], [327–9], [329–30], [332–3], [363];
  • Galley Subtile,* [360];
  • Grace Dieu,* [372];
  • Great Elizabeth,* [386 note];
  • Hart, [293–5], [297–301];
  • Henry Grace à Dieu,* [243], [244], [343], [344], [347], [350], [353], [354–5], [357–9], [379], [393], [394], [404];
  • Hind, [293–5];
  • Holy Cross, [234];
  • Jennet Purwyn,* [374–5];
  • Jesus of Lubeck,* [233], [405];
  • John Evangelist, [284], [286], [336];
  • Katherine Pleasance,* [386 note];
  • Lion, [274], [275–7], [279], [283 note];
  • Lion * (captured from Barton), [374–5];
  • Mary and John,* [232], [386 note];
  • Mary Figge, [271];
  • Mary Fortune,* [343], [373];
  • Mary Gilford,* [253], [256], [257 note];
  • Mary Gloria,* [386 note];
  • Mary Gonson,* [233];
  • Mary Imperial,* [386 note];
  • Mary James,* [377];
  • Mary Rose,* [243], [343], [353], [358], [361], [365], [377], [393], [394];
  • Mary Spert, [245];
  • Matthew, [75];
  • Matthew Gonson, [234], [255], [346], [362], [364];
  • Minion, [302–6];
  • Moon,* [279];
  • Paul, [266];
  • Peter Pomegranate,* [343], [353];
  • Philip and Mary, [327–9], [329–30], [332];
  • Primrose,* [279], [283 note], [336], [404];
  • Regent,* [233], [352], [353], [373], [377–8];
  • Samson, [254], [256], [257 note];
  • Saviour, [262];
  • Serchthrift, [329–32];
  • Sovereign,* [352], [357], [373], [377];
  • Sweepstake,* [343], [373];
  • Tiger, [297–302], [302–305];
  • Tiger,* [355];
  • Trinity, [284], [286], [336];
  • Trinity Henry,* [386 note];
  • Unicorn, [302].
• Sigismund Augustus, King of Poland, letter from, [169].
• Sluys, expedition against, 1492, [373].
• Social changes, [133–4], [139–41].
• Somerset, Duke of, [145];
  • sacks Leith and Edinburgh, 1544, [389];
  • invades Scotland, 1547, [401];
  • policy of, [161–2];
  • execution of, [164].
• Soncino, Raimondo de, letters from, describing Cabot’s voyage, [55], [56–8], [66–7].
• Sousa, Lopez de, Portuguese ambassador, [288].
• Southampton, [367];
  • voyages to Brazil from, c. 1540, [267–8];
  • decay of, [368–9];
  • Act relating to, 1530, [368];
  • privileges of, [369].
• Spain, trade with, [17], [22–4], [27], [129], [139], [215–28];
  • Company of English merchants in, [217];
  • incorporated, 1530, [218];
  • complaint of, 1548, [225];
  • persecution of English in, [143], [220–4];
  • arrest of English merchants, 1545, [224–5];
  • rise of enmity between Spain and England, [143–4].
• Spert, Sir Thomas, alleged voyage of, 1516–17, [241–5];
  • career of, [243–5].
• St. John, island of, [64], [70], [75].
• St. Thomé, Towerson at, [305].
• Staple, Merchants of the, [16], [31–33], [135], [136], [138], [139], [204–7];
  • wealth of, [141];
  • decline of, [206–207];
  • Acts concerning Calais, [205–6];
  • licences to infringe Staple monopoly, [231–2].
• Steelyard. See [Hansa].
• Stockbridge, Richard, merchant, forbidden to trade with Guinea, [291–2].
• Stow, John, historian, [62–3].

