Turning next to the Alpine Lands of central Europe, we find that geologists there have for many years recognised two glacial epochs. Hence, like their confrères in northern Europe, they speak of “first” and “second” glacial epochs.[CI] Within recent years, however, Professor Penck has shown that the Alps have experienced at least three separate periods of glaciation. He describes three distinct ground-moraines, with associated river-terraces and interglacial deposits in the valleys of the Bavarian Alps, and his observations have been confirmed by Professor Brückner and Dr. Böhm.[CJ] The same glacialists, I understand, have nearly completed an elaborate survey of the eastern Alps, of which they intend shortly to publish an extended account. The results obtained by them are very interesting, and fully bear out the conclusions already arrived at from their exploration of the Bavarian Alps.[CK] A similar succession of glacial epochs has quite recently been determined by Dr. Du Pasquier in north Switzerland.[CL] Nor is this kind of evidence confined to the north side of the Alps. On the shores of Lake Garda, between Salò and Brescia, three ground-moraines, separated by interglacial accumulations, are seen in section. The interglacial deposits consist chiefly of loams—the result of sub-aërial weathering—and attain a considerable thickness. From this Penck infers that the time which has elapsed since the latest glaciation is less than that required for the accumulation of either of the two interglacial series—a conclusion which, he says, is borne out by similar observations in other parts of the Alpine region.[CM]
[CI] Morlot: Bulletin de la Soc. Vaud. d. Sciences nat., 1854, 1858, 1860. Deicke: Bericht. d. St. Gall. naturf. ges., 1858. Heer: Urwelt der Schweiz. Mühlberg: Festschrift d. aarg. naturf. Ges. z. Feier ihrer 500 Sitz., 1869. Rothpletz: Denkschr. d. schweizer. Ges. f. d. ges. Naturwissensch., Bd. xxviii., 1881. Wettstein: Geologie v. Zurich u. Umgebung, 1885. Baltzer: Mitteil. d. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1887. Renevier: Bull. de la Soc. helvèt. d. Sciences nat., 1887.
[CJ] Penck: Die Vergletscherung d. deutschen Alpen, 1882. Brückner: “Die Vergletscherung des Salzachgebietes,” Geogr. Abhandl. Wien, Bd. i. Böhm: Jahrb. der k. k. geol. Reichsanst., 1884, 1885. See also O. Fraas, Neues Jahrb. f. Min. Geol. u. Palæont., 1880, Bd. i. p. 218; E. Fugger and C. Kastner, Verhandl. d. k. k. geol. Reichsanst., 1883, p. 136.
[CK] Mittheil. des deutsch. u. oesterreich. Alpenvereins, 1890, No. 20 u. 23.
[CL] Beiträge z. geolog. Karte der Schweiz, 31 Lief., 1891; Archiv. d. Sciences phys. et nat., 1891, p. 44.
[CM] “Die grosse Eiszeit,” Himmel u. Erde.
Although the occurrence of such sub-äerial products intercalated between separate morainic accumulations is evidence of climatic changes, still it does not tell us how far the glaciers retreated during an interglacial stage. Fortunately, however, lignite beds and other deposits charged with plant remains are met with occupying a similar position, and from these we gather that during interglacial times the glaciers sometimes retired to the very heads of the mountain-valleys, and must have been smaller than their present representatives. Of such interglacial plant-beds, which have been met with in some twenty localities, the most interesting, perhaps, is the breccia of Hötting, in the neighbourhood of Innsbruck.[CN] This breccia rests upon old morainic accumulations, and is again overlaid by the later moraines of the great Inn glacier. From the fact that the breccia yielded a number of supposed extinct species of plants, palæontologists were inclined to assign it to the Pliocene. Professor Penck, however, prefers to include it in the Pleistocene system, along with all the glacial and interglacial deposits of the Alpine Lands. According to Dr. von Wettstein, the flora in question is not Alpine but Pontic. At the time of the formation of the breccia the large-leaved Rhododendron ponticum flourished in the Inn Valley at a height of 1200 metres above the sea; the whole character of the flora, in short, indicates a warmer climate than is now experienced in the neighbourhood of Innsbruck. It is obvious, therefore, that in interglacial times the glaciers must have shrunk back, as Professor Penck remarks, to the highest ridges of the mountains.
[CN] Penck: Die Vergletscherung der deutschen Alpen, p. 228. Verhandl. d. k. k. geol. Reichsanst., 1887, No. 5; Himmel und Erde, 1891. Böhm: Jahrb. d. k. k. geol. Reichsanst., 1884, p. 147. Blaas: Ferdinandeums Zeitschr., iv. Folge; Bericht. d. naturwissensch. Vereins, 1889, p. 97.
We may now glance at the glacial succession which has been established for central France. More than twenty years ago Dr. Julien brought forward evidence to show that the region of the Puy de Dôme had witnessed two glacial epochs.[CO] During the first of these epochs a large glacier flowed from Mont Dore. After its retreat a prolonged interglacial epoch followed, during which the old morainic deposits and the rocks they rest upon were much eroded. In the valleys and hollows thus excavated freshwater beds occur which have yielded relics of an abundant flora, together with the remains of Elephas meridionalis, Rhinoceros leptorhinus, etc. After the deposition of these freshwater alluvia, glaciers again descended the valleys and covered the interglacial beds with their moraines. Similar results have been obtained by M. Rames from a study of the glacial phenomenon of Cantal, which he shows belong to two separate epochs.[CP] The interval between the formation of the two series of glacial accumulations must have been prolonged, for the valleys during that interval were in some places eroded to a depth of 900 feet. M. Rames further recognises that the second glacial epoch was distinguished by two advances of valley-glaciers, separated by a marked episode of fusion. Dr. Julien has likewise noted the evidence for two episodes of fusion during the first extension of the glaciers of the Puy de Dôme.
[CO] Des Phénomènes glaciaires dans le Plateau central de la France, &c.; Paris, 1869.