• Tanais, country of, [56].
• Thevet, André, historian, [90].
• Thirkill, Launcelot, companion of John Cabot, [60], [61], [82].
• Thomas, James, relation of Barbary voyage by, [275–7].
• Thomas, John, merchant of Bristol, [104], [109].
• Thorne, Nicholas, son of Robert Thorne the elder, [260], [262], [261 note].
• Thorne, Robert, the elder, voyage of to America, [113–14], [117], [252];
  • royal grant to, [114];
  • date of death, [116 note], [259];
  • career of, [258–9].
• Thorne, Robert, the younger, [113], [114];
  • map made by, [114–116];
  • Declaration of the Indies, [250–1];
  • Book made by, [251–2];
  • sends agents to South America, [251] and [note];
  • connexion between his projects and Rut’s voyage, [257–8];
  • career of, [260–261], [261 note].
• Thorne, William, [114].
• Tison, Thomas, first English merchant in West Indies, [260].
• Tomson, Robert, voyage of to Mexico, 1555, [225–8].
• Tonnage and Poundage. See [Customs].
• Tordesillas, Treaty of, [79], [116].
• Towerson, William, merchant, first voyage of to Guinea, 1555–6, [293–5];
  • second voyage, 1556–7, [296–302];
  • fights a Portuguese squadron, [299–300];
  • fights a French pirate, [301–2];
  • third voyage, 1558, [302–6];
  • captures a French ship, [304].
• Trade, mediaeval, [15–16], [19], [31], [49–50].
• Trade routes, [15], [16–17], [148–9], [154–5];
  • effect of discoveries on, [49–50], [149].
• Treaties, commercial, with Denmark, [41];
  • with the Hansa, [39], [176], [181];
  • with the Netherlands, 1496, [20], [21], [185];
    • 1497, [20];
    • 1499, [20];
    • 1506, [21], [131], [185–6];
    • 1520, [185–6];
    • 1542, [132];
  • with Spain, 1489, [22];
    • 1515, [216].
• Tregonwell, Sir James, [178].
• Trenchard, Sir Thomas, [20].
• Trinity, Guild of the Holy, [30].
• Turkey Company, the, [231], [239].

• Vardo, [318];
  • Chancellor at, [322–323];
  • trading post of the Russia Company, [327], [329].
• Venice, commerce and policy of, [17–18], [47–8], [148–50];
  • Flanders galleys of, [18], [26], [28], [48–9], [149];
  • English trade with, [24–5];
  • decline of, [148–9].
• Vineland, [74].

• Wade, or Ward, Armigil, explorer, [263].
• Walker, Humphrey, gunmaker, [361].
• Wallop, Sir John, naval commander, [382], [385].
• Ward, Richard, merchant of Bristol, [104], [109].
• Warwick, Earl of. See [Dudley].
• West Indies, English trade with, [217], [228], [260].
• White, Giles, merchant, forbidden to trade with Guinea, [296].
• Williamson, John, relation by, [234].
• Willoughby, Gabriel, [314], [321].
• Willoughby, Sir Hugh, Captain-General of the North-East Expedition, 1553, [313–22];
  • preparations, [314–17];
  • voyage, [317–322];
  • discovers Novaia Zemlia, [318–19];
  • death, [321–22];
  • bodies discovered, [328].
• Willoughby, Lord, commander against the Scots, 1497, [373–4].
• Winchester, Marquis of, member of Russia Company, [311].
• Wines, import of. See [Bordeaux], [Spain], [Levant], &c.
• Withipole, Paul, merchant, [261].
• Woad, Toulouse, import of, [209], [215].
• Wolsey, Cardinal, [142–3], [155];
  • policy of, [121–2], [186];
  • negotiations with Sebastian Cabot, 1521, [249];
  • letter from, [377–8].
• Woodhouse, Sir William, vice-admiral, [405–6].
• Wool, export of. See [Staple].
• Wroth, Sir Thomas, merchant, investor in Barbary voyage, [275].
• Wyatt, Sir Thomas, ambassador in Spain, [221], [308].
• Wyndham, Thomas, [274–284];
  • voyages to Barbary, 1551–2, [274], [275–7];
  • to Guinea and Benin, 1553, [277–84], [290 note];
  • career of, [274–5];
  • death, [282].

• Yorke, Sir John, merchant, investor in Barbary and Guinea expeditions, [275], [284].

Oxford: Horace Hart M.A., Printer to the University

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[1]. Englische Handelspolitik gegen Ende des Mittelalters.

[2]. Extended and made permanent in 1489.